Voiced dental and alveolar stops
| Voiced alveolar stop | |
|---|---|
| d | |
| IPA number | 104 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
d |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 |
| X-SAMPA |
d |
| Kirshenbaum |
d |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- There are four specific variants of [d]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Voiced dental stop | |
|---|---|
| d̪ | |
| Sound | |
|
source · help |
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | դեմք / demk’ |  [d̪ɛmkʰ] | 'face' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| Western | տալ / tal | [d̪ɑl] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Basque | diru | [d̪iɾu] | 'money' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Belarusian[2] | падарожжа | [päd̪äˈroʐʐä] | 'travel' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | দাম | [d̪am] | 'price' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | dit | [ˈd̪it̪] | 'finger' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 唐 | [d̪ɑ̃] | 'the Tang dynasty' | |
| Dinka[4] | dhek | [d̪ek] | 'distinct' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/. | |
| Dutch | Belgian | ding | [d̪ɪŋ] | 'thing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| English | Dublin[5] | then | [d̪ɛn] | 'then' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology |
| Southern Irish[6] | |||||
| Geordie[7] | Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7] | ||||
| Ulster[8] | dream | [d̪ɹim] | 'dream' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
| French[9] | dais | [d̪ɛ] | 'canopy' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[10] | კუდი | [ˈkʼud̪i] | 'tail' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Hindustani[11] | दूध / دودھ | [d̪uːd̪ʱ] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Irish | dorcha | [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] | 'dark' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[12] | dare | [ˈd̪äːre] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
| Kashubian[13] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||||
| Kyrgyz[14] | дос | [d̪os̪] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Latvian[15] | drudzis | [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] | 'fever' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Marathi | दगड | [d̪əɡəɖ] | 'stone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |
| Pashto | ﺪﻮﻩ | [ˈd̪wɑ] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Polish[16] | dom | [d̪ɔm] | 'home' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[17] | Many dialects | dar | [ˈd̪aɾ] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਦਾਲ | [d̪ɑːl] | 'lentils' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian[18] | дышать | [d̪ɨ̞ˈʂätʲ] | 'to breathe' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovene[19] | danes | [ˈd̪àːnəs̪] | 'today' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Spanish[20] | hundido | [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] | 'sunken' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
| Turkish | dal | [d̪äɫ] | 'twig' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | дерево | [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] | 'tree' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[22] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | 'dan' | [d̪aŋ] | 'countryside' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | дахэ | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | |||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | wada | [waːda] | 'to do' | Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties. | ||
| Czech | do | [do] | 'into' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dutch[24] | dak | [dɑk] | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | Most speakers | dash | [ˈdæʃ] | 'dash' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | sidos | [ˈsido̞s] | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| Greek | ντροπή/dropí | [dro̞ˈpi] | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew | דואר | [ˈdoʔaʁ] | 'mail' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hungarian | adó | [ˈɒdoː] | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Indonesian[25] | dacing | [ˈdätʃɪŋ] | 'balancing scale' | |||
| Japanese[26] | 男性的/danseiteki | [dãnse̞ːte̞ki] | 'masculine' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kabardian | дахэ | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | |||
| Korean | 아들/adeul | [adɯl] | 'son' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish[27] | brudder | [ˈbʀudɐ] | 'brother' | More often voiceless [t].[27] See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Malay | dahan | [dähän] | 'branch' | |||
| Maltese | dehen | [den] | 'wit' | |||
| Thai | ดาว | [daːw] | 'star' | |||
| West Frisian | doarp | [ˈdwɑrp] | 'village' | |||
| Yi | ꄿ/dda | [da˧] | 'competent' | |||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | دين | [diːn] | 'religion' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology. | |
| English | Broad South African[28] | dawn | [doːn] | 'dawn' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[28][29][30] |
| Scottish[29] | [dɔn] | ||||
| Welsh[30] | [dɒːn] | ||||
| German | Standard[31] | Dach | [dax] | 'roof' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[31] See Standard German phonology |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[32] | dans | [d̻ɑns] | 'dance' | Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[32] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[33] | اداره | [edaːre] | 'office' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[33] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[34][35] | do | [d̻o̞] | 'into' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[34][35] See Slovak phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[36] | dag | [dɑːɡ] | 'day' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[36] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
See also
References
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- 1 2 Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
- ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198
. - ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- 1 2 Lass (2002), p. 120.
- 1 2 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 388.
- 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- 1 2 Kristoffersen (2000:22)
- 1 2 Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- 1 2 Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
- 1 2 Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
- 1 2 Riad (2014:46)
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