Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei, BWV 46

Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei
BWV 46
Church cantata by J. S. Bach
Thomaskirche, Leipzig
Related	Qui tollis peccata mundi of the Mass in B minor
Occasion	Tenth Sunday after Trinity
Performed	1 August 1723 (1723-08-01): Leipzig
Movements	6
Bible text	Lamentations 1:12
Chorale	by Johann Matthäus Meyfart
Vocal	SATB choir solo: alto, tenor and bass
Instrumental	slide trumpet 2 recorders 2 oboes da caccia 2 violins viola continuo

Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei (Behold and see, if there be any sorrow),^[1] BWV 46,^{[lower-alpha 1]} is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for the tenth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 1 August 1723.

The cantata is part of Bach's first annual cycle of cantatas, which he began when he took up office as Thomaskantor in May 1723. The topic is based on the prescribed reading from the gospel of Luke, Jesus announcing the destruction of Jerusalem and cleansing of the Temple. The librettist is unknown. The cantata is structured in six movements: two choral movements frame a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias. The opening movement is based on a verse from the Book of Lamentations, a lament of the destructed Jerusalem, related to the announcement from the gospel. The text moves from reflecting God's wrath in the past to the situation of the contemporary Christian. The closing chorale, a stanza from Johann Matthäus Meyfart's hymn "O großer Gott von Macht", is a prayer culminating in the thought "do not repay us according to our sins".^[1]

The cantata is scored for three vocal soloists (alto, tenor and bass), a four-part choir, a slide trumpet, two recorders, two oboes da caccia, strings and basso continuo.^[2] This is an unusually rich instrumentation for an ordinary Sunday. Bach created in the opening chorus an unusual "uncompromising"^[3] fugue for up to nine parts. The bass aria with an obbligato trumpet, depicting God's wrath compared to a thunderstorm, has been regarded as "more frightening"^[3] than any contemporary operatic 'rage' arias. The closing chorale is not the usual simple four-part setting, but includes instrumental interludes reminiscent of motifs used before.

Bach used music of the first section of the opening chorus for Qui tollis peccata mundi of his Mass in B minor. He made considerable changes when he adapted the lamenting music to depict the Lamb of God carrying the sins of the world.

History and words

Bach composed the cantata in his first year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the tenth Sunday after Trinity,^[3] the eleventh cantata of his first annual cantata cycle.^[4] The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Corinthians, different gifts, but one spirit (1 Corinthians 12:1–11), and from the gospel of Luke, Jesus announcing the destruction of Jerusalem and cleansing of the Temple (Luke 19:41–48).

As with other cantatas Bach composed in his first years in Leipzig, we do not know the identity of the librettist. It is the third in a group of ten cantatas following the same structure of biblical text (in this case from the Old Testament) – recitative – aria – recitative – aria – chorale. The ten cantatas were dedicated to the 8th to 14th and 21st to 22nd Sunday after Trinity and the second Sunday after Easter.^[5]

The words for the first movement are taken from the Book of Lamentations (Lamentations 1:12), a lament about the historic destruction of Jerusalem.^[6] The text, suitable in connection with the announcement by Jesus, is among the prescribed readings for Good Friday and has been set to music often. The text for the inner movements 2 to 5 were written by the unknown poet, who dedicated a pair of recitative and aria to the memory of the historic event, another pair to the warning that the contemporary Christian is threatened in a similar way.^[6] The final chorale is the ninth stanza of "O großer Gott von Macht" by Johann Matthäus Meyfart.^[7]^[8]

Bach led the Thomanerchor and instrumentalists in the first performance on 1 August 1723.^[6]

Scoring and structure

The cantata is structured in six movements and scored for three vocal soloists (alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir (SATB), a slide trumpet (Zugtrompete, Tr), mostly doubling the choir soprano, two recorders (Fl), two oboes da caccia (Oc), two violins (Vl), viola (Va) and basso continuo (Bc).^[2] This is an unusually rich instrumentation for an ordinary Sunday.^[6] The title on the original parts reads: "10 post Trinit: / Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein etc. / a / 4 Voci / 1 Tromba / 2 Flauti / 2 Hautb: da Caccia / 2 Violini / Viola / con / Continuo / di Sign: / J.S.Bach".^[9]

In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).^[6] The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings. The regular continuo is not shown, playing in most movements but not in movement 5.

