GALEX

This article is about the ultraviolet space telescope. For the neutrino detector, see GALLEX. For other uses, see GALEX (disambiguation).
Galaxy Evolution Explorer

Illustration of GALEX
Names Explorer-83, SMEX-7
Mission type Ultraviolet astronomy
Operator NASA / JPL
Caltech
COSPAR ID 2003-017A
SATCAT № 27783
Website http://www.galex.caltech.edu/
Mission duration Planned: 29 months[1]
Final: 10 years and 1 month[2][3]
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Orbital Sciences
Launch mass 277 kg (611 lb)[4]
Dimensions 2.7 × 2.0 m (9 × 6.5 ft)[5]
Power 290 W[4]
Start of mission
Launch date April 28, 2003, 12:00 (2003-04-28UTC12Z) UTC[6]
Rocket Pegasus XL
Launch site Stargazer, Cape Canaveral
Contractor Orbital Sciences
Entered service May 28, 2003[2]
End of mission
Disposal Decommissioned
Deactivated June 28, 2013, 19:09 (2013-06-28UTC19:10Z) UTC[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime Low Earth
Semi-major axis 7,065.55 km (4,390.33 mi)
Eccentricity 0.0003629
Perigee 684.85 km (425.55 mi)
Apogee 689.98 km (428.73 mi)
Inclination 28.9986°
Period 98.5167 minutes
RAAN 50.7756°
Argument of perigee 189.3734°
Mean anomaly 229.9485°
Mean motion 14.6178 rev/day
Epoch September 13, 2015 13:13:39 UTC[7]
Revolution number 66130
Main telescope
Type Ritchey–Chrétien[1]
Diameter 50 cm (19.7 in)[1]
Wavelengths 135–280 nm (Ultraviolet)[1]
Small Explorer program
← RHESSI AIM →

The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) is an orbiting ultraviolet space telescope launched on April 28, 2003, and operated until early 2012.

History

An airlaunched Pegasus rocket placed the craft into a nearly circular orbit at an altitude of 697 kilometres (433 mi) and an inclination to the Earth's equator of 29 degrees.

The first observation was dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia, being images in the constellation Hercules taken on May 21, 2003. This region was selected because it had been directly overhead the shuttle at the time of its last contact with the NASA Mission Control Center.

After its primary mission of 29 months, observation operations were extended to almost 9 years with NASA placing it into standby mode on 7 Feb 2012.[8]

NASA cut off financial support for operations of GALEX in early February 2011 as it was ranked lower than other projects which were seeking a limited supply of funding. The mission's life-cycle cost to NASA was $150.6 million. The California Institute of Technology negotiated to transfer control of GALEX and its associated ground control equipment to the California Institute of Technology in keeping with the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. Under this Act, excess research equipment owned by the US government can be transferred to educational institutions and non-profit organizations.[9] In May 2012, GALEX operations were transferred to Caltech.[10]

A fund-raising effort called GALEX CAUSE is being run to try and complete its All-Sky UV Survey.[11] Its unique ultraviolet observations shed new light on special studies of galaxies, black-holes, supernova, stars, and beyond.[11]

On June 28, 2013 NASA decommissioned GALEX. It is expected that the spacecraft will remain in orbit for at least 65 years before it will re-enter the atmosphere.[12]

Science mission

GALEX field of view compared to a full Moon

During its initial 29-month mission, which was extended, it made observations in ultraviolet wavelengths to measure the history of star formation in the universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang. Since scientists believe the Universe to be about 13.8 billion years old,[13] the mission will study galaxies and stars across about 10 billion years of cosmic history.

The spacecraft's mission is to observe hundreds of thousands of galaxies, with the goal of determining the distance of each galaxy from Earth and the rate of star formation in each galaxy. Near- and far-UV emissions as measured by GALEX can indicate the presence of young stars, but may also originate from old stellar populations (e.g. sdB stars).

Partnering with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on the mission are the California Institute of Technology, Orbital Sciences Corporation, University of California, Berkeley, Yonsei University, Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University, and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France.

The observatory participated in GOALS with Spitzer, Chandra, and Hubble.[14] GOALS stands for Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey, and Luminous Infrared Galaxies were studied at the multiple wavelengths allowed by the telescopes.[14]

Specifications

The telescope has a 50 cm diameter aperture primary, in a Richey-Chretien f/6 configuration.[15] It can see light wavelengths from 135 nanometers to 280 nm,[15] with a field of view of 1.2 degrees wide[15] (larger than a full moon). It has gallium-arsenide solar cells which supply nearly 300 watts to the spacecraft.[15]

Pre-launch images

GALEX at the pre-launch tests 
GALEX being mated to a Pegasus XL Rocket 
GALEX's Pegasus XL being attached to the Lockheed L-1011 Stargazer 
The L-1011 Stargazer take-off with GALEX attached under-belly 

Examples of results

Mira's bow shock and hydrogen gas tail in ultraviolet.
Ultraviolet view of Cygnus loop

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "GALEX". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Mission to Universe: Galaxy Evolution Explorer". NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  3. 1 2 "NASA Decommissions Its Galaxy Hunter Spacecraft" (Press release). California Institute of Technology. June 28, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Press Kit: Galaxy Evolution Explorer Launch" (PDF). NASA. April 2003. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  5. ↑ "GALEX Basics". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  6. ↑ "GALEX - Trajectory Details". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  7. ↑ "GALEX - Orbit". Heavens Above. September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  8. ↑ GALEX ends
  9. ↑ Stephen Clark (10 February 2011). "NASA, Caltech mull over unique satellite donation". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  10. ↑ Marcus Woo - NASA lends ultraviolet space telescope to Caltech (May 17, 2012) - Phys.org
  11. 1 2 GALEX - CAUSE
  12. ↑ NASA Decommissions Its Galaxy Hunter Spacecraft
  13. ↑ "Cosmic Detectives". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
  14. 1 2 GOALS: The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey
  15. 1 2 3 4 Encyclopedia Astronautica - GALEX
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