Henna

For other uses, see Henna (disambiguation).
Henna
Lawsonia inermis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Lawsonia[1]
Species: L. inermis
Binomial name
Lawsonia inermis
L.

Henna (Lawsonia inermis, also known as hina, the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet)[2][3] is a flowering plant and the sole species of the Lawsonia genus. The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء‎ (ALA-LC: ḥinnāʾ; pronounced [ħɪnˈnæːʔ]) or, colloquially حنا‎, loosely pronounced as /ħinna/.

Mehndi (Henna) applied on both hands.

The name henna also refers to the dye prepared from the plant and the art of temporary body art (staining) based on those dyes (see also mehndi). Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk, wool and leather. The name is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black henna and neutral henna, neither of which is derived from the henna plant.[4][5]

Historically, henna was found to be used in the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia, parts of South East Asia, Carthage, other parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Bridal henna nights remain an important custom in many of these areas, particularly among traditional families.

Description

Henna is a tall shrub or small tree, standing 1.8 to 7.6 m tall (6 to 25 ft). It is glabrous and multi-branched, with spine-tipped branchlets. The leaves grow opposite each other on the stem. They are glabrous, sub-sessile, elliptical, and lanceolate (long and wider in the middle; average dimensions are 1.5–5.0 cm x 0.5–2 cm or 0.6–2 in x 0.2–0.8 in), acuminate (tapering to a long point), and have depressed veins on the dorsal surface.[3] Henna flowers have four sepals and a 2 mm (0.079 in) calyx tube, with 3 mm (0.12 in) spread lobes. Its petals are obvate, with white or red stamens found in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube. The ovary is four-celled, 5 mm (0.20 in) long, and erect. Henna fruits are small, brownish capsules, 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) in diameter, with 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into four splits.[6]

Cultivation

The henna plant is native to northern Africa, western and southern Asia, and northern Australasia, in semi-arid zones and tropical areas.[3][7] It produces the most dye when grown in temperatures between 35 and 45 °C (95 and 113 °F).[8] During the onset of precipitation intervals, the plant grows rapidly, putting out new shoots. Growth subsequently slows. The leaves gradually yellow and fall during prolonged dry or cool intervals. It does not thrive where minimum temperatures are below 11 °C (52 °F). Temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will kill the henna plant.

Preparation and application

Body art

Lawsone, an active compound in Henna

Whole, unbroken henna leaves will not stain the skin. Henna will not stain skin until the lawsone molecules are made available (released) from the henna leaf. Dried henna leaves will stain the skin if they are mashed into a paste. The lawsone will gradually migrate from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a fast stain.

Video of Henna being applied

Since it is difficult to form intricate patterns from coarse crushed leaves, henna is commonly traded as a powder[9] made by drying, milling and sifting the leaves. The dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including water, lemon juice, or strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on the tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve consistency and keep it stuck to the skin better. The henna mix must rest for 1 to 48 hours before use, to release the lawsone from the leaf matter. The timing depends on the crop of henna being used. Essential oils with high levels of monoterpene alcohols, such as tea tree, cajeput, or lavender, will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are also useful but are too irritating and should not be used on skin.

Henna powder

The paste can be applied with many traditional and innovative tools, starting with a basic stick or twig. In Morocco, a syringe is common. In India, a plastic cone similar to those used to pipe icing onto cakes. In the Western world, a cone is common, as is a Jacquard bottle, which is otherwise used to paint silk fabric. A light stain may be achieved within minutes, but the longer the paste is left on the skin, the darker and longer lasting the stain will be, so it needs to be left on as long as possible. To prevent it from drying or falling off the skin, the paste is often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste, or simply adding some form of sugar to the paste. After time the dry paste is simply brushed or scraped away.

Henna stains are orange when the paste is first removed, but darkens over the following three days to a deep reddish brown. Soles and palms have the thickest layer of skin and so take up the most lawsone, and take it to the greatest depth, so that hands and feet will have the darkest and most long-lasting stains. Some also believe that steaming or warming the henna pattern will darken the stain, either during the time the paste is still on the skin, or after the paste has been removed. It is debatable whether this adds to the color of the end result as well. After the stain reaches its peak color, it holds for a few days, then gradually wears off by way of exfoliation.

