Zhang Liao

Zhang Liao

A portrait of Zhang Liao in a Qing dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms
General of Cao Wei
Born 169[1]
Died 222 (aged 53)[2]
Names
Traditional Chinese 張遼
Simplified Chinese 张辽
Pinyin Zhāng Liáo
Wade–Giles Chang Liao
Courtesy name Wenyuan (simplified Chinese: 文远; traditional Chinese: 文遠; pinyin: Wényuǎn; Wade–Giles: Wen-yüan)
Posthumous name Marquis Gang (simplified Chinese: 刚侯; traditional Chinese: 剛侯; pinyin: Gāng Hóu)
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang.

Zhang Liao (169[1]–222[2]),[3] courtesy name Wenyuan, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He served briefly in the state of Cao Wei, founded by Cao Cao's successor Cao Pi, in the early Three Kingdoms period before his death. Formerly a subordinate of other warlords such as Ding Yuan, Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu, Zhang Liao joined Cao Cao in around 198 after Lü Bu's downfall at the Battle of Xiapi. Since then, he participated in many of Cao Cao's military campaigns, including those against Yuan Shao's heirs and the Wuhuan tribes from 201–207. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214–215, in which he successfully defended Hefei from the forces of the warlord Sun Quan.

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Liao's biography in the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), named Zhang one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Yue Jin, Yu Jin, Zhang He and Xu Huang.[4]

Early career and service under Lü Bu

Zhang Liao was from Mayi County (馬邑縣), Yanmen Commandery (鴈門), which is located in present-day Shuocheng District, Shuozhou, Shanxi. He was a descendant of Nie Yi (聶壹), but his family name had been changed from "Nie" to "Zhang" to avoid association with his disgraced ancestor.[lower-alpha 1] When he was young, he served as a minor officer in Yanmen Commandery.[5]

Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Ding Yuan, the Inspector (刺史) of Bing Province, heard of Zhang Liao's combat skills and hired him to be a congshi (從事; an assistant officer). Ding Yuan ordered Zhang Liao to lead troops from Bing Province to the capital Luoyang to assist the General-in-Chief (大將軍) He Jin. He Jin sent him to Hebei to recruit soldiers. Zhang Liao drafted over 1,000 men. When he returned to Luoyang, He Jin had already been assassinated and the warlord Dong Zhuo had taken control of He Jin's troops and the central government, so Zhang Liao became one of Dong's subordinates. In 192, after Dong Zhuo was killed by the general Lü Bu, Zhang Liao became one of Lü Bu's deputies and was promoted to "Cavalry Commandant" (騎都尉).[6]

About a month after he killed Dong Zhuo,[7] Lü Bu came under attack by Dong's former followers, who were led by Li Jue and Guo Si. He was defeated by them and driven out of the capital Chang'an.[8] Zhang Liao accompanied Lü Bu as they headed east and wandered around central and northern China until mid 195, when the warlord Liu Bei offered Lü Bu shelter in Xu Province.[9] In 196, Lü Bu betrayed his host and seized control of Xu Province, after which he appointed Zhang Liao as the Chancellor (相) of the Lu state (魯國). Zhang Liao was 27 years old then.[10]

Service under Cao Cao

In 198,[11] after Lü Bu was defeated at the Battle of Xiapi by the warlord Cao Cao (who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian), Zhang Liao surrendered to Cao and became one of his subordinates. He was commissioned as a "General of the Household" (中郎將) and received the title of a "Secondary Marquis" (關內侯). He was promoted to "Major-General" (裨將軍) later for his contributions in battle.[12]

Persuading Chang Xi to surrender

In early 201, after Cao Cao defeated his northern rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu,[13] he sent Zhang Liao to pacify the various counties in the Lu state, and then ordered him and Xiahou Yuan to lead an army to attack a minor warlord Chang Xi (昌豨) in Donghai Commandery (東海郡; around present-day Linyi, Shandong). Zhang Liao and Xiahou Yuan had besieged Chang Xi for months but were unable to defeat him and their supplies were running out, so they considered retreating. Zhang Liao told Xiahou Yuan, "Over the past several days, whenever we attacked Chang Xi, I noticed that he paid careful attention to me. He is also running short of arrows. I suspect he is having doubts, therefore he isn't putting in maximum effort to resist us. Wouldn't it be better if I manage to persuade him to surrender?" He then sent a message to Chang Xi and asked to speak to him. When Zhang Liao met Chang Xi, he told the latter that Cao Cao rewarded those who submitted to him. Chang Xi was convinced and agreed to surrender. Zhang Liao then went to Chang Xi's home alone and visited his family. Chang Xi was delighted and he followed Zhang Liao and Xiahou Yuan back to meet Cao Cao.[14]