Movements of *Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei*, BWV 46
No.	Title	Text	Type	Vocal	Winds	Strings	Key	Time
1	Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei	Lamentations 1:12	Chorus	SATB	Tr 2Fl 2Oc	2Vl Va	D minor	3/4
2	So klage du, zerstörte Gottesstadt	anon.	Recitative	T	2 Fl	2Vl Va
3	Dein Wetter zog sich auf von weiten	anon.	Aria	B	Tr	2Vl Va	B-flat major	3/4
4	Doch bildet euch, o Sünder, ja nicht ein	anon.	Recitative	A
5	Doch Jesus will auch bei der Strafe	anon.	Aria	A	2Fl 2Oc		G minor
6	O großer Gott von Treu	Meyfart	Chorale	SATB	Tr 2Fl	2Vl Va	G minor

Music

1

conductor John Eliot Gardiner at work in rehearsal, looking to the left

John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, in 2007

The first movement, "Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei" (Behold and see, if there be any sorrow),^[1] in two sections is a lamento of large proportions. The text of lament, part of the prescribed responsorios for Good Friday, has been set by many composers, including Tomás Luis de Victoria, Carlo Gesualdo and Handel who set it as a tenor arioso Messiah, the last movement before the scene of the death.^[3]

The movement is structured like a prelude and fugue,^[8] the prelude covering the beginning of the biblical verse, the fugue the anguish of the Lord's wrath. The "prelude" begins with 16 measures of instrumental music, with the strings "engaged in a persistent sobbing commentary", as John Eliot Gardiner puts it, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 and performed this cantata in the Brunswick Cathedral.^[3] In the second round of vocal entries, each part is intensified by a wind instruments.^[3] The musicologist Julian Mincham notes about Bach's different ways to convey the distress of the text: "There is frequent stressing of the word "Schmerz" (sorrow). Suspensions and dissonant seventh chords in the harmony add to the tension as do the uses of the highly expressive Neapolitan chord and false relations".^[3] The fugue, marked "Un poco allegro", covers the second part of the verse, translating to "For the Lord has made me full of anguish on the day of his wrathful anger."^[1] The fugue builds from two vocal parts and continuo to nine parts. Gardiner writes: "It is uncompromising in its contrapuntal wildness and grim, dissonant harmony."^[3]

two lines of musical notation in comparison

The beginning of the first vocal entry in the cantata movement and the beginning of Qui tollis peccata mundi in the mass

In 1733 a period of mourning the death of August the Strong permitted the composition of complex music. Bach wrote his Missa (Kyrie and Gloria) in B minor, he reworked the first part of the movement as the Qui tollis peccata mundi in the Gloria.^[3] The lamenting music depicts the Lamb of God carrying the sins of the world. Bach transposed the music from D minor to B minor, used transverse flutes instead of the recorders, dropped the instrumental opening and installed a repetitive bass, when he adapted the music to the new function. Towards the end of his life, Bach used the complete Gloria for his Mass in B minor.^[3]

2

A tenor recitative, "So klage du, zerstörte Gottesstadt" (Lament then, O destroyed city of God),^[1] is accompanied by the recorders and the strings.^[10] The recorders play "five-note mourning figures" which may depict the tears of Jesus mourning the fall of Jerusalem.^[3] Mincham notes that "Bach′s experiments with instrumentation in a way that lends colour and expressive depth", adding that "it is equally likely that these iridescent twinkles are symbolic; flickering feelings of uncertainty within a demolished world".^[4]

3

The first aria, sung by the bass, "Dein Wetter zog sich auf von weiten" (Your storm arose from far off),^[1] depicts dramatically the outbreak of a thunderstorm. It is the only part of the cantata where the trumpet appears in a solo function, as a symbol of divine majesty.^[6] The strings and continuo depict the "rouring thunder and lightning striking the earth".^[8] Mincham notes about the double image: "The bass aria is, indeed, a graphic musical portrait of a thundering storm as well as an allegorical portrayal of God′s anger and fury".^[4] Gardiner regards the aria as "more frightening, than any operatic 'rage' aria of the time by, say, Vivaldi or Handel".^[3]

4

The alto renders in a secco recitative: "Doch bildet euch, o Sünder, ja nicht ein" (Yet do not imagine, o sinners).^[1] Mincham observes that "Bach is using the minimum of resource but even so, he still manages to create the maximum of effect",^[4] for example that in the last measures, in contrast to the calm beginning, "the harmony becomes more obscure, the bass less conjunct and the alto line more passionate".^[4]

