NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions

Apollo 11 space-flown silver Robbins Medallion from the first spaceflight to land on the moon. Presented to Wally Schirra by Neil Armstrong.

NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions were mission-specific commemorative medallions—often astronaut-designed—which were approved by NASA and carried aboard the mission spacecraft into orbit. Beginning with the first manned Gemini mission in 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. These were produced by a company only known as Fliteline and were struck either in a pewter-colored base metal, sometimes painted a gold color, or sterling silver, and were flown on all 10 manned Gemini missions. A Fliteline medallion was designed and produced for Apollo 1, but was never officially flown after a disastrous cabin fire during a launch rehearsal killed the flight crew.

The Robbins Company of Attleboro, Massachusetts, was contracted in 1968 to produce commemorative medallions beginning with Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo flight since the Apollo 1 disaster. These were purchased by astronauts and support crew personnel at NASA Astronaut Flight Office, and a total of over 3,000 sterling silver Robbins medallions were flown into space across the 12 manned flights of the Apollo program. Some of these were later sold in public auction for up to $60,000. The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the 12 medallions in the series, with the main design element and the mission name on the obverse, mission dates on the reverse, primary flight crew names on either the obverse or reverse, and a serial number either on the lower reverse or on the rim. A very small number of Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck in 14k gold, generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento. Sterling silver Robbins medallions have continued to be struck for every manned NASA spaceflight, including Skylab and Space Shuttle missions.^{[1][nb 1]}

Space-flown numismatic items

A 1957-A $1 Silver certificate short-snorter flown on Freedom 7 by Alan Shepard.

A 1953 $2-bill carried on Gemini 3 and signed by Gus Grissom and John Young

Numismatic souvenirs have accompanied astronauts on nearly every early spaceflight.^[3] Mercury astronauts carried small light-weight mementos on their missions, often in the form of US coins or banknotes. On the first sub-orbital flight (Mercury-Redstone 3), Alan Shepard carried with him four one-dollar silver certificates which were subsequently signed by him, other Mercury astronauts, and support staff becoming short snorters. John Glenn, piloting the first manned U.S. orbital spaceflight Mercury-Atlas 6 also carried several one-dollar silver certificates.

Space-flown numismatic items are also known for early Gemini missions. On the first manned Gemini flight (Gemini 3), Grissom and Young brought 50 two-dollar bills.^[4] Young also made history for smuggling "contraband" on board the flight, in the form of a corned-beef sandwich.^[5][6][7][8]

Gemini mission space-flown Fliteline medallions

Beginning with the first manned Gemini mission in March 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. It is unclear who prepared these early medallions, only that each individual box containing a medallion bore the word "Fliteline".^[9] It is unknown how many gold and silver colored medallions were prepared for each mission, and how many were space-flown versus unflown. Fliteline medallions were prepared for each of the manned Gemini flights, as well as the ill-fated Apollo 1 mission.

Gemini mission space-flown Fliteline medallions^{[nb 2]}

Mission	Date[nb 3]	Medallion	Size	Provenance[nb 4]
Gemini 3	23 Mar 1965		26 mm (1.0 in)	Gordon Cooper[10]
Gemini 4	3 Jun 1965 7 Jun 1965		25 mm (0.98 in)	Ed White, II[11]
Gemini 5	21 Aug 1965 29 Aug 1965		25 mm (0.98 in)	Not reported[12]
Gemini 6A	15 Dec 1965 16 Dec 1965		25 mm (0.98 in)	Wally Schirra[13]
Gemini 7	4 Dec 1965 18 Dec 1965		25 mm (0.98 in)	Frank Borman to Joe Garino[14][15]
Gemini 8	16 Mar 1966 17 Mar 1966		25 mm (0.98 in)	David Scott to Joe Garino[15][16]
Gemini 9A	3 Jun 1966 6 Jun 1966		30 mm × 20 mm (1.18 in × 0.79 in)	Gene Cernan[17]
Gemini 10	18 Jul 1966 21 Jul 1966		25 mm (0.98 in)	John Young[18]
Gemini 11	12 Sep 1966 15 Sep 1966		20 mm × 30 mm (0.79 in × 1.18 in)	Jack Lousma[19]
Gemini 12	11 Nov 1966 15 Nov 1966		25 mm (0.98 in)	Jim Lovell to Joe Garino[15][20]