When Cao Cao heard about how Zhang Liao persuaded Chang Xi to surrender, he scolded Zhang, "This is not what a great general should do." Zhang Liao replied, "I was certain that Chang Xi wouldn't dare to harm me because he knows that I'm acting on an imperial decree and also because he is influenced by the prestige of you, my lord."[15]

Campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs and the Wuhuan

In 202, Zhang Liao accompanied Cao Cao to attack Yuan Shao's sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at Liyang (黎陽; northwest of present-day Xun County, Hebi, Henan). He was promoted to acting-"General of Central Resilience" (中堅將軍) for his contributions in battle. Later on, he followed Cao Cao to attack Yuan Shang at Ye (鄴; in present-day Handan, Hebei) but were unable to conquer the city so they retreated[16] in mid 203.

After Cao Cao returned to his base in the Han capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), he sent Zhang Liao and Yue Jin to lead an army to conquer Yin'an (陰安) and move its residents to the south of the Yellow River. In early 204, Zhang Liao followed Cao Cao to attack Yuan Shang at Ye again and they succeeded in capturing the city this time. Zhang Liao also led troops to the Zhao (趙) and Changshan (常山) states in Ji Province, where he persuaded the Heishan bandits and other opposing forces to surrender to Cao Cao.[17]

In 205, Zhang Liao accompanied Cao Cao to attack Yuan Tan at Nanpi (南皮; around present-day Nanpi County, Cangzhou, Hebei) and they defeated Yuan Tan. After the battle, Zhang Liao led an army to Haibin (海濵) and defeated bandit forces led by Liu Yi (柳毅) from Liaodong. When he returned to Ye after the campaign, Cao Cao came out of the city and personally welcomed him back. Zhang Liao was promoted to "General Who Defeats Bandits" (盪寇將軍).[18]

In around 206, Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao to counter the unrest in some counties in Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Yunmeng County, Xiaogan, Hubei). Zhang Liao achieved success and returned to his garrison at Linying (臨潁; present-day Linying County, Luohe, Henan). He was promoted from a "Secondary Marquis" to "Marquis of a Chief Village" (都亭侯).[19]

In 207, Zhang Liao followed Cao Cao on a campaign against Yuan Shang, who had allied with the Wuhuan tribes in northern China. When Cao Cao was preparing to attack the enemy in Liucheng (柳城; present-day Xingcheng, Liaoning), Zhang Liao warned him that Jing Province's Governor Liu Biao take advantage of his absence from Xu to send Liu Bei to attack Xu and take control of the capital. However, Cao Cao felt that Liu Biao would not send Liu Bei to attack Xu because he did not trust Liu Bei, so he proceeded with the campaign against Yuan Shang and the Wuhuan.[20] When they encountered the enemy, Zhang Liao displayed great fervour and strongly urged Cao Cao to launch an attack. Cao Cao was very impressed with Zhang Liao and he passed him his personal signal flag. Zhang Liao led the assault on the Wuhuan at White Wolf Mountain (白狼山; near present-day Lingyuan, Liaoning) and defeated them and killed the Wuhuan chieftain Tadun in battle.[21]

Suppressing a mutiny and a rebellion

Around 208, when Cao Cao was preparing to attack Jing Province, he ordered Zhang Liao to garrison at Changshe (長社; present-day Changge, Xuchang, Henan) and wait to mobilise. During the mobilisation, some soldiers started a mutiny and set fire to the camp at night and caused panic. Zhang Liao told his subordinates, "Don't make any move yet. There is not a single company whose members are all involved in the mutiny, so the mutineers must be trying to cause chaos and make everyone else join them." He ordered all the soldiers who were not involved in the mutiny to remain in their positions and sit down, and then led his personal guards to the main command post to restore order. The leaders of the mutiny were identified and executed.[22]

