Siege of Amiens (1597)

Siege of Amiens
Part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) & Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

Henry IV before Amiens
Anonymous, Versailles Museum
Date13 May – 25 September 1597
LocationAmiens, Picardy, Kingdom of France
Result

Decisive Anglo-French victory[1][2][3]

Belligerents
Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
England England		 Spain Spain
Commanders and leaders
Kingdom of France Henry IV of France
Kingdom of France Duke of Mayenne
Kingdom of France Duke of Brion
England Thomas Baskerville
England Arthur Savage		 Spain Albert VII
Spain Hernando Portocarrero †
Spain Girolamo Caraffa
Spain Ernst von Mansfeld (Relief)
Strength

12,000 infantry
3,000 cavalry[5]

  • (4,200 English)[6]

29,000 infantry
3,000 cavalry[7]

  • 5,500 (Amiens)[8]
  • 25,000 (Relief force)[5]
Casualties and losses
600 killed or wounded[9] 2,000 killed or wounded,[10]
5,000 surrendered[11]

The Siege of Amiens was a siege and battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) (as part of the French Wars of Religion) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) between 13 May and 25 September 1597.[12] The Spanish who had sent a large army in March had captured the city of Amiens easily in a ruse.[13] Henry IV of France however after recovering from the shock of the capture immediately and quickly built up an army which included a large English force and besieged Amiens on 13 May.[14]

An attempted relief force sent under the command of the Ernst von Mansfeld and the Archduke of Austria after repeated attempts failed to dislodge the besiegers and afterwards the Spanish relief force retreated.[5] Amiens ultimately fell back into Henry's hands with the surrender of the entire Spanish force.[15][16] As result of the victory, Henry was in a strong position to enact the Edict of Nantes and to negotiate the peace of Vervins which was signed with Spain the following Spring.[17][18] The siege was the last major military event in the Franco-Spanish war as well as the French wars of religion.[9][19]

Background

Spain under King Philip II of Spain had intervened regularly in the French Wars of Religion in favour of the Catholic League against the Protestant Huguenots, most notably in the Siege of Paris (1590) and the Battle of Craon in 1592.[20] However, only in 1595 was war officially declared between the two countries by the new King Henry IV of France, who had the year before converted to Catholicism and been received into Paris to be crowned.[4]

In 1597, Hernando Tello Porto Carrero, the Spanish governor of the town of Doullens taken in 1595,[21] proposed a plan to Archduke Albert, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands to take Amiens the capital of Picardy by surprise.[22] Only weeks after the disaster at the Battle of Turnhout in Brabant, Cardinal Albert agreed, and assigned 7,000 men infantry and 700 cavalry to Governor Porto Carrero.[9] The plan was to hide 500 infantry and horsemen in small groups close to the city. Governor Tello sent sixteen men dressed as peasants into the city and divided them into three groups.[6]

Amiens captured

On the morning of 11 March, these men entered the Gate of Montrescu; the first group carried sacks of walnuts and apples, which "accidentally" capsized at the city gate. When French guards grabbed the nuts, the "peasants" brought out pistols and overpowered the guards.[6] One guard dropped the gates, but it could not close, because the peasants had unhitched a wagon filled with wood.[7] The 500 hidden Spanish infantry and the cavalry timed it just right to storm into the city.[23] With barely any resistance the city was soon under Spanish control.[22] The people of Amiens still have the nickname Walnut eaters after this incident.[24]

Henry's Reaction

Henry, who had spent the winter in Paris, was awakened that night at the Louvre and by morning had donned his armour.[25] The situation was now serious as the road now laid open to Paris across the Somme valley.[2] At the time a peace proposal was being made between France and Spain.[23] Taking back Amiens would afford Henry a large bargaining position whilst at the same time making sure peace was his ultimate objective. In effect the siege of Amiens would decide the war between France and Spain.[26][27] Despite this however money was short in the French war chest and much dissent was caused amongst Henry's old Huguenot allies many of them refused to join and wanted concessions now that he had become a Catholic.[23] Henry relied heavily on outside resources; money and troops especially from the English.[28] Queen Elizabeth I after much dithering reluctantly agreed to the release of her troops after considering bargaining for Boulogne or an indemnity in money, the latter of which was agreed.[3]

Siege

Archduke Albert of Austria by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz

On 13 May Henry quickly brought an army of 4,000 French and Swiss infantry and 700 French cavalry under Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron to Amiens.[23] In a form of high diplomacy Henry gave the Huguenots hopes of substantial rights and he made sure to stick to that guarantee once the siege was over.[25][28] This army soon began to expand from all over the kingdom but the main the reinforcement was from the English - via the Triple alliance, Elizabeth had sent 2,000 English troops to France under the command of Sir Thomas Baskerville with another 1,500 English raised in Rouen.[9]:252 Most were veterans from the fighting in Flanders and most of whom had fought at Turnhout earlier in the year.[18]

