Padillasaurus
| Padillasaurus Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, Barremian | |
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| The vertebrae of the holotype of Padillasaurus. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Order: | Saurischia |
| Suborder: | †Sauropodomorpha |
| Clade: | †Neosauropoda |
| Clade: | †Macronaria |
| Family: | †Brachiosauridae |
| Genus: | †Padillasaurus Carballido et al., 2015 |
| Type species | |
| †Padillasaurus leivaensis Carballido et al., 2015 | |
Padillasaurus is an extinct genus of brachiosaurid sauropod known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian stage) Paja Formation in Colombia. It contains a single species, Padillasaurus leivaensis, known only from a single partial axial skeleton. Padillasaurus represents the first South American brachiosaurid ever discovered and named. Before its discovery, the only known brachiosaurid material on the continent was from the Jurassic period, however being very fragmentary.[1]
Discovery
The fossil was discovered by local farmers in a limestone nodule during the 1990s in Ricaurte, North-East of Villa de Leyva. The exact site of the find is unknown, however the rock matrix in which the fossil was located contains ammonite fossils bellowing to the species Gerhardtia galeatoides and Lytoceras sp., that allow the establishment of their origin in the middle Paja Formation which has been placed in the late Barremian, around 130 million years old. The fossil consists of vertebrae from the torso, sacrum and tail: all presumed to be from one individual. This specimen is the holotype assigned to the catalogue number JACVM 0001; this includes a rear dorsal vertebra, a series from the last two sacral vertebrae and first eight caudal vertebrae (these caudal vertebrae were found without their chevrons). The sacral vertebras have been identified as the fourth and fifth. This fossil was donated by the farmers and became part of the collection at the museum of the Junta de Acción Comunal de la Vereda de Monquirá. Padillasaurus was originally described and named by José L. Carballido, Diego Pol, Mary L. Parra Ruge, Santiago Padilla Bernal, María E. Páramo-Fonseca y Fernando Etayo-Serna in 2015. The name of the genus gives homage to Carlos Bernardo Padilla, the founder of the Centro de Investigaciones Paleontológicas in Villa de Leyva, Colombia. The vertebrae of the holotype specimen were found close to Villa de Leyva, hence the name of the species: “leivaensis”.[1]
Description
Padillasaurus was a medium-sized brachiosaurid. Because of the few remains found is difficult to determine what would have been its body size, but may have had between 16 and 18 meters long and weigh about 10 tonnes.[2]
Padillasaurus is distinguished among other titanosauriforms in having its caudal vertebrae weakly expanded to the sides, and displaying divided side projections.. The species shows some typical basic features of Titanosauriformes: the vertebra is opisthocoelic, with a convex front section and the back concave. The edges show large pleurocoels, pneumatic processes that connected to the hollow interior of the body of the vertebra, which consisted of several hollow cavities. The spine also had an additional lamina between the diapophysis and the body of the vertebra. The anterior caudal vertebrae are flattened or slightly concave from the front and from behind, or vice versa. His neural arches are positioned relatively forward. These have long ridges that run between the protuberances of the joint face and body of the vertebra. The side projections are oriented obliquely backwards and have a convex lower area. The caudal vertebrae have a height equal to half of its width.[1]
Phylogeny
Padillasaurus was classified in the Brachiosauridae family based on its morphology. This dinosaur has cavities in the sacral vertebrae that have no connection with the hollow interior of the vertebra, and therefore lacks a true pleurocoel. This feature links it to the brachiosaurids. A cladistic analysis was unable to determine the exact relationships of Padillasaurus with other genera, thus ends in a polytomy of basal forms which include Padillasaurus, Abydosaurus, Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan, while Cedarosaurus and Venenosaurus occasionally were recovered as sister taxa. Padillasaurus lacks a typical feature of the Cretaceous brachiosaurids from North America, which is the spinous process of the caudal vertebrae which leans slightly forward; however, this is angled rearward. It is the first record of a Cretaceous brachiosaurid of South America; previous findings of that time were only known in North America. Although fragmentary remains of possible brachiosaurids are known from the Jurassic of Patagonia in Argentina,[3] Padillasaurus it is the first member officially named from South America. It is also the latest brachiosaurid known from the ancient continent of Gondwana.[1]
Cladogram based in the analysis of Carballido et al., 2015:[1]
| Brachiosauridae |
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 José L. Carballido, Diego Pol, Mary L. Parra Ruge, Santiago Padilla Bernal, María E. Páramo-Fonseca and Fernando Etayo-Serna (2015). "A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leyva, Colombia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Online edition: e980505. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505.
- ↑ Posada-Swafford, Ángela (15 September 2015). "Científicos descubren el primer dinosaurio en suelo colombiano" [Scientists discovers the first dinosaur in Colombian soil]. Scientific American (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ↑ Rauhut, O. W. (2006). A brachiosaurid sauropod from the late Jurassic Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Chubut, Argentina. Fossil Record, 9(2), 226-237.