In 209, after the Battle of Red Cliffs,[23] Chen Lan and Mei Cheng (梅成) started a rebellion in Lu County (六縣; in present-day Lu'an, Anhui). Cao Cao sent two separate forces to suppress the rebellion: Yu Jin and Zang Ba to attack Mei Cheng; Zhang Liao, with Zhang He and Niu Gai (牛蓋) as his deputies, to attack Chen Lan. Mei Cheng pretended to surrender to Yu Jin, and then led his men to join Chen Lan at Mount Tianzhu as soon as Yu Jin and Zang Ba left. The paths leading up the mountain were narrow and dangerous to travel on. When Zhang Liao wanted to attack the rebels, his subordinates advised him against it because of the hazardous terrain. However, Zhang Liao said, "This is where one-to-one fighting will take place. Only the courageous can advance forward." He then ordered his troops to make camp at the foot of the mountain. They attacked the rebels later, defeated them, and killed Chen Lan and Mei Cheng. When Cao Cao was assessing the respective contributions of his generals in the campaign, he said, "The 'General Who Defeats Bandits' (Zhang Liao) was the one who ascended the mountain, travelled through hazardous terrain, and defeated Chen Lan and Mei Cheng." As rewards for his success, Zhang Liao was granted imperial authority and given additional taxable households in his marquisate.[24]

Battle of Xiaoyao Ford and aftermath

When Cao Cao retreated after being defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208/209, he left behind Zhang Liao, Yue Jin and Li Dian with about 7,000 soldiers to guard Hefei (合肥; present-day Hefei, Anhui) from possible attacks by Sun Quan. In around 214, before Cao Cao went on a campaign against the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, he instructed Xue Ti (薛悌) to pass a sealed letter to the three generals at Hefei. He wrote, "Open when the enemy comes" on the envelope. Later that year, Sun Quan led about 100,000 troops to attack Hefei, so they opened the letter. It read, "If Sun Quan comes, Generals Zhang and Li will go out to fight the enemy while General Yue will defend the fortress. Xue Ti will stay out of the battle." They were confused after reading the letter. Zhang Liao told Yue Jin and Li Dian, "Our lord is away on a campaign. By the time his reinforcements reach here, we're already done for. So he is actually instructing us to take advantage of the situation – when the enemy has just arrived and is not fully gathered yet – to attack them and devastate their morale so that we can calm our men and strengthen our defences. Victory or defeat, it all depends on this battle. Why are the two of you still hesitating?" The three generals then worked together and recruited over 800 "die-hard" soldiers that night and prepared for battle the following day.[25]

At dawn, Zhang Liao donned his armour, carried a ji, and led his men to attack the enemy formation. He killed tens of enemy soldiers and two officers, shouted his own name, and broke through the barriers until he reached Sun Quan's command post. Sun Quan was shocked and his subordinates were all unsure of what to do. He then went to the top of a knoll, armed himself with a long ji, and stood there. He did not dare to move when Zhang Liao challenged him to come down and fight him. When Sun Quan saw that Zhang Liao did not have many soldiers left with him, he ordered his forces to surround Zhang and his men. However, Zhang Liao fought fiercely and succeeded in breaking out of the encirclement with a few of his men. His remaining men, who were still trapped by the enemy, shouted, "General, are you abandoning us?" Zhang Liao then turned back and fought his way into the encirclement and succeeded in rescuing his remaining men. Sun Quan and his forces were all stunned by Zhang Liao's valour and did not dare to stand in his way. The skirmish lasted from dawn to the afternoon, and the morale of Sun Quan's army had fallen significantly. Zhang Liao returned to Hefei fortress and strengthened his defences. The defenders felt much more at ease and were very impressed with him.[26]

Sun Quan was unable to conquer Hefei after several days so he withdrew his forces. While Sun Quan was retreating, Zhang Liao suddenly launched a surprise attack and inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津). He was close to capturing Sun Quan a few times during the battle. Cao Cao was very impressed with Zhang Liao and promoted him to "General Who Attacks the East" (征東將軍).[27]


