Ngāi Tahu

Ngāi Tahu
Iwi of New Zealand

Rohe (region) South Island
Waka (canoe) Tākitimu, Arahura, Āraiteuru
Population 39,180
Website ngaitahu.iwi.nz

Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. Its takiwā (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from Blenheim, Mount Mahanga and Kahurangi Point in the north to Stewart Island in the south. These are divided into 18 rūnanga (governance areas) corresponding to traditional settlements. Some definitions of Ngāi Tahu include the Waitaha and Kāti Mamoe tribes who lived in the South Island prior to the arrival of Kāi Tāhu. The five primary hapū of the three tribes are Kāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi.[1]

The New Zealand Parliament passed the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act in 1998 to record an apology from the Crown and to settle claims made under the Treaty of Waitangi. One of the Act's provisions covered the use of dual (Māori and English) names for geographical locations in the Ngāi Tahu tribal area. The recognised tribal authority, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, is based in Christchurch and Invercargill.[1]

History

Sculpture of Tipene O'Regan, rangatira, kaumatua, writer, orator, teacher and principal negotiator of the Ngai Tahu settlement.

Ngāi Tahu trace their traditional descent from Tahupōtiki, the younger brother of Porou Ariki, founding ancestor of Ngāti Porou, a tribe of the East Coast of the North Island. They originated on the east coast of the North Island, from where they migrated south to present-day Wellington. Late in the 17th century they began migrating to the northern part of the South Island. There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Kāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1690s Ngāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula. From there they spread further south and into the West Coast.[2]

In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Ngāi Tahu at Kaikoura. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When Ngāti Toa attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Akaroa, where by subterfuge they captured the leading Ngāi Tahu chief, Te Maiharanui, and his wife and daughter. After destroying Te Maiharanui's village they embarked for Kapiti with their captives. Te Maiharunui strangled his daughter and threw her overboard to save her from slavery.[3] Ngāti Toa killed the remaining captives. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction.[2]

In the summer of 1831-1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā (fortified village). After a three-month siege, a fire in the pā allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. Ngāti Toa then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe. In 1832-33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tuhawaiki, Taiaroa, Karetai and Haereroa, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.[2]

Dialect

In the nineteenth century Ngāi Tahu spoke a distinct dialect of the Māori language, sometimes referred to as Southern Māori, which was so different from the northern version of the language that missionary Rev. James Watkin, based at Karitane found materials prepared by North Island missions couldn't be used in Otago.[4] However, from the 20th century until the early 21st century the dialect came close to extinction and was officially discouraged.[5]

Southern Māori contains almost all the same phonemes as other Māori dialects (namely: /a, e, i, o, u, f, h, k, m, n, p, r, t, w/), along with the same diphthongs. But it lacks /ŋ/ ("ng") — this sound merged with /k/ in prehistoric times: for example: Ngāi Tahu as opposed to Kāi Tahu). This change did not occur in the northern part of the Ngāi Tahu area, and the possible presence of additional phonemes (/b, p, l, r/) has been debated. Non-standard consonants are sometimes identified in the spellings of South Island place names, such as g (as distinct from k, e.g., Katigi, Otago), v (e.g., Mavora), l instead of r (e.g., Little Akaloa, Kilmog, Waihola, Rakiula), and w or u instead of wh as reflecting dialect difference, but similar spellings and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay, Booai (Pūhoi)).[4]

The apocope (the dropping of the final vowel of words) resulting from pronunciations like 'Wacky-white' for "Waikouaiti" have been identified with Southern Māori. However, the devoicing (rather than apocope) of final vowels occurs in the speech of native speakers of the Māori language throughout New Zealand, and the pronunciation of the names of North Island towns by locals often omits final vowels as well, like in the pronounciation of "Paraparam" or "Waiuk".[4]

Governance

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is the governance entity of Ngāi Tahu, following the Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the iwi and the New Zealand Government under Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.[6] It is also a mandated iwi organisation under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, an iwi aquaculture organisation under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004, an iwi authority under the Resource Management Act 1991 and a Tūhono organisation. It also represents Ngāi Tahu Whanui, the collective of hapū including Waitaha, Ngāti Mamoe, and Ngai Tahu, including, Kati Kuri, Kati Irakehu, Kati Huirapa, Ngai Tuahuriri, and Kai Te Ruahikihiki, under Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu Act 1996.[1]

The interests of Ngāi Tahu cover a wide range of regions, including the territories of Tasman District Council, Marlborough District Council, West Coast Regional Council, Environment Canterbury, Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland, and the district councils which make up these regional councils.[1]

Papatipu rūnanga/runaka, as constituent areas of Kāi Tahu, each have an elected board which then elect a representative to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Kāi Tahu has a very corporate structure, in part due to the death of the last Upoko Ariki (paramount chief), Te Maiharanui, at the time of the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand. Under the Resource Management Act, both the trust and local papatipu rūnanga should be consulted with about natural resource matters. The 18 representatives of papatipu runanga oversee Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu as a charitable trust. As of 2016, the kaiwhakahaere (chairman) is Mark Solomon, the chief executive officer is Arihia Bennett, the general counsel is Chris Ford, and the trust is based in Addington, Christchurch.[1]

Canterbury rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has 9 rūnanga (governance areas) in Canterbury:

Otago rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has 3 rūnanga (governance areas) in Otago:

Southland rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has 4 rūnanga (governance areas) in Southland:

West Coast rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has 2 rūnanga (governance areas) in Canterbury:

Runanga and marae

Ngāi Tahu includes the following runanga, with the following marae and wharenui:

