Shuafat

Main street of Shu'fat,

Shuafat (Arabic: شعفاط‎‎ Šuʿafāṭ), also Shu'fat and Sha'fat,[1][2] is a Palestinian Arab neighborhood of East Jerusalem, forming part of north-eastern Jerusalem.[3] Located on the old Jerusalem-Ramallah road about three miles north of the Old City, Shu'fat has a population of 35,000 residents.

Next to the Shu'fat neighbourhood there is a refugee camp of the same name, which was established by king Hussein of Jordan in 1965 to house Palestinian refugees from the Jerusalem, Lydda, Jaffa and Ramleh areas, after the Mascar camp in the Jewish quarter of the Old City had been closed.[4]

Shu'fat borders Pisgat Ze'ev and Beit Hanina on the north, Shu'fat refugee camp on the east, French Hill on the south, and Ramat Shlomo on the west.[5][6] Shu'fat is located in the part of the West Bank which was included in the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem after its occupation in 1967.

History

The Jerusalem Light Rail in Shuafat
Shuafat Road

Chalcolithic Period

The remains of two circa 7000 year old houses dating to the Chalcolithic Period were discovered during a salvage dig connected to the construction of a road and were presented in a press release in February 2016. The houses have well-preserved floors, containing various installations and an array of pottery vessels, flint tools, a basalt bowl, and a carnelian bead. Excavation director was Ronit Lupu. To date, this is the only Chalcolithic site in the Jerusalem area where houses, rather than just artefacts, have been found.[7][8]

Before this find, it was already known that Shuafat has been the site of intermittent habitation since at least 2000 BCE.[9]

Biblical identification

Biblical identifications include Gebim, a village in north Jerusalem whose inhabitants fled the approaching Assyrian army, according to the Book of Isaiah,[10] Mizpah in Benjamin,[11] and Nob.[12] Tell el-Ful is located on the neighbourhood's outskirts.

Second Temple Period

Following a 1991 archaeological dig in Shuafat by Alexander Onn and Tzvi Greenhut, a room dating to the 2nd century BCE was first identified as a prayer room or synagogue, however, this interpretation of the site has later been strongly questioned.[13][14][15]

Roman Period

During an archaeological salvage dig conducted near the Shuafat refugee camp in preparation for the laying of the tracks for the Jerusalem Light Rail system, the remains of an ancient Roman settlement, dating back to the Roman Empire were discovered. The settlement was described as a 'sophisticated community impeccably planned by the Roman authorities, with orderly rows of houses and two fine public bathhouses to the north.' The findings are said be the first indication of an active Jewish settlement in the area of Jerusalem after the city fell in 70 A.D. The main indication that the settlement was a Jewish one is the assemblage of stone vessels found there. Such vessels, for food storage and serving, were only used by Jews because they were believed not to transmit impurity. However, no remains of ritual baths were discovered, therefore doubts remains about whether the inhabitants were Jews. The baths were probably used by the Roman soldiers.[3][16]

Crusader Period

The place was known to the Crusaders as Dersophath or Dersophach.[17][18] In March 1179, it was noted that its revenues went to the abbey of St Mary of Mount Sion as the result of a grant made by Anselm de Parenti.[19]

Remains of a Crusader structure in the center of the village have been found.[17] Guérin thought it was possibly a church: "One [house] which still today bears the name El-Kniseh (the church), presents the remains of a Christian sanctuary facing east, whose windows were pointed and which dates in all likelihood from the Middle Ages. Some fine ashlars of antique appearance had been used, along with other smaller material, in the construction of this little church."[20] However, Schick found no church, "simply an old Crusading building with two preserved windows. The walls are about 6 feet thick, against which the fellaheen houses are built and so it is not easy to recognise. It was a kind of khan built in the usual Crusading way, with a vault a little higher in the middle than semi-circular."[21]

Ottoman Period

The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 Shuafat appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had eight Muslim families who paid taxes on wheat, barley, vineyards and other agricultural produce.[22]

Local legend holds that the modern settlement was established several hundred years ago by immigrants from the Hejaz.[23][24]

In 1838, Edward Robinson described Shuafat as a small village with the remains of an old wall,[25] while de Saulcy, who saw it in 1851, wrote that "this village has the appearance of a castle of the middle ages with a square keep."[26]

The French explorer Guérin visited in 1863 and noted that the village was situated on an elevated plateau "from which one can make out perfectly the cupolas and minarets of Jerusalem," and that it counted 150 inhabitants. He described the houses as for the most part fairly old and vaulted internally.[27] He noted the remains of a church called al-Kanisa, facing east. He thought it was a Frankish church.[28] He also passed by in 1870.[29] An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed 23 houses and a population of 90, counting men only.[30] In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Shuafat as "A small village, standing on a flat spur immediately west of the watershed, surrounded with olive-trees. It has wells to the north. There is a sacred chapel of Sultan Ibrahim in the village."[11]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sha'afat had a population 422, all Muslims,[31] increasing in the 1931 census to 539, still all Muslims, in 123 houses.[32]