In 216, when Cao Cao launched another campaign against Sun Quan, he passed by Hefei along the way, visited the site of the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, and spent a long time in reflection at the location. He increased the number of troops under Zhang Liao's command and then relocated Zhang's unit to a garrison at Juchao (居巢; in present-day Chaohu, Hefei, Anhui).[28]

Battle of Fancheng

In 219, when Cao Cao's general Cao Ren was being besieged at Fan (樊; or Fancheng, in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao was away at the Hanzhong Campaign so he ordered his generals to lead troops from their respective garrisons to reinforce Cao Ren. Around the time, Sun Quan had pledged allegiance to Cao Cao,[29] so Zhang Liao was able to lead his forces from Juchao to help Cao Ren. However, before Zhang Liao reached Fan, Cao Cao's general Xu Huang had already defeated Guan Yu and lifted the siege on Fan. Zhang Liao rendezvoused with Cao Cao, who had returned after being defeated in the Hanzhong Campaign, at Mobei (摩陂; in present-day Jia County, Pingdingshan, Hebei). Cao Cao rode in a carriage and went out to personally receive Zhang Liao. He then relocated Zhang Liao to the garrison at Chen Commandery (陳郡; around present-day Zhoukou, Henan).[30]

Service under Cao Pi

Cao Cao died in early 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi as the "King of Wei" (魏王).[31] Cao Pi promoted Zhang Liao to "General of the Vanguard" (前將軍) and awarded him with 1,000 rolls of silk and 10,000 hu of grain.[32] When Sun Quan renounced his allegiance to Wei, Cao Pi ordered Zhang Liao to garrison at Hefei again to guard against possible attacks from Wu, and increased his marquis rank to "Marquis of a Chief District" (都鄉侯). Cao Pi also gave Zhang Liao's mother a carriage, sent soldiers to serve as guards in Zhang's residence, and invited Zhang's mother to visit Luoyang. When Zhang Liao's mother arrived, Cao Pi went out of the city and personally welcomed her. All the officials who were there lined the path and paid respect to her.[33]

In late 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour, thereby ending the Eastern Han dynasty. He then became the emperor and established the state of Cao Wei.[31] Zhang Liao was awarded the title "Marquis of Jinyang" (晉陽侯) and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased to 2,600. In 221, Zhang Liao travelled to the palace in Luoyang for an audience with Cao Pi, who brought him to a newly constructed hall and asked him for his opinion on how to conquer Wu. Cao Pi compared Zhang Liao to Shao Hu (召虎).[lower-alpha 2] He also had a new mansion constructed for Zhang Liao and invited Zhang's mother to live there. All the foot soldiers who accompanied Zhang Liao in the battles against Wu were reassigned to the huben (虎賁; "rapid as tigers") unit of the Imperial Guards.[34]

In 221, after Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Wei again, Zhang Liao was relocated from Hefei to the garrison at Yongqiu (雍丘; present-day Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan), where he contracted an illness. When Cao Pi learnt that Zhang Liao was ill, he sent Liu Ye to visit Zhang and bring along an imperial physician to treat Zhang. He also ordered the huben guards to serve as messengers to constantly update him on Zhang Liao's condition – to the point where these messengers frequently encountered each other along the way while they were travelling between Cao Pi and Zhang Liao's locations. Later on, before Zhang Liao had recovered, Cao Pi visited him, held his hand, gave him an imperial robe as a gift, and ordered his servants to prepare imperial cuisine for Zhang. Zhang Liao returned to the garrison after his condition improved significantly.[35]

Death

In 222, after Sun Quan renounced his allegiance to Wei again,[31] Cao Pi ordered Zhang Liao and Cao Xiu to lead a naval fleet to Hailing (海陵; around present-day Taizhou, Jiangsu), directly facing Wu territory across the river. Sun Quan was afraid when he heard that Zhang Liao was there, and he warned his generals, "Zhang Liao may be ill, but he is still a foe to be reckoned with. Be careful!" Zhang Liao and the other Wei generals defeated the Wu forces led by Lü Fan. However, his condition worsened and he died not long later in Jiangdu (江都; present-day Jiangdu District, Yangzhou, Jiangsu).[36]

