Youzhou

This article is about the historical region or prefecture in modern Beijing. For the historical prefecture in modern Inner Mongolia, see Youzhou (in modern Inner Mongolia).
Youzhou
Chinese 幽州

Youzhou or You Prefecture (also known as You Province) is a place name for an ancient zhou or prefecture in northern China. Youzhou is cited in some ancient sources as one of the nine or twelve original provinces of China during early Chinese antiquity (22nd Century BC), but Youzhou was used in actual administration from 106 BC to the 10th Century AD. A prefecture as a political subdivision in Chinese history was at various times either the size of a province or sub-provincial unit known as commandery.

Youzhou was created in 106 BC as a province-sized prefecture during the Western Han Dynasty to administer a large swath of the dynasty's northern frontier that stretched from modern-day Shanxi Province in the west and Shandong Province in the south, through northeastern Hebei Province, southern Liaoning Province and southern Inner Mongolia to Korea. The prefectural capital was the City of Ji in modern Beijing. This prefecture continued to be centered in northern Hebei through the Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty.

In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, several of the kingdoms that ruled northern China used Youzhou to name commandery-sized prefectures in their domain. When northern China was unified under a single sovereign during the Northern Dynasties, Youzhou became a commandery-sized prefecture based in modern Beijing. During the Sui Dynasty, prefecture as a level of administration was not used and Youzhou was renamed Zhuojun or the Zhuo Commandery. Youzhou was revived during the Tang Dynasty as a smaller, commandery prefecture and became synonymous with the city that was Beijing during that era. In the Five Dynasties period, Youzhou was one of Sixteen Prefectures ceded to the Khitans of Manchuria. Thereafter, the name Youzhou was no longer used.

Map of Chinese provinces in the prelude of Three Kingdoms period
(In the late Han Dynasty period, 189 CE).

History

Early Chinese antiquity

The Drum Tower at Beizhen, Jinzhou, Liaoning, with the inscription "Stronghold of Youzhou". Beizhen was part of Youzhou during the Han Dynasty, when the prefecture was the size of a province.

According to several ancient texts from the Warring States period (475–221 BC), Youzhou was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China. Ancient Chinese histories use the Nine Provinces to describe the geographic division of China during the two earliest Chinese dynasties, the Xia (2070–1600 BC) and the Shang (1600–1046 BC). The "Book of Xia" in the Classic of History from the earlier Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC) states that Yu the Great, founder of the Xia Dynasty, divided China into Nine Provinces—Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou—and does not mention Youzhou as one of the nine. But the Erya from about the 3rd Century BC includes Youzhou and Yingzhou instead of Qingzhou and Liangzhou; the Lü's Annals of the Spring and Autumn Annals, compiled in 239 BC, includes Youzhou instead of Liangzhou; and the Rites of Zhou from the middle of the 2nd Century BC includes Youzhou and Bingzhou in place of Xuzhou and Liangzhou.

Subsequent texts describe as Youzhou as one of the Twelve Provinces of Ancient China. Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian, written from 109 to 91 BC explains that Shun, sovereign who relinquished power to Yu the Great, felt the domain in north was too vast and created three new prefectures including Youzhou from Yanzhou. The Book of Han, completed in 111 AD, also lists Youzhou as one of the Twelve Ancient Provinces.

Youzhou as an administrative unit, was first instituted in 106 BC during the Han Dynasty. Until then, the region described as Youzhou in the ancient texts correspond to the State of Yan, one of the seven powers of the Warring States era.[1]

Han Dynasty

In 106 BC, Emperor Wu of Han organized the Western Han Dynasty into 13 province-sized prefectures, each administered by a cishi (刺史) or inspector. Youzhou comprised the Shanggu, Zhuo, Guangyang, Dai, Bohai, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies.[2] Altogether the eleven commanderies contained 173 counties.[2] The prefectural seat was the City of Ji in Guangyang Commandery, which is part of modern Beijing Municipality.[2] Youzhou was bordered by Bingzhou (present-day eastern and northern Shanxi) in the west, Jizhou (southern Hebei) and Qingzhou (northern Shandong) in the south, Korea in the east and the steppes in the north.