In 1945 the population of Shu'fat was 760, all Arabs, and it had 5,215 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[33] 484 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 2,111 for cereals,[34] while 62 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[35]

1947-1967

The town of Shuafat was to be the most northernmost point of the corpus separatum proposed in 1947 for Jerusalem and its surrounding villages, which "in view of its association with three world religions" was to be "accorded special and separate treatment from the rest of Palestine and should be placed under effective United Nations control".[36]

In mid-February, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, leader of Palestinian irregulars in the area, tried to persuade the residents of Shuafat to attack the neighbouring Jewish village of Neve Yaakov but the invitation was declined.[37][38] On 13 May the villagers were evacuated on orders from the Arab Legion. Shortly afterwards the Palmach captured Shuafat, destroying many of the buildings.[39] Shuafat was then occupied by Jordan, which annexed the West Bank in April 1950, in a move not internationally recognized.[40]

Jordan's king Hussein also built a palace here.[9]

Shuafat refugee camp

Main article: Shu'fat camp

In the wake of the 1948 war, the Red Cross accommodated Palestinian refugees in the depopulated and partly destroyed Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem's Old City.[41] This grew into the Muaska refugee camp managed by UNRWA, which housed refugees from 48 locations now in Israel.[42] Over time many poor non-refugees also settled in the camp.[42] Conditions became unsafe for habitation due to lack of maintenance and sanitation, but neither UNRWA nor the Jordanian government wanted the negative international response that would result if they demolished the old Jewish houses.[42]

In 1964, a decision was made to move the refugees to a new camp constructed on mostly Jewish land near Shuafat.[42] Most of the refugees refused to move, since it would mean losing their livelihood, the market and the tourists, as well as reducing their access to the holy sites.[42] In the end, many of the refugees were moved to Shuafat by force during 1965 and 1966.[41][42]

State of Israel

After the Six-Day War in 1967, East Jerusalem, including the town and refugee camp, was occupied and later annexed by Israel, in a move not internationally recognized, and were incorporated into the Jerusalem municipal district.[3][43] The residents were offered Israeli citizenship, but most refused it as they considered the area to be illegally occupied. Many accepted permanent residency status instead.[3]

Shuafat seen from the south

The Shuafat refugee camp is the only Palestinian refugee camp located inside Jerusalem or any other Israeli-administered area. While its residents carry Jerusalem identity cards, which grants them the same privileges and rights as regular Israelis, the camp itself is largely serviced by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, even though 40 - 50% of the camp's population are not registered refugees. The Israeli West Bank barrier was partially constructed between the camp and the rest of Shuafat and Jerusalem. Some health services are provided by Israeli clinics in the camp. The Israeli presence is limited to checkpoints controlling entry and exit. According to Ir Amim, the camp suffers from high crime because Israeli Police rarely enter due to security concerns, while the Palestinian Civil Police Force does not operate in Israeli-administered municipalities. Unlike other UN-run refugee camps, residents of Shuafat camp pay taxes to the Israeli authorities.[5][44]

The Shuafat Ridge next to the township was declared a 'green zone' to stop Palestinians in Shuafat from building there, until the opportunity arose to unfreeze its status as a green area and open it up for a new Jewish neighbourhood, as Teddy Kollek openly admitted.[45]

In a survey conducted as part of the research for the book Negotiating Jerusalem (2000), it was reported that 59% of Israeli Jews supported redefining the borders of the city of Jerusalem so as to exclude Arab settlements such as Shuafat, in order to ensure a "Jewish majority" in Jerusalem.[46]

In July 2001, the Israeli authorities destroyed 14 homes under construction in Shuafat on the orders of then mayor Ehud Olmert, who said the structures were built without permits. No one was yet living in them.[47] The families acknowledged they do not own the land they built on, but believed they had permission to build there from Islamic Trust religious authorities and argue that obtaining permits to build legally is nearly impossible. Olmert said the houses were being constructed on public land in a "green area" and posed a security threat to the Jews of Pisgat Zeev.[48] According to Isabel Kershner of the New York Times, Shuafat suffered from an absence of municipal planning, overcrowding, and potholed roads in 2007.[3]

As prime minister, Ehud Olmert questioned whether the annexation of areas like Shuafat into the Jerusalem area was necessary.[49] The Israeli initiative to transfer control of the area to the Palestinian National Authority led to a split in the community: A camp official favored being under Palestinian sovereignty, while the neighborhood's mukhtar rejected the plan, citing his residents' participation in Israeli elections as well as the danger of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel[50]

In 2012, Sorbonne scholar Prof. Sylvaine Bulle cited the Shuafat refugee camp for its urban renewal dynamic, seeing it as an example of a creative adaptation to the fragmented space of the camps towards creating a bricolage city, with businesses relocating from east Jerusalem there and new investment in commercial projects.[51]

Three stations of the First 'Red' Line of the Jerusalem Light Rail are situated in Shuafat: Shuafat North, Shuafat Central and Shuafat South.[52][53]

The neighbourhood’s Main Street, Shuafat Road, was previously part of route 60. In the 1990s a new route was built to the east of the neighbourhood, a dual carriageway with 3 lines in each direction, relieving traffic congestion along the road.