Apollo mission space-flown Robbins medallions

The Robbins Company was founded in 1892 by jeweler Charles M. Robbins, in Attleboro, Massachusetts.^[21] They began designing and producing commemorative badges for Ohio in 1913,^[22] and South Dakota in 1917.^[23] In 1935, the first 1,000 badges of a new design for the Federal Bureau of Investigation were produced by Robbins.^[24] The Robbins Company also struck the Olympic medals for the 1932 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York.^[21]

Robbins medallions

The Apollo 1 cabin fire in January 1967 put manned spaceflight on hold. The crew of Apollo 7, designated to be the return to manned spaceflight, began working with the Robbins Company later in 1967 to produce commemorative mission medallions.^[9][25] Commissioned by the NASA Astronaut Flight Office (AFO), the medallions were financed entirely through the orders placed by astronauts and support crew personnel.^[25][26] Only those directly affiliated with the AFO were eligible as purchasers,^[27] and they were bound by their employment contract not to commercialize the medallions,^[28] as NASA was concerned about any appearance that the astronauts might profit from the flown medallions.^[29]

One (or more) of the astronauts from the flight crew worked directly with the Robbins Company to design the mission medallion.^[25] The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the Project Apollo series. The main design element along with the mission name is located on the obverse. The names of the flight crew can be found on either the obverse or reverse. The mission dates are located on the reverse. Beginning with Apollo 11, special fields were designed for the reverse of the medallion that allowed for engraved dates of launch, lunar landing, and return. Also on the reverse (or sometimes the edge) is the medallion serial number. The size of most Robbins Apollo medallions falls roughly between a current US quarter (24.3 mm (0.96 in)) and a Kennedy half dollar (30.6 mm (1.20 in)).

The medallions were struck in sterling silver two to three months prior to the scheduled mission, though it is unclear whether serial numbers were added pre or post-flight.^[29] The medallions were stored in the Command Service Module during flight and on missions involving a lunar landing, a small number were brought to the lunar surface aboard the Lunar Module.^[29] The flown medallions were returned to the Robbins Company after the flight to have the dates engraved and for a final polishing.^[29] Except where noted, all medallions struck for Apollo 7–14 were flown,^[30] and serial numbers for Apollo 14–17 medallions appear on the rim.^[31]

Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck, in very small numbers, in 14k gold.^{[32][nb 5]} These medallions were generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento of their flight and were often taken to the lunar surface in the Landing Module.^[34] For the duration of the Apollo program, Robbins medallions (3–7 gold and 80–450 silver per mission) were flown into space.^[9][33][35]

Apollo mission space-flown Robbins medallions^{[nb 6]}

Mission	Date[nb 3]	Medallion	№ flown (struck) [nb 7]	Size	Design	Provenance[nb 4]
Apollo 1	[nb 8]		8 (unk)	31 mm (1.2 in)	Unknown	[nb 9]
Apollo 7	11 Oct 1968 22 Oct 1968		255 [nb 10]	32 mm (1.3 in)	Walter Cunningham[38]	Rusty Schweickart[39]
Apollo 8	21 Dec 1968 27 Dec 1968		300	38 mm × 30 mm (1.5 in × 1.2 in)	Jim Lovell[40]	Rusty Schweickart[41]
Apollo 9	3 Mar 1969 13 Mar 1969		350	25 mm (0.98 in)	McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart[42]	Jim McDivitt (Crew Commander), presented to Wally Schirra[43]
Apollo 10	18 May 1969 26 May 1969		300	29 mm × 31 mm (1.1 in × 1.2 in)	Stafford, Young, Cernan[44]	Rusty Schweickart[45]
Apollo 11	16 Jul 1969 20 Jul 1969 24 Jul 1969		440 (450) [nb 11]	28 mm (1.1 in)	Michael Collins[46]	Neil Armstrong (Crew Commander), presented to Wally Schirra[47]
Apollo 12	14 Nov 1969 19 Nov 1969 24 Nov 1969		262 [nb 12]	32 mm (1.3 in)	Unknown[49]	Pete Conrad (Crew Commander), presented to Jim Rathmann[50]
Apollo 13	11 Apr 1970 abort 17 Apr 1970		400 [nb 13]	32 mm (1.3 in)	Apollo 13 crew with Lumen Martin Winter[52]	Rusty Schweickart[53]
Apollo 14	31 Jan 1971 5 Feb 1971 9 Feb 1971		303	35 mm × 30 mm (1.4 in × 1.2 in)	Apollo 14 crew with Jean Beaulieu[54][nb 14]	Rusty Schweickart[55]
Apollo 15	26 Jul 1971 30 Jul 1971 7 Aug 1971		127 (304) [nb 15][nb 16]	35 mm (1.4 in)	Based on a design by Emilio Pucci[58]	Rusty Schweickart[59]
Apollo 16	16 Apr 1972 20 Apr 1972 27 Apr 1972		98 (300)	35 mm (1.4 in)	Apollo 16 crew with Barbara Matelski[60][nb 17]	John Young (Crew Commander)[61]
Apollo 17	7 Dec 1972 11 Dec 1972 19 Dec 1972		80 (300)	35 mm (1.4 in)	Apollo 17 crew[62]	Unknown
Apollo Soyuz	15 Jul 1975 24 Jul 1975		93 (192)	35 mm (1.4 in)	Unknown	Rusty Schweickart[63]