Nomadic peoples on
Youzhou's frontier
Mural depicting horses and chariots from the tomb of an Wuhuan official and military commander. The Wei Kingdom (220 - 265) of the Three Kingdoms instituted an office in Youzhou to manage relations with the Wuhuan.
Painting of a Murong Xianbei archer. The Murong Xianbei ruled Youzhou at the beginning and end of the 4th Century through the Former Yan and Later Yan Kingdoms.
Mounted warrior of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Wei was founded by the Tuoba Xianbei who ruled Youzhou in the 5th and 6th Centuries.
The "Mounted Archer" by Khitan painter Yelü Bei in the collection of the National Palace Museum. The Tang Dynasty used Youzhou as a garrison to protect the northern frontier against the Khitan, who expanded south in the 10th Century and incorporated Youzhou into the southern frontier of the Liao Dynasty.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Youzhou had ten commanderies—Zhuo, Dai, Shangu, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Liaoning, Xuantu, Lelang and Guangyang, as well as the Principality of Liaodong.[3] Collectively, Youzhou had 90 counties.[3] The City of Ji in Yan Principality, continued to serve as prefectural capital.[4]

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, Yellow Turban Rebellion erupted in Hebei in 184 AD and briefly seized Youzhou's prefectural seat Ji. The court relied on regional militaries to put down the rebellion and Youzhou was controlled successively by warlords Liu Yu, Gongsun Zan, Yuan Shao, Yuan Xi and Cao Cao.[5] In 192, Liu Yu was overthrown by his subordinate Gongsun Zan.[5] Two years later, Gongsun Zan was driven out of Ji by Yuan Shao with the help of Wuhuan and Xianbei allies from the steppes.[5] After Yuan Shao lost supremacy of North China to Cao Cao in the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD, his son Yuan Xi held Youzhou until 204 before fleeing to the Wuhuan.[5] Cao Cao eventually defeated the Wuhuan in 207 AD and pacified North China.[5]

Three Kingdoms

During the Three Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Wei founded by Cao Cao’s son, controlled ten of the Han Dynasty's prefectures including Youzhou and its capital Ji. Within the jurisdiction of Youzhou were eleven commanderies, Fanyang, Yan Principality, Beiping, Shanggu, Dai, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Xuantu, Lelang, Changli and Daifang, which collectively ruled 60 counties.[6] In 238, Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign against Gongsun Yuan extended the eastern reach of Youzhou to Liaodong. In 244-45, Guanqiu Jian launched the Goguryeo–Wei Wars against Goguryeo from Xuantu Commandery (modern-day Shenyang).

The Wei court instituted offices in Youzhou to manage relations with the Wuhuan and Xianbei.[7] To help sustain the troops garrisoned in Youzhou, the governor in 250 AD built the Lilingyan, an irrigation system that greatly improved agricultural output in the plains around Ji.[7]

Jin Dynasty

In the Western Jin Dynasty (265–316), Youzhou had seven commanderies and 34 counties.[6] The capital was moved from the City of Ji to Fanyang Commandary in what is today Zhuozhou.[6] The Western Jin expanded the number of counties from 19 in 265 to 31 in 291.[6] Five commanderies and 26 counties in modern Liaoning that used to belong to Youzhou were carved out to create Pingzhou.[6]

Youzhou remained an important prefecture on the northern frontier. In 270 AD, the imperial court appointed Wei Guan as the governor of the prefecture.[5] Wei Guan was succeeded by Tang Bin (appointed 282) and Zhang Hua (appointed 291).[5] By the time of the Rebellion of the Eight Princes, Youzhou was controlled by Wang Jun, who secured alliances with nomadic tribes north of Youzhou by arranging marriages of his daughters to tribal chieftains of the Xianbei and Wuhuan.[5]

Wang Jun's support for Emperor Sima Lun against other princes earned the enmity of Sima Ying, who in 304, arranged to appoint He Yan as the governor of Youzhou and instructed He Yan to eliminate Wang Jun. He Yan then conspired with a Wuhuan chieftain, Shen Deng, to assassinate Wang Jun during a field trip to the Qingquan River just south of Ji. However, during their trip, the travelers encountered a rainstorm and their weapons rusted. Shen Deng believed the rain storm was divine intervention in favor of Wang Jun and disclosed the plot. Wang Jun then killed He Yan and regained control of Youzhou. He and his allies Sima Teng, Duan Wuwuchen of the Duan Xianbei clan, and the Wuhuan then attacked Sima Ying in southern Hebei. Sima Ying permitted Liu Yuan, an ethnic Xiongnu commander to leave Ye in southern Hebei and return to Shanxi to mobilize the Xiongnu folk for this war.