Hair dye

History

Elderly Punjabi woman whose hair is dyed with henna.

Henna has been used as a cosmetic hair dye for 6,000 years. In Ancient Egypt, it is known to have been worn. Henna has also traditionally been used for centuries in other parts of North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East and South Asia.

In Ancient Egypt, Ahmose-Henuttamehu (17th Dynasty, 1574 BCE): Henuttamehu was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahmose Inhapy. Smith reports that the mummy of Henuttamehu's own hair had been dyed a bright red at the sides, probably with henna.[10]

In Europe, henna was popular among women connected to the aesthetic movement and the Pre-Raphaelite artists of England in the 1800s. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's wife and muse, Elizabeth Siddal, had naturally bright red hair. Contrary to the cultural tradition in Britain that considered red hair unattractive, the Pre-Raphaelites fetishized red hair. Siddal was portrayed by Rossetti in many paintings that emphasized her flowing red hair.[11] The other Pre-Raphaelites, including Evelyn De Morgan and Frederick Sandys, academic classicists such as Frederic Leighton, and French painters such as Gaston Bussière and the Impressionists further popularized the association of henna-dyed hair and young bohemian women.

Opera singer Adelina Patti is sometimes credited with popularizing the use of henna in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Parisian courtesan Cora Pearl was often referred to as La Lune Rousse (the red-haired moon) for dying her hair red. In her memoirs, she relates an incident when she dyed her pet dog's fur to match her own hair.[12] By the 1950s, Lucille Ball popularized "henna rinse" as her character, Lucy Ricardo, called it on the television show I Love Lucy. It gained popularity among young people in the 1960s through growing interest in Eastern cultures.[13]

Muslim men may use henna as a dye for hair and most particularly their beards. This is considered sunnah, a commendable tradition of the Prophet Muhammad. Furthermore, a hadith (narration of the Prophet) holds that he encouraged Muslim women to dye their nails with henna to demonstrate femininity and distinguish their hands from those of men. Thus, some Muslim women in the Middle East apply henna to their finger and toenails as well as their hands.

Today

Cosmetic henna for colouring hair.

Commercially packaged henna, intended for use as a cosmetic hair dye, is available in many countries, and is now popular in India, as well as the Middle East, Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States. The color that results from dying with henna depends on the original color of the hair, as well as the quality of the henna, and can range from orange to auburn to burgundy. Henna can be mixed with other natural hair dyes including Cassia Obovata for lighter shades of red or even blond, or with indigo to achieve brown and black shades. Some products sold as "henna" include these other natural dyes. Others may include metal salts that can interact with other chemical treatments, or oils and waxes that may inhibit the dye, or even chemical dyes which are common allergens. Any product that comes in a cream, block, or paste form has some sort of additives.

Traditions of henna as body art

The different words for henna in ancient languages imply that it had more than one point of discovery and origin, as well as different pathways of daily and ceremonial use.

Mehndi (Henna) applied to the back of both hands in India.

Henna has been used to adorn young women's bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since the late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. The earliest text mentioning henna in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the Ugaritic legend of Baal and Anath,[14] which has references to women marking themselves with henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and Anath adorning herself with henna to celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal. Wall paintings excavated at Akrotiri (dating prior to the eruption of Thera in 1680 BCE) show women with markings consistent with henna on their nails, palms and soles, in a tableau consistent with the henna bridal description from Ugarit.[15] Many statuettes of young women dating between 1500 and 500 BCE along the Mediterranean coastline have raised hands with markings consistent with henna. This early connection between young, fertile women and henna seems to be the origin of the Night of the Henna, which is now celebrated worldwide.

The Night of the Henna was celebrated by most groups in the areas where henna grew naturally: Jews,[16] Muslims,[17] Sikhs, Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians, among others, all celebrated marriages and weddings by adorning the bride, and often the groom, with henna.