Robbins Apollo medallions at auction

Despite the NASA prohibition on commercializing the medallions, since 1995 there have been over 500 internet or live auction appearances of Apollo mission Robbins medallions.^[64] Two auction companies account for a majority of the sales: Heritage Auctions (over 200 since 2007)^[65] and RR Auction (over 100 since 2011).^[66] Between both auction companies, the top 10 prices realized range from US$30,000 to nearly $62,000, all for sterling silver medallions from either Apollo 11 or Apollo 17.^[67][68]

References

Footnotes

1. Robbins medallions were also struck for the crews of the Expeditions to the International Space Station. Medallions for the first nine expedition crews (2000–04) have been documented.^[2]
2. All of the Fliteline medallions illustrated in the table are space-flown and their individual histories can be seen under the provenance column notes.
3. Launch and return dates are listed for Gemini and early Apollo missions. Three dates indicates launch, lunar landing, and return. Column sort function is keyed to launch date.
4. Provenance indicates the name of the astronaut who possessed the medallion in their own collection, or the astronaut who flew the medallion and then presented it as a gift to a fellow astronaut or someone associated with NASA.
5. Gold medallions struck and flown: Apollo 7 (5–7), Apollo 8 (3), Apollo 9 (3), Apollo 10 (4), Apollo 11 (3), Apollo 12 (7), Apollo 13 (6), Apollo 14 (6), Apollo 15 (6), Apollo 16 (5), and Apollo 17 (6).^[33]
6. All of the Robbins medallions illustrated in the table are space-flown and their individual histories can be seen under the provenance column notes.
7. Flown medallions were placed on board the mission vehicle and achieved either Earth or lunar orbit. A very small number were taken to the lunar surface. This column represents only the number of silver medallions struck.^[33]
8. The Apollo 1 medallion was struck by Fliteline, not Robbins. It is presented with the Robbins medallions because of the Apollo project grouping.
9. Flown on Apollo 9 by Jim McDivitt and presented to the family of Edward White II.^[36]
10. Walt Cunningham had 45 sterling silver re-strikes made the 1970s, numbered 256–300.^[37]
11. Serial number 160–69 (the only unflown Apollo 11 medallions) were missing prior to the flight but later turned up in the estate of a NASA maintenance worker.^[37]
12. Apollo 12 medallions serial number 1–82 were struck using a silver ingot recovered from the Spanish Plate Fleet.^[48] They were not stamped as sterling. Numbers 83–262 are stamped sterling.
13. Due to both a last minute crew change (Swigert for Mattingly) and the need to abort landing on the lunar surface, the original Apollo 13 flown medallions were returned to the Robbins Company, melted, and re-struck with the flown metal using a new die.^[51]
14. Jean Beaulieu was an artist for the Kennedy Space Center.^[54]
15. An ingot of silver from the Spanish Plate Fleet was added to the sterling used to make all 304 Apollo 15 medallions.^[56]
16. Apollo 15 medallions 1–6 were gold-plated.^[57]
17. Barbara Matelski was an artist for the Johnson Space Center.^[60]