Back in Shanxi, Liu Yuan built a multi-ethnic army and broke free from the Jin Dynasty. In 308, he declared himself emperor of the Han, a kingdom later named Zhao and known to historians as the Former Zhao. In 316, Liu Yuan's adopted son Liu Yao captured Emperor Min of Jin in Luoyang, ending the Western Jin Dynasty. Sima Rui resurrected the dynasty in Jiankang (modern-day Nanjing), known as the Eastern Jin, which continued to rule southern China. Northern China was divided into a series of kingdoms, mostly founded by ethnic minorities.

Wang Jun in Youzhou remained loyal to the Eastern Jin regime in Jiankang and repelled several attacks by one of Liu Yuan's subordinates, Shi Le, an ethnic Jie. Shi Le then used wealth to buy off Wang Jun's ally, Duan Jilujuan and Duan Mopei. This angered Wang Jun, who arranged for the Tuoba Xianbei from the west to attack the Duan Xianbei, but the latter prevailed. In 314, Shi Le pretended to surrender to Wang Jun, who fell for the ruse and lowered his guard. Shi Le then captured and killed Wang Jun, but Youzhou fell to the control of Duan Pidi, of the Xianbei Duan clan. In 319, Shi Le, founded his own kingdom, the Later Zhao, in Xiangguo (modern day Xingtai, Hebei Province), defeated Duan Pidi and captured Youzhou.

In 349, the Later Zhao regime was subverted by Ran Min, which founded the Ran Wei regime in southern Hebei. During this turmoil, the Murong clan of the Xianbei from the Liaodong region launched a southern invasion. The Murong clan had founded the Kingdom of Yan (Former Yan) in 337 but remained a vassal of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 350, Murong Jun, the Prince of Yan, at the suggestion of his half brother Murong Chui, attacked the Later Zhao and Ran Wei in the name of restoring northern China to Jin rule. They quickly captured Youzhou. In 352, Murong Jun declared himself emperor and moved the capital from Jicheng (棘城) in modern Liaoning to Jicheng (蓟城) in Youzhou. Five years later the capital of this kingdom moved south to Ye.

In 370, the Former Yan Kingdom was conquered by the Former Qin Kingdom, led by Fu Jiān an ethnic Di and his general, Wang Meng. They were assisted by Murong Chui, who defected from the Former Yan due to court intrigue. In 383, after the Former Qin was defeated by the Eastern Jin in the Battle of Feishui, Murong Chui founded the Kingdom of Later Yan, which occupied much of the territories of the Former Yan, including Youzhou. To the west, the Tuoba Xianbei founded the Kingdom of Northern Wei in 386 and invaded the Northern Yan in 396, capturing Yuyang, Ji and other cities in Youzhou. By 439, the Northern Wei extinguished the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms and unified northern China.

Other Youzhous during the Sixteen Kingdoms

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439), in addition to the Youzhou of northern Hebei, which was successively controlled by the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Zhao and Northern Wei,[8] several other kingdoms in other parts of China also named administrative divisions within their domain Youzhou.[8] When Liu Yuan ruled the kingdom of Former Zhao, the Youzhou of Former Zhao was based in present-day Lishi, Shanxi.[8] When Liu Yao ruled the kingdom, the Youzhou of Later Zhao was moved to present-day Beidi, Yao County, Shaanxi.[8] The Youzhou of Southern Yan was based in present-day Liaocheng, Shandong, and the Youzhou of Xia was based in present-day Hanggin Banner of Inner Mongolia.[8] At one time in the 4th century, there were four Youzhous in northern China, in Northern Yan, Southern Yan, Xia and Northern Wei.[8]

