Nyole language (Uganda)

Nyole
Lunyole
Native to	Uganda
Region	Tororo District
Native speakers	340,000 (2002 census)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Northeast Bantu Great Lakes Bantu Masaba–Luhya (J.30) Nyole
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nuj
Glottolog	nyol1238[2]
Guthrie code	JE.35[3]

Nyole (also LoNyole, Lunyole, Nyuli) is a Bantu language spoken by the Luhya people in Tororo District, Uganda near Lake Kyoga. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole language in Kenya.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
	voiced prenasalized	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᶮdʒ	ᵑg
Fricative	voiceless	ɸ	s		ɸ
	voiced	β
Approximant		w	l~ɾ	j	(w)

Nyole has series of voiceless, voiced, and prenasalized stops. /w/ is labio-velar.

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Mid	e	o
Low	a

Historical changes

Nyole has an interesting development from Proto-Bantu *p → Nyole /ŋ/. Schadeberg (1989) connects this sound change to rhinoglottophilia, where the sound change developed first as *[p] → [ɸ] → [h]. Then, given the acoustic similarity of [h] and breathy voice to nasalization, the sound change progressed as [h] → [h̃] → [ŋ]. The velar place of articulation development is due to velar nasals being the least perceptible of the nasals and its marginal status in (pre-)Nyole and other Bantu languages. In closely related neighboring languages, *p developed variously into /h/ or /w/ or was deleted.

This historical development results in so-called "crazy" alternations, like /n/ + /ŋ/ resulting in /p/ as in the following:

n-ŋuliira ("hear" stem form) : puliira "I hear"

n-ŋumula ("rest" stem form) : pumula "I rest"

In the above two words, when the first person singular subject prefix /n-/ is added to the stem starting with /ŋ/, the initial consonant surfaces as /p/. In other forms (like /oxu-ŋuliira/ "to hear" and /oxu-ŋumula/ "to rest"), the original stem-initial /ŋ/ can be seen.

See also

• Luhya language

References

1. Nyole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Nyole". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online

• Eastman, Carol M. (1972). Lunyole of the Bamenya, JAL, 11 (3), 63-78.
• Morris, H. F. (1963). A note on Lunyole. Uganda Journal, 27, 127-134.
• Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). The velar nasal in Nyole (E. 35). Annales Aequatoria, 10, 169-179. (Available online).