Notes

1. Weinberger 2006, p. 6.
2. Weinberger 2006, pp. 67–70.
3. Gibbs 2013, p. 14.
4. Gibbs 2013, p. 26.
5. 50 Years Ago This Week a Sandwich Was Smuggled into Space, Washingtonpost.com, retrieved 5 July 2015
6. The Case of the Contraband Corned Beef Sandwich, Discovery.com, retrieved 5 July 2015
7. Astronaut John Young Brought a Corned Beef Sandwich into Space, Businessinsider.com, retrieved 5 July 2015
8. Composite Air-to-ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-3 Mission (PDF) (Report). National Astronautics and Space Administration. April 1965. p. 45. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
9. Starck 2008, p. 95.
10. Gemini 3 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Collection of Gordon Cooper, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
11. Gemini 4 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mission Pilot Ed White II, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
12. Gemini 5 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
13. Gemini 6A Flown Silver-Colored Fliteline Medallion, Originally from Wally Schirra's Personal Collection, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
14. Gemini 7 Flown Fliteline Gold-Plated Sterling Silver Medallion, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
15. Joe Garino Collection of Space Memorabilia to be Auctioned by Heritage!, retrieved 15 December 2015
16. Gemini 8 Flown Fliteline Sterling Silver Medallion, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
17. Gemini 9A Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Collection of Mission Pilot Gene Cernan, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
18. Gemini 10 Flown Fliteline Gold-Colored Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Mission Commander John Young, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
19. Gemini 11 Flown Sterling Silver Fliteline Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Jack Lousma, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
20. Gemini 12 Flown Fliteline Gold-Plated Sterling Silver Medallion, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
21. "TharpeRobbins Company History". www.engage2excel.com. TharpeRobbins Company.
22. Wood 1913, p. 433.
23. South Dakota 1917, p. 125.
24. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008, p. 120.
25. Weinberger 1999, p. 6.
26. Still 1995, p. 194.
27. Starck 2008, p. 96.
28. Still 1995, p. 195.
29. Weinberger 1999, p. 7.
30. Weinberger 1999, pp. 33–36.
31. Weinberger 1999, p. 8.
32. Numismatic Guarantee Corporation 2007.
33. Weinberger 1999.
34. Weinberger 2006, pp. 19–20.
35. Weinberger 2006.
36. Apollo 1 Silver-Colored Fliteline Medallion Flown on Apollo 9 by Mission Commander Jim McDivitt, Originally from the Ed White II Family Collection, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
37. Weinberger 2006, p. 19.
38. Weinberger 1999, p. 11.
39. Apollo 7 Flown Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 186, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
40. Weinberger 1999, p. 13.
41. Apollo 8 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 264, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
42. Weinberger 1999, p. 15.
43. Apollo 9 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mercury Seven Astronaut Wally Schirra, Serial Number 260, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
44. Weinberger 1999, p. 17.
45. Apollo 10 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 70, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
46. Weinberger 1999, p. 19.
47. Apollo 11 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mercury Seven Astronaut Wally Schirra, Serial Number 416, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
48. Weinberger 1999, p. 34.
49. Weinberger 1999, p. 21.
50. Apollo 12 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Jim Rathmann Collection, Serial Number 1., Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
51. Weinberger 1999, p. 35.
52. Weinberger 1999, p. 23.
53. Apollo 13 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 354, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
54. Weinberger 1999, p. 25.
55. Apollo 14 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 192, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
56. Weinberger 2006, p. 20.
57. Weinberger 1999, p. 37.
58. Weinberger 1999, p. 27.
59. Apollo 15 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 092, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
60. Weinberger 1999, p. 29.
61. Apollo 16 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Mission Commander John Young, Serial Number 19., Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 14 April 2015
62. Weinberger 1999, p. 31.
63. Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved 22 April 2015
64. Robbins medallions sold at auction or identified in private or museum collections, spaceflownartifacts.com, archived from the original on 10 July 2015, retrieved 9 July 2015
65. Heritage Auctions search for "flown robbins medallion", Heritage Auctions, archived from the original on 10 July 2015, retrieved 10 July 2015
66. RR Auction search for "robbins medal", rrauction.com, retrieved 10 July 2015
67. Heritage Auctions search for "flown robbins medallion" (sorted by price), Heritage Auctions, retrieved 10 July 2015
68. RR Auction search for "robbins medal" (sorted by price), rrauction.com, retrieved 10 July 2015

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• Numismatic Guarantee Corporation (7 November 2007), NCG Certifies Medals from the Moon Missions, Numismatic Guarantee Corporation
• South Dakota (1917). South Dakota Constitution and the Laws Passed at the Special Session of 1916. Hipple Printing.
• Starck, Jeff (3 November 2008). "NASA Joins Race to Conquer the Heavens". Coin World. Amos Publishing. 49: 94–96.
• Starck, Jeff (19 November 2012). "Auction Offers Space-Flown Medals From Apollo Astronaut". Coin World. Amos Publishing. 53: 5, 48.
• Still, Russell F. (1995). Relics of The Space Race. PR Products.
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• Wood, George H. (1913). Annual Report of the Adjutant General to the Governor of the State of Ohio. The Springfiled Publishing Company.