Across the henna-growing region, Purim,[16] Eid,[18] Diwali,[19] Karva Chauth, Passover, Nowruz, Mawlid, and most saints' days were celebrated with some henna. Favorite horses, donkeys, and salukis had their hooves, paws, and tails hennaed. Battle victories, births, circumcision, birthdays, Zār, as well as weddings, usually included some henna as part of the celebration. When there was joy, there was henna, as long as henna was available.[17]

Henna pattern on foot in Morocco.

Henna was regarded as having Barakah ("blessings"), and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty.[20] Brides typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their greatest joy, and wishes for luck. Some bridal traditions were very complex, such as those in Yemen, where the Jewish bridal henna process took four or five days to complete, with multiple applications and resist work.

The fashion of "Bridal Mehndi" in Pakistan, Northern Libya and in North Indian diasporas is currently growing in complexity and elaboration, with new innovations in glitter, gilding, and fine-line work. Recent technological innovations in grinding, sifting, temperature control, and packaging henna, as well as government encouragement for henna cultivation, have improved dye content and artistic potential for henna.

Though traditional henna artists were Nai caste in India, and barbering castes in other countries (lower social classes), talented contemporary henna artists can command high fees for their work. Women in countries where women are discouraged from working outside the home can find socially acceptable, lucrative work doing henna.[21] Morocco, Mauritania,[22] Yemen, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, as well as India and many other countries have thriving women's henna businesses. These businesses are often open all night for Eid, Diwali and Karva Chauth. Many women may work together during a large wedding, wherein hundreds of guests have henna applied to their body parts. This particular event at a marriage is known as the Mehndi Celebration or Mehndi Night, and is mainly held for the bride and groom.

Regions

Henna being sold at the Egyptian Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey.

Bridal henna nights are a popular tradition in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, South East Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East and South Asia.

Algeria

In Algeria, the bride's mother-in-law traditionally presents her with jewelry and paints the henna on her hands.

India

In India, As a part of Hindu and Sikh weddings, henna is applied during wedding ceremonies. Traditionally it is thought that the darker the henna on the bride's hand, the more intensely her husband will love her. It is an important part of many Hindu festivals (such as Karva Chauth and Diwali), as well as during Eid. It is widely used in south Indian state Kerala especially during Muslim weddings. It is a common practice among Indians, particularly elderly ones, to dye their hair using Henna.

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, prenuptial Henna nights are common. Traditionally the bride’s hands are painted with henna by one of her female relatives, the belief being that the relative must be happily married or else she will bring bad luck to the bride.[23]

Pakistan and Bangladesh

In Pakistan, henna is used on hands and feet by brides before their wedding, and by many women for Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Often the (women) friends and relatives of groom design or choose the design for the hands and feet of bride. It is also used by men to color their hair. As well as Bangladesh.

Singapore and Malaysia

In Malaysia, Henna has been used to adorn women's palms, arms and feet as part of pre-wedding celebrations, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Often, a henna ceremony may be held called 'Berinai'. The bride and groom each have their hands stained, but in a trio of ceremonies. The first being three days before the wedding, the second within two days before the wedding and the third which is normally held three days after the wedding. Singapore holds the same traditions.

Israel / Middle East

In the State of Israel and in the Middle East many sfaradi/mizrachi and middle eastern communities and families sometimes choose to have a henna party about a week before the wedding. The henna party is smaller than the wedding, as only closer friends and family members are invited. The bride and groom wear traditional costumes as do some of the main guests. There is much dancing and music, especially when the henna is brought out. The henna is usually presented in a deep dish with lit candles in it and carried by the grandmother. She applies the henna onto the palms of the bride and groom and they are blessed. Subsequently, guests stain their palms with henna as well. There are variations in customs and dress between the different jewish sfaradi/mizrachi and Arabic communities (a good example is in the communities of Yemen, Morocco, Jordan etc.).

Somalia
Somali singer Fartuun Birimo wearing henna hand and arm designs.

In Somalia, henna is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during weddings, Eid ul-Fitr, Ramadan, and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place.

Tunisia

In Tunisia, prenuptial henna celebrations last for seven days. On the 3rd day, the bride wears a traditional dress and has henna painted on her hands and feet. As for the groom, his pinky finger is painted with henna on the 6th day.

Turkey

In Turkey, henna is sold in convenience stores and markets. Among these are the Spice Bazaar in Istanbul.

