VK (social networking)

VK
Type of site
 Social networking service
Available in 83 languages
Owner Vkontakte Ltd
Created by Pavel Durov
Revenue Rise RUB121.4 million (2013)[1]
Parent Mail.Ru Group
Website vk.com
Alexa rank Increase 14 (November 2016)[2]
Registration Required
Users 350+ million[3]
Launched October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10)
Current status Active

VK (VKontakte; Russian: ВКонта́кте, meaning InContact) is the largest European online social networking service, based in Russia. It is available in several languages, and is especially popular among Russian-speaking users. VK allows users to message each other publicly or privately, to create groups, public pages and events, share and tag images, audio and video, and to play browser-based games.[4]

As of June 2016, VK had at least 369 million accounts.[5] VK is ranked 14 (as of November 2016)[6] in Alexa's global Top 500 sites. It is the second most popular website in Russia, behind Yandex.[7] According to SimilarWeb, VK is the 4th most popular website in the world.[8] As of October 2016, VK ranked as the second most popular social networking website in Israel,[9] after Facebook.

History

Number of Registered users on VKontakte between 2007 and 2012
Pavel Durov, the founder of VKontakte, on his 26th birthday, 10 October 2010.

2006–2008: launch and rapid growth

VKontakte was incorporated on 19 January 2007 as a Russian limited liability company. Founder Pavel Durov launched VKontakte for beta testing in September 2006, having just graduated from St Petersburg State University. The following month, the domain name vkontakte.ru was registered. User registration was initially limited to within university circles exclusively by invitation, but the site still grew quickly.

In February 2007 the site reached a user base of over 100,000 and was recognized as the second largest player in Russia's nascent social network market. In the same month, the site was subjected to a severe DDoS attack, which briefly put it offline. The user base reached 1 million in July 2007, and 10 million in April 2008. In December 2008 VK overtook rival Odnoklassniki as Russia's most popular social networking service.

2009–2012: public access

Founder and CEO Pavel Durov owned 20% of shares (although he had majority voting power through proxy votes), and a trio of Russian-Israeli investors, Vyacheslav Mirilashvili (Mikhael Mirilashvili's son) and Lev Leviev,[10] owned 60%, 10% and 10% respectively.[11] The original founders then sold a stake of 39.99% to Mail.ru Group (formerly Digital Sky Technologies).[12][13]

On 29 May 2012 Mail.ru Group announced that it has decided to yield control of the company to Durov by offering him the voting rights on its shares. Combined with Durov's personal 12% stake, this gave him 52% of the votes.[14][15] In April 2013, United Capital Partners bought 48% of VK shares from Vyacheslav Mirilashvili and Lev Leviev for $1.12 billion.[16]

2013–2014: share changes, IPO cancellation, Mail.ru Group ownership

In 2013, the Mirilashvili family sold its 40% share in VK to United Capital Partners for $1.12 billion,[17] while Lev Leviev sold his 8% share in the same deal, giving United Capital Partners 48% ownership. In January 2014, VK's founder Pavel Durov sold his 12% stake in the company to the CEO of Megafon, which is controlled by Alisher Usmanov. Following the deal, Usmanov and his allies controlled around 52% of the company.[18] Shortly thereafter, the CEO of Megafon, sold his 12% stake to Mail.ru, thus allowing mail.ru to consolidate its controlling stake of 52% in VK.[19]

In 2014 Pavel Durov sold his 12% stake to Ivan Tavrin, the CEO of Russian mobile phone operator Megafon.[20] In April 2014 Durov stated he had sold his stake in the company after "coming under increasing pressure" from federal law enforcement to hand over personal details of users who were members of a VK group dedicated to the Euromaidan protest movement.[21] VK canceled their IPO plans after the conditions after Facebook's IPO, which it saw as a failure.[15][22]

