Visual arts of Mexico

See also: Mexican art
Painting cave in Yucatán
Frescoes of Bonampak, Chiapas.

Visual arts of Mexico are any visual art made in Mexico, from prehistoric times to the present. These include indigenous, Spanish colonial, post-independence nineteenth century painters, twentieth century and post-revolutionary art; print makers, photographers and sculptors influenced by European modernism; Contemporary art. Painting is one of the oldest arts of Mexico. In pre-Hispanic central and southern Mexico it is present in Aztec codices, ceramics, clothes, etc.; examples are the Mayan murals of Bonampak in the southeast, the Teotihuacan in central Mexico, Cholula and Monte Alban in southern Mexico. It is believed that the American continent's oldest rock art, 7500 years old, is found in a cave on the peninsula of Baja California.[1]

New Spain painting from the 16th and 17th

Former Convent of San Francisco, in Tlaxcala, Mexico.

The mural blossomed during the sixteenth century in religious building (for example, the convents of Acolman, Huejotzingo, Tecamachalco, and Zinacantepec) and houses of the nobility.

For a time it was believed that the first European painter living in New Spain was Rodrigo de Cifuentes (apocryphal artist), to whom were attributed works such as "Baptism of the chiefs of Tlaxcala" and an altarpiece painting in the Convent of San Francisco in Tlaxcala. Among native painters was Marcos Aquino. A Flemish painter Simon Pereyns came to New Spain in 1566 and is considered the most important painter of this era. Pereyns along with Francisco de Morales, Francisco de Zumaya and Andrés de la Concha Juan de Arrúe formed a group of educated painters. The works preserved by this Flemish artist are, among others, his altarpiece paintings of Huejotzingo and San Cristóbal at the Metropolitan Cathedral.

Cristóbal de Villalpando, San Ignacio en Tierra Santa, 1710, Museo Nacional del Virreinato.
Juan Correa, The Four Parts of the World (Las Cuatro Partes del Mundo), late 17th century.

The church produced the most important works of the seventeenth century. Among the important painters were Baltasar de Echave Ibia and his son Baltasar Echave Rioja, also Luis Juárez and his son José Juárez, Juan Correa, Cristóbal de Villalpando, Rodrigo de la Piedra, Antonio de Santander, Polo Bernardino, Juan de Villalobos, Juan Salguero and Juan de Herrera. Juan Correa, worked from 1671 to 1716 and reached great prestige and reputation for the quality of its design and scale of some of his works. Among the best known: 'Apocalypse in the Cathedral of Mexico', 'Conversion of St. Mary Magdalene', now in the 'Pinacoteca Virreinal' and 'Santa Catarina and Adam and Eve casting out of paradise', the latter located in the National Museum of Viceroyalty of Tepotzotlán.[2]

Caravaggio and Francisco de Zurbarán as Painter of the King greatly influenced the artistic creation of this period. From latter many works for the churches of New Spain were brought. At the end of the Baroque period, Bartolome Esteban Murillo works were present in New Spanish workshops.

New Spain 18th century painting

Josep Antonio de Ayala, La familia del Valle a los pies de la Virgen de Loreto (The family of the Valley at the foot of the Madonna of Loreto), 1769.

Along with the construction of temples and houses artistic religious themes proliferated. In New Spain, as in the rest of the New World, since the seventeenth century, particularly during the eighteenth century, the portrait became an important part of the artistic repertoire. In a society characterized by a deep religious feeling which was imbued, it was expected that many portraits reflected the moral virtues and piety of the model.[3]

A casta painting by Miguel Cabrera, depicting in standard fashion parents of two different racial categories and the racial classification of their offspring. Here he shows a Spanish (español) father, Mestiza (mixed Spanish-Indian) mother, and their Castiza daughter.

Some prominent painters of this period are: Cristóbal de Villalpando, Juan Correa, José de Ibarra, Joseph Mora, Nicolas Rodriguez Juarez, Francisco Martinez, Miguel Cabrera, Andrés López and Nicolás Enríquez. Sebastian Zalcedo painted ca. 1780 a beautiful allegory of the Virgin of Guadalupe in oil on copper foil. In this century Josep Antonio de Ayala was a prominent artist, who is known for painting The family of the Valley at the foot of Our Lady of Loreto c. 1769. This devotional painting was commissioned to be done for the children of the del Valle family in memory of his parents and is characteristic of the painting of this century.[4]

A description of colonial art says: "In the "Sponsorship of Saint Joseph on the Caroline College", Saint Joseph is seen as a major figure of the work, who carries on his left side the child Jesus. Two archangels flank him and maintain its long purple robe. At the top two little angels are observed with intent to crown the holy". "For centuries, the work was attributed to Manuel Caro, but the meticulous restoration work allowed to find the signature of the original author. Miguel Cabrera"[5]

Secular art emerged as an important development in the eighteenth century, partiucarly casta paintings, depictions of the system of racial hierarchy. Accomplished religious artists, such as Miguel Cabrera, painted a set of casta paintings; Cabrera also painted elites in New Spain as well as cultural icons, such as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Some painters like Nicolas Rodriguez Juarez, were involved in the implementation of triumphal entry to the viceroys and archbishops magistrates arches. The poblano José Luis Rodríguez Alconedo was the last novohispano (Mexican) painter.