Health effects

Henna is known to be dangerous to people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency), which is more common in males than females. Infants and children of particular ethnic groups, mainly from the Middle East and North Africa, are especially vulnerable.[24] Though user accounts cite few other negative effects of natural henna paste, save for occasional allergic reactions, pre-mixed henna body art pastes may have ingredients added to darken stain, or to alter stain color. The health risks involved in pre-mixed paste can be significant. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does consider these risks to be adulterants and therefore illegal for use on skin.[25] Some pastes have been noted to include: silver nitrate, carmine, pyrogallol, disperse orange dye, and chromium.[26] These have been found to cause allergic reactions, chronic inflammatory reactions, or late-onset allergic reactions to hairdressing products and textile dyes.[27][28]

Regulation

The U.S. FDA has not approved henna for direct application to the skin. It is however grandfathered in as a hair dye, and can only be imported for that purpose.[25][29] Henna imported into the U.S. that appears to be for use as body art is subject to seizure,[30] but prosecution is rare.

Varieties

Natural henna

Natural henna stains only a rich red brown. Products sold as "black henna" or "neutral henna" do not contain henna, but are instead made from other plants, or from other substances altogether.

Neutral henna

Neutral henna does not change the color of hair. This is not henna powder; it is usually the powder of the plant Senna italica (often referred to by the synonym Cassia obovata) or closely related Cassia and Senna species.

Black henna

Woman with henna stained hands in Khartoum, Sudan.

Black henna powder may be derived from indigo (from the plant Indigofera tinctoria). It may also contain unlisted dyes and chemicals[31] such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), which can stain skin black quickly, but can cause severe allergic reactions and permanent scarring if left on for more than 2–3 days. The FDA specifically forbids PPD to be used for this purpose, and may prosecute those who produce black henna.[32] Artists who injure clients with black henna in the U.S. may be sued for damages.[33]

The name arose from imports of plant-based hair dyes into the West in the late 19th century. Partly fermented, dried indigo was called black henna because it could be used in combination with henna to dye hair black. This gave rise to the belief that there was such a thing as black henna which could dye skin black. Indigo will not dye skin black. Pictures of indigenous people with black body art (either alkalized henna or from some other source) also fed the belief that there was such a thing as black henna.

Para-phenylenediamine

In the 1990s, henna artists in Africa, India, Bali, the Arabian Peninsula and the West began to experiment with para-phenylenediamine (PPD) based black hair dye, applying it as a thick paste as they would apply henna, in an effort to find something that would quickly make jet black temporary body art. PPD can cause severe allergic reactions, with blistering, intense itching, permanent scarring, and permanent chemical sensitivities.[34][35] Estimates of allergic reactions range between 3% and 15%. Henna does not cause these injuries.[36] Black henna made with PPD can cause lifelong sensitization to coal tar derivatives.[37] while black henna made with gasoline, kerosene, lighter fluid, paint thinner, and benzene has been linked to adult leukemia.[38]

The most frequent serious health consequence of having a black henna temporary tattoo is sensitization to hair dye and related chemicals. If a person has had a black henna tattoo, and later dyes their hair with chemical hair dye, the allergic reaction may be life-threatening and require hospitalization.[39] Because of the epidemic of para-phenylenediamine allergic reactions, chemical hair dye products now post warnings on the labels: "Temporary black henna tattoos may increase your risk of allergy. Do not colour your hair if: ... – you have experienced a reaction to a temporary black henna tattoo in the past."[40]

Para-phenylenediamine is illegal for use on skin in western countries, though enforcement is difficult. Physicians have urged governments to legislate against black henna because of the frequency and severity of injuries, especially to children.[41] To assist prosecution of vendors, government agencies encourage citizens to report injuries and illegal use of PPD black henna.[42][43] When used in hair dye, the PPD amount must be below 6%, and application instructions warn that the dye not touch the scalp and the dye must be quickly rinsed away. Black henna pastes have PPD percentages from 10% to 80%, and are left on the skin for half an hour.[26][44]

Para-phenylenediamine black henna use is widespread, particularly in tourist areas.[45] Because the blistering reaction appears 3 to 12 days after the application, most tourists have left and do not return to show how much damage the artist has done. This permits the artists to continue injuring others, unaware they are causing severe injuries. The high profit margins of black henna and the demand for body art that emulates "tribal tattoos" further encourage artists to deny the dangers.[46][47]

It is not difficult to recognize and avoid para-phenylenediamine black henna:[48]

Anyone who has an itching and blistering reaction to a black body stain should go to a doctor, and report that they have had an application of para-phenylenediamine to their skin.