On April 1, 2014, Durov submitted his resignation to the board; at first, due to the fact the company confirmed he had resigned, it was believed to be related to the Ukrainian crisis which started in February.[23] However, Durov himself claimed it was an April Fool's Joke on April 3, 2014.[24] On April 21, 2014, Durov was dismissed as CEO, claiming he failed to withdraw his letter of resignation a month earlier.[21][25] Durov then claimed the company had been effectively taken over by Vladimir Putin's political faction,[21][26] suggesting his dismissal was the result of both his refusal to hand over personal details of users to federal law enforcement and his refusal to hand over the personal details of people who were members of a VKontakte group dedicated to the Euromaidan protest movement.[21][26] Durov then left Russia and stated that he had "no plans to go back"[26] and that "the country is incompatible with Internet business at the moment".[25]

On September 16, 2014, the Mail.ru group bought the remaining 48% stake of VK from United Capital Partners (UCP)[27] for $1.5 billion,[27] thus becoming the sole proprietor of the social network.[28]

Website

VK logo before 2015

As with most social networks, the site's core functionality is based around private messaging and sharing photos, status updates and links with friends. VK also has tools for managing online communities and celebrity pages. The site allows its users to upload, search and stream media content, such as videos and music. VK features an advanced search engine, that allows complex queries for finding friends, as well as a real-time news search. VK updated its features and design on April 2016[29]

Features

Like button on VK (Russian version)

Popularity

Most popular social networking site
  Facebook
  Twitter
  VKontakte
  Qzone
  Odnoklassniki
  Facenama
  no data

As of October 2016, according to Alexa Internet ranking, VK is one of the most visited websites in many countries around the world. It holds:

Languages

As of October 2016 the site is available in 83 languages, while advertisements are only shown in the Russian and Ukrainian versions.

Promotional use by bands and musicians

Musicians that use VK for promotion often upload their own tracks to their official VK pages. Notable examples include the international celebrities like Tiësto,[39] Shakira,[40] Paul Van Dyk,[41] The Prodigy,[42] Dan Balan,[43][44] Limp Bizkit,[45] Eros Ramazzotti,[46] Marilyn Manson,[47] Moby[48] and The Offspring.[49]

Issues and controversies

The headquarters of VK on the Nevsky Avenue in Saint Petersburg (aka Singer House)

Litigation

In 2008 the leading Russian television channel RTR sued VKontakte (then VK) over unlicensed copies of two of its films, uploaded by VK users. In 2010 this dispute was settled by the Russian Supreme Arbitration Court in favor of the social network. The court ruled that VK is not responsible for its users’ copyright violations, taking into account that both parties agreed with the technical possibility to identify the user who posted illegal content and who, consequently, must incur the liability.[50] Another ruling early in 2012 went partially in favor of Gala Records (now Warner Music Russia), a recording studio, when the same court ordered VK to pay $7000 for not being active enough in regard to copyrighted materials.[51]

VK is DMCA-compliant and offers a content removal tool for copyright holders.[52] Large-scale copyright holders may gain access to bulk content removal tools.[53]

Since 2010 VK has also entered several partnerships with legal content providers, such as television networks[54] and streaming providers.[55] Most notably, the Video on Demand provider IVI.ru, that has secured licensing rights with all of Hollywood majors in 2012.[56] These partnerships allow providers to remove user-uploaded content from VK and substitute it with legal embedded copies from the provider's site.[57] This legal content can be either ad-sponsored, subscription based or free, depending on the provider's choices. VK does not display its own advertising in the site's music or video sections, nor in the videos themselves. On October 2013, VKontakte was cleared of copyright infringement charges by a court in Saint Petersburg. The judge ruled that the social network is not responsible for the content uploaded by its users.[58]

In November 2014 the head of The Federal service for supervision of communications, information technology and mass media Maxim Ksenzov said that “Vkontakte” will complete the process of legalization of the content at the beginning of 2015. At that time (November, 2014), negotiations between major labels companies and the social network “Vkontakte” were ongoing.[59]