5

The alto aria, "Doch Jesus will auch bei der Strafe" (Yet Jesus will, even in punishment),^[1] is scored as a quartet for the voice, the two recorders, and the oboes in unison, without basso continuo. Mincham notes that "the alto voice [is] surrounded and encompassed by instruments of contrasting but complementary timbres". A movement without continuo appeared in the same position within the cantata the previous week, a soprano aria about the "conscience of the sinner" in Herr, gehe nicht ins Gericht mit deinem Knecht, BWV 105. Here Jesus is seen as the caring good shepherd,^[4] whom the poet describes: "Er sammelt sie als seine Schafe, als seine Küchlein liebreich ein" (He gathers them as his sheep, Lovingly, as his little chicks).^[1]

6

Johann Matthäus Meyfart, the poet of the hymn

The closing chorale, "O großer Gott von Treu" (O great God of faithfulness),^[1] by Johann Matthäus Meyfart is a four-part setting,^[11] with the recorders playing "isolated little episodes between the lines of the chorales".^[3] They are reminiscent of the motifs of mourning heard in movement 2.^[8] The elaborate setting with instrumental interludes is similar as in Herr, gehe nicht ins Gericht mit deinem Knecht, BWV 105, composed a week earlier.^[4]

O großer Gott von Treu,
Weil vor dir niemand gilt
Als dein Sohn Jesus Christ,
Der deinen Zorn gestillt,
So sieh doch an die Wunden sein,
Sein Marter, Angst und schwere Pein;
Um seinetwillen schone,
Uns nicht nach Sünden lohne.

O great God of faithfulness,
since before you no one is worthy
other than Your Son, Jesus Christ,
Who calms Your anger,
so look upon His wounds,
His martyrdom, anguish, and heavy pain;
and spare us, for his sake;
do not repay us according to our sins.^[1]

^ Cite error: The named reference Dellal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Selected recordings

The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach-Cantatas website.^[12] The type of choir and orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background, and as an ensemble with period instruments in historically informed performance by green background.

Recordings of *Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei*, BWV 46
Title	Conductor / Choir / Orchestra	Soloists	Label	Year	Choir type	Orch. type
J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 46 & BWV 65	Kahlhöfer, Helmut Helmut Kahlhöfer Kantorei Barmen-Gemarke Barmen Chamber Orchestra	Lotte Wolf-Matthäus Georg Jelden Jakob Stämpfli	Cantate	1960 (1960)		Chamber
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk · Complete Cantatas · Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 12 – BWV 43–46	Leonhardt, GustavGustav Leonhardt Knabenchor Hannover Leonhardt-Consort	René Jacobs Kurt Equiluz Hanns-Friedrich Kunz	Telefunken	1975 (1975)	Boys	Period
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 46	Rilling, HelmuthHelmuth Rilling Gächinger Kantorei Bach-Collegium Stuttgart	Helen Watts Adalbert Kraus Wolfgang Schöne	Hänssler	1976 (1976)		Bach
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 8	Koopman, TonTon Koopman Amsterdam Baroque Choir Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra	Bogna Bartosz Jörg Dürmüller Klaus Mertens	Antoine Marchand	1998		Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 11 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1723 IV – BWV 46, 95, 136, 138^[13]	Suzuki, MasaakiMasaaki Suzuki Bach Collegium Japan	Kai Wessel Makoto Sakurada Peter Kooy	BIS	1998 (1998)		Period
Bach Edition Vol. 12 – Cantatas Vol. 11	Leusink, Pieter JanPieter Jan Leusink Holland Boys Choir Netherlands Bach Collegium	Sytse Buwalda Knut Schoch Bas Ramselaar	Brilliant Classics	1999 (1999)	Boys	Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 5: Rendsburg/Braunschweig / For the 8th Sunday after Trinity / For the 10th Sunday after Trinity	Gardiner, John EliotJohn Eliot Gardiner Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists	Daniel Taylor Christoph Genz Gotthold Schwarz	Soli Deo Gloria	2000 (2000)		Period