In 2014, the 16-year-old Mohammed Abu Khdeir was kidnapped from near his home in Shuafat. He was then murdered by his kidnappers, who were Jewish extremists.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 326
  2. ↑ de Saulcy, 1854, p. 116
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Isabel Kershner (June 5, 2007). "Under a Divided City, Evidence of a Once United One". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  4. ↑ UNWRA. "Shu'fat refugee camp". Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  5. 1 2 "New checkpoint opened at entrance to Shuafat". The Jerusalem Post. December 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  6. ↑ "Jerusalem Neighborhood Profile: Shuafat Refugee Camp" (DOC). Ir Amim. August 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  7. ↑ Israel National News, 7,000-year-old town found in northern Jerusalem, 17/2/2016
  8. ↑ Haaretz, Jerusalem Even Older Than Thought: Archaeologists Find 7,000-year-old Houses, 17/2/2016
  9. 1 2 Mariam Shahin (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink Books. p. 334. ISBN 1-56656-557-X.
  10. ↑ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. 2000. p. 487. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5.
  11. 1 2 Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 13-14
  12. ↑ Geikie, 1887, pp. 158–159.
  13. ↑ Bauckham, 1995, p. 192
  14. ↑ Lee I. Levine (2005). The Ancient Synagogue (2nd. ed.). Yale University Press. p. 72. The case for a synagogue or prayer hall at this site appears to have evaporated.
  15. ↑ Anders Runesson; Donald D. Binder; Birger Olsson (2008). The ancient synagogue from its origins to 200 A.D. Leiden: Brill. pp. 75–76. Unless further excavations or more detailed information can strengthen the case for the identification of this building as a synagogue, the authors believe the claim should be withdrawn.
  16. ↑ Amiram Barkat (2 January 2006). "Shuafat dig reveals first sign of Jewish life after destruction of Second Temple". Retrieved 2008-02-01., Haaretz
  17. 1 2 Pringle, 1997, p. 94
  18. ↑ Pringle, 1998, #235, pp. 316 -317
  19. ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 153 -154, No 576
  20. ↑ Guérin, 1868, p. 395
  21. ↑ Schick, 1891, p. 200
  22. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 120
  23. ↑ Beit Hanina Community Center
  24. ↑
  25. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 318, vol 3, p. 75
  26. ↑ de Saulcy, 1854, pp. 114-116
  27. ↑ Guérin, 1868, pp. 395 -402
  28. ↑ Ellenblum, 2003, p. 241
  29. ↑ Guérin, 1874, p. 185
  30. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 160
  31. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  32. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 43
  33. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58
  34. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104
  35. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154
  36. ↑ Paul Jacob Ignatius Maria de Waart (1994). Dynamics of Self-Determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples As a. BRILL. p. 216. ISBN 90-04-08286-7.
  37. ↑ Morris, 1987, p. 38
  38. ↑ "American Newlyweds in Israel, 1948". American Jewish Historical Society. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  39. ↑ Morris, 1987, pp. 67, 113, 158
  40. ↑ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation, Princeton University Press, 2004. pg. 108. ISBN 0-691-12130-3.
  41. 1 2 Meron Benvenisti (1976). Jerusalem: The Torn City. Isratypeset. p. 70.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Avi Plascov (1981). The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948–1957. Frank Cass.
  43. ↑ Noah Browning, 'In bleak Arab hinterland, hints of Jerusalem's partition,' Reuters December 20, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Jerusalem Neighborhood Profile: Shuafat Refugee Camp" (DOC). Ir Amim. August 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  45. ↑ Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation, Verso Books 2012 p.50
  46. ↑ Jerome M. Segal (2000). Negotiating Jerusalem. SUNY Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-7914-4537-2.
  47. ↑ Violence flares in Jerusalem as Israeli bulldozers destroy dozen 'illegal' homes
  48. ↑ Tracy Wilkinson (July 10, 2001). "Israel Razes 14 Arab Homes at Refugee Camp". Los Angeles Times. p. in print edition A-4. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  49. ↑ "Olmert hints at possible concessions in Jerusalem". Ynet. October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  50. ↑ "Shuafat area residents split over plan to divide Jerusalem in two". The Jerusalem Post. October 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  51. ↑ Esther Zandberg (2008-10-23). "Their Shoafat outshines her Paris". HAARETZ. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  52. ↑ Stations
  53. ↑ "The Jerusalem Light Rail Map", Citypass, retrieved 2009-11-08

Bibliography

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