  • Awarua Rūnanga (Te Rau Aroha, Tahu Potiki, Bluff)
  • Hokonui Rūnanga (O Te Ika Rama, Gore)
  • Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka Ki Puketeraki, (Huirapa (hapu), Puketeraki (marae), Karitāne)
  • Ōnuku Rūnanga , (Onuku (marae), Karaweko (whare), Akaroa)
  • Ōraka- Aparima Rūnaka Takutai o te Titi (Takutai o te Titi, Riverton)
  • Te Hapū o Ngāti Wheke (Rāpaki/Te Wheke, Wheke, Governors Bay)
  • Te Ngāi o Tūāhuriri Rūnanga ( Ngai Tuahuriri (hapu), Tuahiwi (marae), Māhunui II, Tuahiwi)
  • Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua (Ngati Huirapa (hapu) Arowhenua, Te Hapa o Niu Tireni, Temuka)
  • Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura (Takahanga, Maru Kaitatea, Kaikōura)
  • Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata (Koukourarata, Tūtehuarewa, Port Levy)
  • Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio (Te Tauraka Waka a Māui, Kaipo, Bruce Bay)
  • Te Rūnanga o Moeraki (Moeraki, Uenuku Tenby Road, Moeraki)
  • Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae (Arahura, Tūhuru, Arahura)
  • Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou (Ōtākou, Tamatea, Otago Heads)
  • Te Rūnanga o Waihao (Waihao, Centennial Memorial Hall, Waimate)
  • Te Taumutu Rūnanga (Ngāti Moki, Ngāti Moki, Taumutu)
  • Waihōpai Rūnaka (Murihiku, Te Rakitauneke, Invercargill)
  • Wairewa Rūnanga (Wairewa, Te Mako, Little River)[1]

Trading enterprise

The Shotover Jet in Queenstown is one of several assets owned by Ngāi Tahu Holdings.

Ngāi Tahu actively owns or invests in many businesses throughout the country. In the 2008 financial year, Ngai Tahu Holdings had a net surplus of $80.4 million, of which $11.5 million was distributed to members of the iwi via runanga and whanau.[9]

Tourism

Primary industries

Property and other investments

Ngāi Tahu Property currently has assets with a market value in excess of $550 million. Ngāi Tahu has an investment portfolio of prime properties including:[11]

  • Akaroa residential developments
  • Armstrong Prestige, Christchurch
  • Christchurch Civic Building
  • Christchurch Courts Complex
  • Christchurch Police Station
  • Christchurch Post Building (with Christchurch City Council)
  • Christchurch residential developments
  • Dunedin Police Station
  • Franz Josef Glacier Hot Pools
  • Governor's Bay residential developments
  • Iveagh Bay Terraces
  • Lincoln Farm subdivision (with Lincoln University)
  • Mahaanui Office (for Department of Conservation)
  • O'Regans Wharf, Lake Esplanade, Queenstown
  • Building 4 (Queenstown Courts Building)
  • Queenstown Police Station
  • Pig and Whistle, Queenstown
  • Ryman Healthcare (40 million shares)
  • Sockburn Business Park, Blenheim Road
  • St Omer Wharf, Queenstown
  • Tower Junction Village, Addington
  • Tower Junction Megacentre, Christchurch
  • Turners Car Auctions, Addington
  • Tumara Park
  • Wigram Air Base, Christchurch.
  • Wigram National Trade Academy
  • Wigram Village[12]

Tahu FM

Main article: Tahu FM

Tahu FM is the iwi's official radio station. It began as Christchurch's Te Reo Iriraki Ki Otautahi on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001, it formed a broadcasting partnership with Mai FM and began playing more urban contemporary music.[13] It changed its name to Tahu FM in December 1997, and briefly changed its name to Mai FM in 1999 before reverting back to Tahu FM.[14] It broadcasts in Christchurch on 90.5 FM. In 2000 it began broadcasting Kaikoura on 90.7 FM, Dunedin on 95.0 FM, Invercargill on 99.6 FM, and around the country on 505 Sky Digital.[15] Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other iwi radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station.[16] In December 2014 it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.[17][18][19]

Notable Ngāi Tahu

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Rohe". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri, New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Tau, Te Maire, "Ngāi Tahu]", Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  3. ↑ "Captain Stewart and the Elizabeth - a frontier of chaos?". Ministry for Culture and Heritage, NZ History online. Retrieved 21 Jan 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Harlow, R. (1987). A word-list of South Island Maori. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. ISBN 0-9597603-2-6
  5. ↑ Harlow, R.B. (1979). ""Regional Variation in Maori". New Zealand Journal of Archaeology, 1, 123-138.
  6. ↑ For example: "Research". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 2014-06-16. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is regularly approached by researchers and organisations seeking engagement, advice or support for various research projects.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu (Declaration of Membership) Order 2001". knowledge-basket.co.nz. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  8. ↑ "Marae project". Makaawhio.maori.nz. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  9. ↑ Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu, Annual Report 2008, page 85
  10. ↑ Archived August 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Archived February 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ "Tahu FM in joint venture with Auckland Station" (Vol. 5 No. 9). Te Māori. p. 7.
  14. ↑ Reedy, Lisa (1999). "Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu - 'the things we do for love'" (10). AUT University. Te Karaka : the Ngai Tahu magazine. pp. 12–13.
  15. ↑ "Kaitaia". Welcome to the Radio Vault. New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "Iwi radio stations stand together in wake of earthquake". Human Rights Commission. Nga Reo Tangata: Media and Diversity Network. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "Iwi Radio Coverage" (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  18. ↑ Peata Melbourne. "Tahu FM named top iwi radio station in the country". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  19. ↑ Reedy, Lisa (1999). "Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu - 'the things we do for love'". Te Karaka : the Ngai Tahu magazine (10): 12–13. ISSN 1173-6011.
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