This army cut off the provision lines from Doullens and began to lay siege to the city.[28] The Spanish were taken by surprise by the speed of the French reaction, many civilians were chased from the city and Amiens prepared for a long siege.[23] The French camp grew in size which was well provisioned; two hospitals were established and the army were well financed at the expense of the Duke of Sully.[29] The French dug trench parallels and quasi parallels one of the firsts in siege warfare that preceded Vauban.[30]

The Spanish launched many attempts against the siege works but these were mainly unsuccessful.[31] On 22 May 1597, Porto Carrero made a furious sally with 500 cavalry on the headquarters of General Biron, seizing a fort which the French had built to defend the headquarters.[25] After two hours of fighting, the Spaniards were driven out and were soon pursued by the French troops who almost made the entry into the city.[31] The Spaniards were saved by the arrival of 400 infantry who repulsed the French, which allowed them to close the gates.[5]

In mid June Elizabeth sent more reinforcements from England with another 700 troops under Sir Arthur Savage having landed at St Valery.[32] Savage would then replace the ill and dying Baskerville as commander of English forces in France.[24] With this addition the English force totalled nearly 4,200 men.[13][28]

On 4 September, a French raiding party took a bastion on the south side of the city and in the assault Porto Carrero was killed just before the French withdrew.[31] He was succeeded by Girolamo Caraffa, Marquis of Montenegro.[33] On 8 September François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc grand master of artillery was killed by an arquebuse and Henry mourned him greatly; this being a great blow to morale.[34]

The situation in Amiens however was grim as the siege took its toll - many troops suffered from disease and the lack of food. Caraffa in desperation sent out messengers to the Archduke Albert two of which managed to get through.[34]

Attempted Relief

Siege of Amiens 1597 showing the English positions (left) & French positions by Frans Hogenberg

On September 10 Caraffa was warned that two Spanish relief armies one under Archduke Albert and the other under Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort consisting of over 25,000 men which included many veteran Spanish Tericos, was under way.[26] Charles, Duke of Mayenne was able to convince Henry IV and Biron not to confront the huge relief army, but to remain in the entrenchments knowing they were outnumbered nearly two to one if in open battle.[34] This strategy would be successful, and Mansfeld's force appeared six miles below Amiens on 18 September upon the banks of the Somme.[5]

Von Mansfeld was first the first to arrive and launched an immediate attack on the French camps and then on the English camp but all were repelled, inflicting huge losses.[8] In the latter attack Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester was wounded in the shoulder but was Knighted by the French king for his valour.[14][18]

The Archduke Albert had arrived the following day bringing in all troops he could muster hoping to break the encirclement.[27] On hearing of Mansfeld's difficulty he immediately ordered a discharge of his whole artillery in order to make it known to the besieged that succour was at hand.[34] After passing the abbey of Bettancourt Albert attempted to throw a bridge over the river Somme below the village of Longpre but due due to poor weather and rising waters he resolved to find another way.[24] Eventually the southern bank was reached but soon after the Spanish were driven back after having been savaged by French artillery fire with more losses and were forced to withdraw to the other bank.[31]

Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld, by Antonis Mor

Another attack was planned for the next day but on observing the French and English force with strengthened trenches Albert decided not risk further heavy losses.[34] Although the relief army under Von Mansfeld and Albert had more numbers than the Anglo French their morale was low.[28] After being consistently repelled with heavy losses and with rumours of mutiny and dissent in the ranks the Archduke decided the situation was hopeless.[5] He ordered the attack cancelled and decided to withdrew in good order.[27]

The king immediately followed with the greater part of his army so that the Spaniards were constantly harassed but the Archduke avoided battle and withdrew quickly under the cover of darkness.[33] Once more the King then turned his attention to the citadel of Amiens.[9]:252

Surrender

Henry could now see the Spanish position was hopeless, and not long after the Archduke's retreat he summoned Caraffa to surrender.[10][31] Caraffa reluctantly agreed - negotiations for the surrender of the city began soon after, of which was signed on 25 September.[8]

Henry granted the garrison an honourable capitulation and reviewed the surrender of the Spanish forces.[13][25]

Aftermath

The cost for the Spanish was enormous with over 5,000 being captured at Amiens which included many wounded and sick.[10] The relief force had suffered near 2,000 - again many to disease.[5] As the surrendered troops marched past they pulled with them hundreds of carts loaded with dead and wounded while the Spanish officers saluted Henri.[11] Amiens was then strongly garrisoned and given much stronger defences under the supervision of French mathematician and military engineer Jean Errard.[30]

With the help of the two field hospitals Henry's forces had suffered moderate losses which came to just over 600, as result the Siege of Amiens became known as the Siege of Velvet.[29] This was one of the first siege or battles known where field hospitals were first established.[24]

The siege had strategic consequences - Albert's concentration on Amiens meant that the Spanish forces guarding the border with the Dutch republic were left on their own, enabling Maurice of Orange to capture several cities in his celebrated campaign of 1597.[35]