PPD sensitivity is lifelong. A person who has become sensitized through black henna tattoos may have future allergic reactions to perfumes, printer ink, chemical hair dyes, textile dye, photographic developer, sunscreen and some medications. A person who has had a black henna tattoo should consult their physician about health consequences of para-phenylenediamine sensitization.

See also

References

  1. ↑  "Lawson, Isaac". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Linnaeus dedicated the genus Lawsonia to Isaac Lawson (d. 1747).
  2. ↑ Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z. (1976). Hortus Third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0025054707.
  3. 1 2 3 "Henna". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  4. ↑ Cartwright-Jones, Catherine (2004). "Cassia Obovata". Henna for Hair. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Dennis, Brady (26 March 2013). "FDA: Beware of "black henna" tattoos". The Style Blog. The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  6. ↑ Kumar S., Singh Y. V., & Singh, M. (2005). "Agro-History, Uses, Ecology and Distribution of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L. syn. Alba Lam)". Henna: Cultivation, Improvement, and Trade. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute. pp. 11–12. OCLC 124036118.
  7. ↑ "henna (plant)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  8. ↑ Bechtold, Thomas; Mussak, Rita (6 April 2009). Handbook of Natural Colorants. John Wiley & Sons. p. 155. ISBN 9780470744963.
  9. ↑ "Henna Powder of Prem Dulhan". Lia. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  10. ↑ G. Elliott Smith, The Royal Mummies, Duckworth Publishing; (September, 2000)
  11. ↑ "Aesthetics". Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  12. ↑ Pearl, Cora (2009). The Memoirs of Cora Pearl. 13. General Books LLC. ISBN 9781151590527.
  13. ↑ Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Greenwood. pp. 206–207. ISBN 0313331456. ISBN 978-0-313-33145-9.
  14. ↑ de Moor, Johannes C. (1971). The seasonal pattern in the Ugaritic myth of Balu, according to the version of Ilimilku, (Alter Orient und Altes Testament). Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker. ISBN 978-3-7887-0293-9. OCLC 201316.
  15. ↑ D̲oumas, Christos (1992). The wall-paintings of Thera. Athens: Thera Foundation. ISBN 978-960-220-274-6. OCLC 30069766.
  16. 1 2 Brauer, Erich; Raphael Patai (1993). The Jews of Kurdistan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2392-2. OCLC 27266639.
  17. 1 2 Westermarck, Edward (1972) [1914]. Marriage ceremonies in Morocco. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 978-0-87471-089-2. OCLC 633323.
  18. ↑ Hammoudi, Abdellah (1993). The victim and its masks: an essay on sacrifice and masquerade in the Maghreb. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31525-6. OCLC 27265476.
  19. ↑ Saksena, Jogendra (1979). Art of Rajasthan: Henna and Floor Decorations. Delhi: Sundeep. OCLC 7219114.
  20. ↑ Westermarck, E. (1926). Ritual and Belief in Morocco Vols 1 & 2. London, UK: Macmillan and Company, Limited
  21. ↑ "Easy Mehndi Design Tutorial". 4 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Tauzin, Aline (1998). Le henné, art des femmes de Mauritanie. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-203487-8.
  23. ↑ "Extraordinary Bridal Mehndi Design For Wedding". 4 December 2014.
  24. ↑ "Henna and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency". The Henna Page.
  25. 1 2 "Temporary Tattoos & Henna/Mehndi". Food and Drug Administration.
  26. 1 2 Kang IJ, Lee MH (July 2006). "Quantification of para-phenylenediamine and heavy metals in henna dye". Contact Dermatitis. 55 (1): 26–9. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00845.x. PMID 16842550.