DDoS attacks on sites

Because the social network is the one most popular and highloaded sites in runet, its visits can be used to make DDoS attacks on smaller sites. VK performed DDOS attacks on certain sites, making users' browsers send multiple requests to the target site without users' consent. The targets were the Runet Prize voting page in 2008[60] and the CAPTCHA-solving service antigate.com in 2012.[61][62] This was done by inserting an iframe and a piece of JavaScript code which periodically reloaded the iframe. As a countermeasure, antigate was detecting whether iframe was loaded from VK and if it were antigate had redirected request to xHamster, a well-known porn site. VK needed to cease the attack due to the site's use by children. VK tried to use XMLHttpRequest to solve this problem, but had forgotten about the same-origin policy. They succeeded in stopping the attack, though there were many ways to solve the problem with redirect.

Blacklisted

On May 24, 2013, it was reported in the media that the site had been mistakenly put on a list of websites banned by the Russian government.[63]

Some critics have accused the blacklist of being simply the latest in a series of suspicious incidents to have happened to the website in recent months, as the Russian government look to increase their stake in, and control of the site.[64]

Italian controversy

On November 18, 2013, following an order from the Court of Rome, VK was blocked in Italy after a complaint from Medusa Film stating that VK was hosting an illegal copy of one of its films.[65] However, as of April 2015, the site has been reopened for Italian users and its mobile app is available on both App Store and Google Play.

Founder Pavel Durov's dismissal

Founder Pavel Durov was dismissed as CEO in April 2014 after he had failed to retract a (according to himself) prank April fools letter of resignation.[21] Durov then claimed the company had been effectively taken over by Vladimir Putin allies,[21][26][66] and suggested his ousting was the result of his refusal to hand over personal details of users to the Russian Federal Security Service and his refusal to shut down a VK group dedicated to anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny.[21][26]