With the Picardy capital cleared of Spanish, Henry was now in a strong position to negotiate but in order to be in a stronger position he had to subdue the rest of France.[16] The following year Henry thus launched a major campaign in Brittany the last of the rebel holdouts; however this was as diplomatic as it was military.[36] The aim was to win over the Protestants as well as the remaining rebel Catholics including the Duke of Mercœur. The King set off with an army 14,000 strong and the campaign that followed was an incredible success and kept his promise of substantial rights as he had done during the Amiens siege.[17] The towns threw out the Leaguers and Spanish garrisons and finally Mercœur gave in; his submission to Henry at Angers was completed on 20 March 1598.[37] Henry then triumphantly marched into Nantes and issued the Edict of Nantes on 13 April 1598 which effectively brought an end to the Wars of Religion in France.[10][11][12]

Peace of Vervins

The victory at Amiens was celebrated as a huge victory; not only did it mark a definitive turn in the road to Franco-Spanish peace but Spain had to sacrifice the war against France.[4][19] In conjunction with Spanish financial distress, her insolvency caused by her bankrupt nature after the Capture of Cadiz, two costly failed armadas (in 1596 and 1597) against England and the war against the Dutch meant that Spain had too much too deal with.[10][33] Mutinies in the garrisons of Doulens, Cambrai, Ardres and Le Catalet added to Spain's problems.[27] With this huge advantage Henry made sure the Peace of Vervins was signed which would end the war between Spain and France.[5] The treaty was highly beneficial to France - an ill and dying Philip recognized the formerly Protestant Henry as King of France and withdrew his forces from French territory.[9]:266[38] Vervins was the final defeat of Philip II, and a sign of the long downfall of Habsburg Spain and the gradual rise in European hegemony of France during the ensuing Grand Siècle.[39][40]

Notable participants

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Jones p 268
  2. 1 2 Braudel pg 1218
  3. 1 2 Garrido, Fernando (1876). A history of political and religious persecutions. Oxford University. p. 73. this success was decisive
  4. 1 2 3 MacCaffrey pp 207-08
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Leathes, Stanley. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 3. CUP Archive. pp. 673–79.
  6. 1 2 3 Hanna, William (1871). The Wars of the Huguenots. Edmonston and Douglas,. pp. 285–87.
  7. 1 2 Wolfe pp 70-72
  8. 1 2 3 Knecht pp 305-08
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ireland, William Henry (1824). Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign: Vol 2. Harding, Triphook & Lepard. pp. 249–66.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Wolfe pp 76-79
  11. 1 2 3 Nolan pg 312
  12. 1 2 Jacques pg. 45
  13. 1 2 3 Schrickx, Willem (1986). Foreign Envoys and Travelling Players in the Age of Shakespeare and Jonson. Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. pp. 19–20.
  14. 1 2 M'Skimin, Samuel (1811). The History and Antiquities of the County of the Town of Carrickfergus, from the Earliest Records, to the Present Time: In Four Parts. p. 44.
  15. ↑ Mignet (1846). Antonio Perez & Philip II. Library of Catalonia. p. 288. This event was decisive
  16. 1 2 Levin p 74
  17. 1 2 Knecht p 310
  18. 1 2 3 Fissel p 237
  19. 1 2 Tucker p 547
  20. ↑ Knecht p 80-81
  21. ↑ Demarsy, Arthur (1595). La prise de Doullens par les Espagnols en 1595. pp. 8–16.(French)
  22. 1 2 Finley-Croswhite pp 81-83
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Pitts pp. 200-01
  24. 1 2 3 4 Winkles, Benjamin (1837). French cathedrals. the New York Public Library. p. 3.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Badts de Cugnac, Albert de (1873). Le siège d'Amiens en 1597 et les jésuites. Lenoël-Herouart. pp. 15–33. (French)
  26. 1 2 Wernham pg 194-96
  27. 1 2 3 4 Duerloo p 46
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Eyre Evans Crowe (1863). The History of France, Volume 3. Longmans, and Roberts. pp. 328–30.
  29. 1 2 Haller p. 59
  30. 1 2 Duffy p 143
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Pitts pp. 202-03
  32. ↑ Volume 4 of Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, James I, 1547-1625. Public Record Office: Longmans, & Roberts. 1869.
  33. 1 2 3 Watson, Robert (1839). The History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, Volume 1. T. Tegg. pp. 526–28.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Wolfe pp 73-75
  35. ↑ t'Hart p. 22
  36. ↑ Chaurasia p 141
  37. ↑ Black p 106
  38. ↑ Sutherland p. 46
  39. ↑ Noted by Michael Wolfe, reviewing Vidal and Pilleboue 1998, in The Sixteenth-Century Journal, 30.3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 839-840.
  40. ↑ Stewart p 49
  41. ↑ Richardson et al, p. 280

Bibliography

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