19th century Mexican painting

José María Velasco, El Valle de México.

In this century there are examples of murals such as folkloric style created between 1855 and 1867 in La Barca, Jalisco.[6]

Highlights at this time: Pelegrín Clavé, Juan Cordero, Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez and José Agustín Arrieta. In Mexico, in 1846 he was hired to direct Pelegrín Clavé's reopening of the Academy of San Carlos, a body from which he promoted the historical and landscaping themes with a pro-European vision.[7]

Edouard Pingret painting reproduced customs and Mexican landscapes and encouraged his contemporaries to recreate the local customs and rural setting.

Hermenegildo Bustos is one of the most popular painters of the historiography of Mexican art. Also important in these years were Santiago Rebull, José Salomé Pina, Félix Parra, José Obregón, Rodrigo Gutiérrez, Leandro Izaguirre, Eugenio Landesio and his famous disciple, the landscapist José María Velasco and Julio Ruelas.

20th century Mexican painting

Some of the most prominent painters in this century are:

Joaquín Clausell's Paisaje con bosque y río
Francisco Goitia's "Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II", circa 1914, oil on canvas, 194 × 109.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte
By Gustavo Arias Murueta, "Cosmogonía"

The great Mexican muralists of the post-revolution developed, with the paint mural, the concept of "public art", an art to be seen by Ias masses in major public buildings of the time, and could not be bought and transported easily elsewhere, as with easel painting.[10]

Muralism

Detail of mural "Gente y paisaje de Michoacán" at the Palacio de Gobierno in Michoacán (1962)

The boom in Mexican mural began in 1922 under the protection of José Vasconcelos, Secretary of Public Education. From this year to 1924 such important works as the frescoes of the temple of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (Dr. Atl, Roberto Montenegro and Xavier Guerrero); the Mural of the 'Amphitheater Bolívar' (by Diego Rivera, with the help of Carlos Mérida, Guerrero and Jean Charlot); And 'los frescos de la preparatoria' (José Clemente Orozco Garcia Cahelo, Alva De La Canal, Fernando Leal, Siqueiros and Fermín Revueltas).

In all these works, yet devoid of ideological content which would later dominated this post revolutionary Mexican theme, the characterization of popular themes and daring in the use of new materials and ranges; as well as influences of Italian Renaissance influences and religious spirit of old Mexico.

But soon, under the influence of Rivera and Siqueiros, the mural art was enriched by the momentum of the revolutionary movement which was characterized in the advanced socialist ideas and themes, Rivera's works were also charactirezed with some anti-religious and anti-Spanish and pro-indigenist themes. This process is illustrated on the walls of the Ministry of Education, where the work of Diego Rivera ranges from the folklore and popular decoration on the first floor, to the interpretations of proletarian aspirations to the last. With the departure of Vasconcelos Secretary of Education the facilities they had enjoyed ostentatiously declined for the muralists and that provoked a crisis of internal problems of the guild, which was disintegrated because of deep ideological differences among its arttists. Diego Rivera breaks his masterpiece in the School of Chapingo that was able to finish until 1929.

Modern Mexican painting

Some of the most prominent painters in this century are:

Modern interpretation of the portrait of Sor Juana by Mexican artist Mauricio García Vega.
Useless Science by Remedios Varo

References

  1. ↑ Descubierta en una cueva de México la pintura rupestre más antigua de América / EL MUNDO Archived February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ Arte y cultura en la colonia Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ de Romero, Soumaya Slim; Garcia, Minerva Mogollan; Ayala Canseco, Eva Maria, eds. (2006). Seis Siglos de Arte, Cien Grandes Maestros de Romero. Fundacion Carso / Museo Soumaya. ISBN 9789687794303.
  5. ↑ "Puebla, Pue. México, Jueves 13 de Marzo de 2008". Comunicacion.buap.mx. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ "Pintura". Web.archive.org. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  8. ↑ "La Jornada". Jornada.unam.mx. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  9. ↑ boart (2014-12-23). "CANTU ART - FEDERICO CANTÚ 1907-1989". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
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