Pornography

VK grants easy access to pornographic images, video and other such materials which are shared in certain communities. This makes the site dangerous to younger users, according to a study conducted by Kaspersky Lab.[67]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Year revenue Vk.com". forbes.ru. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  2. ↑ "vk.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Каталог пользователей ВКонтакте". VK.com. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "• Social gaming: revenue in Russia 2010-2013 | Statistic". Statista.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  5. ↑ "List of VK users". Yk.com. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  6. ↑ "vk.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Vk.com Traffic details". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  8. ↑ "Website Ranking". SimilarWeb. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Israel". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  10. ↑ "Lev Leviev sells Russian social network stake". Globes. 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  11. ↑ Кто в контакте (in Russian). Vedomosti. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
  12. ↑ "Exercise of Option". Mail.ru Group. 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  13. ↑ "Vkontakte.ru shareholder structure unveiled". East-West Digital News. 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  14. ↑ "Shareholder Mail.ru Group yields control to founder". ewdn.com. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  15. 1 2 Bowker, John (29 May 2012). "Russia's VKontakte delays IPO after Facebook debacle". Moscow: Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  16. ↑ "UCP closes deal to buy 48% of Vkontakte from Mirilashvili, Leviev", interfax
  17. ↑ "The richest Israelis got NIS 10 billion richer in 2013". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  18. ↑ Maria Kiselyova. "Usmanov tightens hold on Russian social net VKontakte as founder sells stake". The West Australian (Reuters). Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  19. ↑ Olga Razumovskaya. "Mail.Ru Secures Control of VKontakte". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  20. ↑ Usmanov tightens hold on Russian social net VKontakte as founder sells stake. Reuters. Published 24 January 2014. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Vkontakte Founder Pavel Durov Learns He's Been Fired Through Media | Business". The Moscow Times. 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  22. ↑ Lunden, Ingrid. "More FB IPO Fallout? Russia's Leading Social Network Vkontakte's IPO 'Postponed Indefinitely'". TechCrunch. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  23. ↑ "No joke as 'Russian Facebook' founder resigns amid dispute (Update)". Published April 1, 2014. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
    Pavel Durov Resigns As Head Of Russian Social Network VK.com, Ukraine Conflict Was The Tipping Point. Published April 1, 2014. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  24. ↑ Going, going, gone - Pavel Durov quits VK. Rusbase. Published April 2, 2014. No update time given. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
    Founder of Social Network VK Pavel Durov Says Resignation as CEO was April Fools' Prank. The Moscow Times. Published at midnight Moscow Time (MST) on April 4, 2014. Last modified at 7:26 MST. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  25. 1 2 "Durov, Out For Good From VK.com, Plans A Mobile Social Network Outside Russia", TechCrunch, 22 April 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pavel Durov left Russia after being pushed out". Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  27. 1 2 Mail.ru deal firms control over VKontakte
  28. ↑ "Russia's Mail.Ru buys remaining stake in VKontakte for $1.5 bln". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  29. ↑ "VK.com New Interface, Design, Looks & Tips". Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  30. ↑ Supported are the formats: doc, docx, xls, xlsx, ppt , pptx, rtf, pdf, png, jpg, gif, psd, mp3, djvu, fb2, ps and archives containing these formats. Executable files and files over 200 Mb are not allowed.Video chat is also available (for users who allow incoming calls ) since 2012.
  31. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Russia". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  32. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Belarus". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  33. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Ukraine". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  34. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Kazakhstan". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  35. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Azerbaijan". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  36. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Estonia". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  37. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Lithuania". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  38. ↑ "Alexa - top sites in Israel". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  39. ↑ "DJ Tiesto's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "Shakira's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  41. ↑ "Paul Van Dyk's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  42. ↑ "The Prodigy official page on VK.com". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  43. ↑ "Dan Balan's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  44. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121031031603/http://vk.com/pages?oid=-2158488&p=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ "Wall". vk.com. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
  46. ↑ "Eros Ramazzotti's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  47. ↑ "Marilyn Manson's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  48. ↑ "Moby's official page on VK.com". Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  49. ↑ "The Offspring official page on VK.com". Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  50. ↑ "Russian court rules social network not responsible for user copyright violations". ewdn.com. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  51. ↑ "Vkontakte.ru too "passive" with copyright infringement, says arbitration court". ewdn.com. 22 February 2012.
  52. ↑ "Copyright Violation Notification". Vk.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  53. ↑ "TNT removes its videos from Vkontakte". Lenta.ru (in Russian). 10 November 2010.
  54. ↑ "CTC Media clamps down on piracy". ewdn.com. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  55. ↑ "Vkontakte to replace pirated video with legal content". Lenta.ru. 25 November 2010.
  56. ↑ "Russian Online Video Service ivi.ru Inks Deals with Hollywood Majors". The Hollywood Reporter. 27 April 2012.
  57. ↑ "Interview with Oleg Tumanov, Ivi.ru CEO". RBC Daily (in Russian). 14 May 2012.
  58. ↑ Andy (2013-10-26). "Russian Facebook Not Responsible For Users' Pirate Music Uploads". Torrentfreak.com. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  59. ↑ ""ВКонтакте" удалит весь пиратский контент в начале 2015 года | MacDigger - Новости из мира Apple". Macdigger.ru. 2014-11-20. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  60. ↑ "ВКонтакте против "Премии рунета"". Habrahabr.ru. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  61. ↑ ""ÂÊîíòàêòå" îñóùåñòâèë DDoS àòàêó íà ñàéò antigate.com". Securitylab.ru. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  62. ↑ "ВКонтакте ддосит antigate.com". Habrahabr.ru. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  63. ↑ "Error blacklists Russia's top social network VKontakte". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  64. ↑ Balmforth, Tom (2013-05-28). "Russia's Top Social Network Under Fire". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  65. ↑ "How Berlusconi's Company Blocked Off vKontakte and File-Hosting Sites in Italy". News.softpedia.com. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  66. ↑ Toor, Amar. "Russia's largest social network is under the control of Putin's allies, founder says". The Verge. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  67. ↑ «Kaspersky Lab»: «VKontakte» is the most dangerous social network for children
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