Northern Dynasties

In 497, Youzhou was one of about 41 prefectures of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which at the time ruled much of north and central China. Youzhou's territories was largely confined to the southern part of modern-day Beijing Municipality. Its capital remained at Ji.[9]

During the late Northern Wei, many groups rose in rebellion against the dynasty in and around Youzhou. Wang Huiding's rebellion of 494 lasted one month.[10] In 514, Shramana Liu Shaozeng led a Buddhist rebellion in Youzhou.[10] In 524, Xianbei military families in the Six Frontier Towns rebelled against the Northern Wei and were crushed with the assistance of Rouran chieftain Yujiulü Anagui. The Northern Wei resettled 200,000 residents from the frontier towns to Hebei, where a local famine quickly prompted the migrants to rebel again under the leadership of Du Luozhou in 525. Du Luozhou led the rebels from Shanggu (modern-day Huailai) south through the Juyong Pass and defeated Wei troops north of Youzhou and eventually captured the city.[11] In 528 Wei troops under Erzhu Rong's subordinate, Hou Yuan, retook the city from rebel leader Han Lou.[12]

In 534, the Northern Wei split in half along the Yellow River into the Western Wei and Eastern Wei, which controlled Youzhou. The Eastern Wei continued for 16 years before it was replaced by the Northern Qi. Though Northern Qi held only half the territory of the Northern Wei, it had 105 prefectures.[13]

Sui and Tang Dynasty

The Sui Dynasty united China in 589 and did not use prefecture as a unit of administration. All prefectures were converted to commanderies. Youzhou was renamed Zhuojun or Zhuo Commandery, one of 190 commanderies in Sui China.[14]

The Tang Dynasty re-adopted the prefecture but used it as replacement for commandery. Zhuojun reverted to Youzhou, which in 640, was one of 360 prefectures of the dynasty.[15] The capital of Youzhou remained in Ji. The Tang also instituted 10 frontier command garrisons called jiedushi. The Fanyang Jiedushi was based in Youzhou and became one of the "three revolting garrisons of Hebei" after the Anshi Rebellion

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period to Liao Dynasty

In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960), the warlord Liu Rengong established his base in Youzhou and declared himself "King of Yan" (燕王). His regime was ultimately toppled by the Later Tang (923–936). Shi Jingtang, founder of the Later Jin (936–947), submitted to the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty (907–1125) and ceded the Sixteen Prefectures (Youzhou was one of the sixteen) to them. In 938 the Khitans established a secondary capital in Youzhou and named it Nanjing Youdu Prefecture (南京幽都府). In 1012 it was renamed Xijin Prefecture (析津府) and later renamed to Yanjing (燕京). The name "Youzhou" was never used again.

See also

References

  1. ↑ (Chinese) Map of Youzhou during the Western Han Dynasty Archived April 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2012-12-19
  2. 1 2 3 (Chinese) 中国历史政区 西汉 Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 2013-01-20
  3. 1 2 (Chinese) 中国历史政区 东汉 Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2012-12-19
  4. ↑ (Chinese) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Map of Youzhou during the Eastern Han Dynasty] Accessed 2012-12-19
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BTVU, "中央政府与地方势力的较量".
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 (Chinese) 中国历史政区 三国 Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 2013-01-20
  7. 1 2 (Chinese) 魏晋十六国时期的幽州城, 北京城市历史地理 2005-12-30
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Chinese) "十六国政区" Chinabaike Accessed 2011-02-08
  9. ↑ (Chinese) 中国历史政区 南北朝•北魏 Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Last Accessed 2013-01-20
  10. 1 2 (Chinese) 北魏迁都后为何迅速衰亡 Last Accessed 2013-01-20
  11. ↑ (Chinese) 北魏各族人民大起义 2007-6-15
  12. ↑ (Chinese) 侯渊讨韩楼于蓟 Last Accessed 2013-01-20
  13. ↑ (Chinese) 北齐地理志 2008-06-01
  14. ↑ (Chinese) 中国历史政区 隋 Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2013-01-20
  15. ↑ (Chinese) 中国历史政区 唐 Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2013-01-20

Sources

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