  27. ↑ Dron P, Lafourcade MP, Leprince F, et al. (June 2007). "Allergies associated with body piercing and tattoos: a report of the Allergy Vigilance Network". European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 39 (6): 189–92. PMID 17713170.
  28. ↑ Raupp P, Hassan JA, Varughese M, Kristiansson B (November 2001). "Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 85 (5): 411–2. doi:10.1136/adc.85.5.411. PMC 1718961Freely accessible. PMID 11668106.
  29. ↑ "§ 73.2190 Henna". Listing of Color Additives Exempt from Certification. Federal Register. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  30. ↑ Accessdate.fda.gov
  31. ↑ Singh, M., Jindal, S. K., Kavia, Z. D., Jangid, B. L., & Khem Chand (2005). "Traditional Methods of Cultivation and Processing of Henna. Henna, Cultivation, Improvement and Trade". Henna: Cultivation, Improvement, and Trade. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute. pp. 21–24. OCLC 124036118.
  32. ↑ FDA.gov
  33. ↑ Rosemariearnold.com
  34. ↑ Van den Keybus C.; Morren M.A.; Goossens A. (September 2005). "Walking difficulties due to an allergic reaction to a temporary tattoo". Contact Dermatitis. 53 (3): 180–1. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.0407m.x. PMID 16128770.
  35. ↑ Stante M, Giorgini S, Lotti T (April 2006). "Allergic contact dermatitis from henna temporary tattoo". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 20 (4): 484–6. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01483.x. PMID 16643167.
  36. ↑ Jung P.; Sesztak-Greinecker G.; Wantke F.; Götz M.; Jarisch R.; Hemmer W. (April 2006). "A painful experience: black henna tattoo causing severe, bullous contact dermatitis". Contact Dermatitis. 54 (4): 219–20. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.0775g.x. PMID 16650103.
  37. ↑ Lifelong damage from black henna, Hennapage.com
  38. ↑ Acute leukemia among the adult population of United Arab Emirates: an epidemiological study. 2009, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1138–1147. Inaam Bashir Hassan, Sherief I. A. M. Islam, Hussain Alizadeh, Jorgen Kristensen, Amr Kamba, Shanaaz Sonday and Roos M. D. Bernseen.
  39. ↑ Severe allergic hair dye reactions in 8 children. Heidi Sosted1,Jeanne Duus Johansen, Klaus Ejner Andersen, Torkil Menné, Contact Dermatitis, Volume 54, Issue 2, pages 87–91, February 2006
  40. ↑ Commission Directive 2009/134/EC of 28 October 2009 amending Council Directive 76/768/EEC concerning cosmetic products for the purposes of adapting Annex III thereto to technical progress
  41. ↑ "p-Phenylenediamine in Black Henna Tattoos A Practice in Need of Policy" in Children Sharon E. Jacob, MD; Tamar Zapolanski, BA; Pamela Chayavichitsilp, BA; Elizabeth Alvarez Connelly, MD; Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(8):790–792.
  42. ↑ DOH.state.fl.us
  43. ↑ HC-SC-GC.ca
  44. ↑ "Acute fingertip dermatitis from a temporary tattoo and quantitative chemical analysis of the product" Avnstorp, C., Rastogi, S., and Menne, T. Contact Point, 2002, p. 119
  45. ↑ Marcoux, D.; Couture-Trudel, P.; Riboulet-Delmas, G.; Sasseville, D. 2002. Sensitization to Para-Phenylenediamine from a Streetside Temporary Tattoo. Pediatric Dermatology 19, 6:498–502.
  46. ↑ Önder, M. 2003. Temporary holiday tattoos may cause lifelong allergic contact dermatitis when henna is mixed with PPD. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2, 3–4: 126–130.
  47. ↑ Önder, Meltem, Çiğdem Asena Atahan, Pinar Öztaş, and Murat Orhan Öztaş. 2001. Temporary henna tattoo reactions in children. International Journal of Dermatology 40, 9: 577–579.
  48. ↑ HC-SC.GC.ca

Further reading

Semwal, Ruchi Badoni; Semwal, Deepak Kumar; Combrinck, Sandra (August 2014). "Lawsonia inermis L. (henna): Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 155 (1): 80–103. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.042. 

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