Notes

↑ "BWV" is Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, a thematic catalogue of Bach's works.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dellal, Pamela. "BWV 46 – "Schauet doch und sehet"". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
1 2 Bischof, Walter F. "BWV 46 Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei". University of Alberta. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gardiner, John Eliot (2008). "Cantatas for the Tenth Sunday after Trinity / Braunschweig Cathedral" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. pp. 7–10. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 12 BWV 46 Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei / Behold and see, should there be sorrow.". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
↑ Dürr, Alfred (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Translated by Richard D. P. Jones. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-929776-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Dürr, Alfred (1981). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 397–400. ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
↑ "O großer Gott von Macht / Text and Translation of Chorale". bach-cantatas.com. 2005. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
1 2 3 4 Isoyama, Tadeshi (1998). "J.S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 11 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1723 / IV – BWV 46, 95, 136, 138" (PDF). bach-cantatas.com. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
↑ Grob, Jochen (2014). "BWV 46 / BC A 117" (in German). s-line.de. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
↑ Wolff, Christoph (1998). "On the first cycle of Bach cantatas for the Leipzig liturgy 1723/1724" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. p. 14. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
↑ "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / O großer Gott von Macht". bach-cantatas.com. 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
↑ Oron, Aryeh. "Cantata BWV 46 Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei". bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
↑ "Bach: Cantatas Vol 11 / Suzuki, Bach Collegium Japan". ArkivMusic. 1999. Retrieved 15 July 2010.

Sources

Schauet doch und sehet, BWV 46: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei BWV 46; BC A 117 / Sacred cantata (10th Sunday after Trinity) Leipzig University
Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei history, scoring, Bach website (German)
BWV 46 Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei English translation, University of Vermont

Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach

Before Leipzig	Early: BWV 4 131 71 106 196 150 143 Weimar: BWV 61 70a 186a 132 174a 63 152 155 18 54 80a 182 31 12 172 165 21 185 199 161 162 163 Köthen: BWV Anh. 5

First cycle (1723–24)	Between Trinity and Advent: BWV 75 76 24 167 147 186 136 105 46 179 69a 77 25 138 95 148 48 109 89 60 90 70 From Advent to Trinity: BWV 40 64 190 153 65 154 73 81 83 144 181 22 23 66 134 67 104 166 86 37 44 59 184

Second cycle (& chorale cantatas)	Chorale cantatas between Trinity and Easter: BWV 20 2 7 135 10 93 107 178 94 101 113 33 78 99 8 130 114 96 5 180 38 115 139 26 116 62 91 121 133 122 41 123 124 3 111 92 125 126 127 1 Continuation of the second cycle: BWV 6 42 85 103 108 87 128 183 74 68 175 176 Later additions to the chorale cantata cycle: BWV 80 137 129 58 112 140 177 9 14 Other late chorale cantatas: BWV 117 192 100 97

Third cycle	After Trinity 1725: BWV 168 164 79 Liturgical year 1725–26: BWV 110 57 151 28 16 32 13 72 146 43 39 88 170 187 45 102 35 17 19 27 47 169 56 49 98 55 52 1727: BWV 82 84 34 173

Later and other	Picander cycle: BWV 149 188 197a 171 156 159 145 174 Late parodies: BWV 36 30 191 200 1083 Council election: BWV 119 193 Anh. 3 29 120 69 Wedding: BWV 34a 195 120a 197 Funeral: 157 244a Other: 194 190a 120b 51 158 50 248/VIa Doubtful: 53 142 189 217 220 221 223 224

Bach cantata List of Bach cantatas Discography: Monteverdi Choir/Koopman/Teldec

Cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach by BWV number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (oratorio) 12 13 14 15^** 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30a 31 32 33 34 34a 35 36 36a 36b 36c 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 (53)^* 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 66a 67 68 69 69a 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 80a 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 (motet) 119 120 120a 120b 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 (131a)^* 132 133 134 134a 135 136 137 138 139 140 ~~141~~^** (142)^* 143 144 145 146 147 147a 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 ~~160~~^** 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 173a 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 (189)^* 190 190a 191 192 193 193a 194 195 196 197 197a 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 205a 206 207 207a 208 208a 209 210 210a 211 212 213 214 215 216 216a (217)^* ~~218~~^ ~~219~~^ (220)^* (221)^* ~~222~~^** 223 224 244a 248a 249a 249b 1040 1045 1083 1127 Anh. 3 Anh. 5 Anh. 9 Anh. 11 Anh. 18 — ^(Doubtful) ^*~~Spurious~~

Lists: Compositions Cantatas ; Church cantatas: Chorale cantatas Early Weimar 1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle Picander cycle Late ; Secular cantatas

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 185074465 BNF: cb139096139 (data)

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