Cao Pi cried when he learnt of Zhang Liao's death. He awarded Zhang Liao the posthumous title "Marquis Gang" (剛侯), which literally means "resolute marquis". In 225, in commemoration of Zhang Liao and Li Dian for their contributions at the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214–215, Cao Pi issued an imperial decree: "During the Battle of Hefei, Zhang Liao and Li Dian defeated an enemy force of 100,000 with only 800 foot soldiers. There had never been anything like this before in the history of warfare. They can be referred to as our state's 'claws and teeth' for their success in breaking the enemy's morale. I hereby increase the number of taxable households in Zhang Liao and Li Dian's marquisates by 100 each, and award a son of each of them the title of a Secondary Marquis."[37]

Family

Zhang Liao had an elder brother, Zhang Fan (張汎), who was awarded the title of a marquis in 220 before Cao Pi ended the Han dynasty. Zhang Liao's son, Zhang Hu (張虎), inherited his father's title "Marquis of Jinyang" and held the rank of a Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) in Wei. Zhang Hu's title was passed on to his son, Zhang Tong (張統), after his death.[38][39] Zhang Liao probably had at least one other son apart from Zhang Hu, because that (unnamed) son of his who received the title of a "Secondary Marquis" (關內侯) in 225 per Cao Pi's decree was most probably not Zhang Hu.

In fiction

Zhang Liao is featured as a character in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which dramatises the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period. While his fictionalised persona is generally similar to its historical counterpart, some fictitious elements were included in the novel to enhance his image as a loyal and righteous general.

See the following for other fictitious stories in the novel which involve Zhang Liao:

Modern references

Zhang Liao is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series.

A character called "Iron Face" Zhang Liao (鉄面臂張遼) appears in the 1993–1994 Japanese television series Gosei Sentai Dairanger.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Nie Yi (聶壹) was a trader from Mayi County. He had a significant role in the Battle of Mayi, which took place in 133 BCE during the reign of Emperor Wu in the Western Han dynasty. Nie Yi successfully infiltrated the Xiongnu and attempted to lure them into an ambush set up by Han forces led by a minister Wang Hui (王恢). However, his plan failed because the Xiongnu felt suspicious and withdrew after learning of the ambush from a captive. Wang Hui also pulled back his forces after seeing that the enemy had retreated. He was incarcerated for his failure and he committed suicide in prison later. Nie Yi was disgraced for his role in the incident because he not only indirectly caused Wang Hui's death, but also damaged Han–Xiongnu relations, which were still maintained by the Han's heqin policy at the time. The shame was passed on to Nie Yi's descendants, even until some 300 years later in the Eastern Han dynasty. They changed their family name to avoid being associated with him.
  2. ↑ Duke Mu of Shao (召穆公), personal name Shao Hu (召虎), was a noble who lived in the Western Zhou dynasty during the reigns of King Li and King Xuan. He was known for assisting King Xuan in governing the state, and once led troops to defeat barbarian forces in the Huai River area.

References

  1. 1 2 Zhang Liao's biography in the Sanguozhi states that Zhang was 28 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he was appointed as the Chancellor of the Lu state (魯國相) after following Lü Bu to Xu Province. Since the Lu state was a commandery in Xu Province, Lü Bu must be in charge of the province before he could appoint anyone as an official in any of the province's territories. Lü Bu seized control of Xu Province from Liu Bei in 196, so Zhang Liao most likely received the appointment in that year. By calculation, if Zhang Liao was 28 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) in 196, his birth year should be around 169.
  2. 1 2 Zhang Liao's biography in the Sanguozhi stated that Zhang died in the same year after his subordinates defeated the Wu general Lü Fan at the Battle of Dongkou in 222.
  3. ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1063. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  4. ↑ (評曰：太祖建茲武功，而時之良將，五子為先。于禁最號毅重，然弗克其終。張郃以巧變為稱，樂進以驍果顯名，而鑒其行事，未副所聞。或注記有遺漏，未如張遼、徐晃之備詳也。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  5. ↑ (張遼字文遠，鴈門馬邑人也。本聶壹之後，以避怨變姓。少為郡吏。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  6. ↑ (漢末，并州刺史丁原以遼武力過人，召為從事，使將兵詣京都。何進遣詣河北募兵，得千餘人。還，進敗，以兵屬董卓。卓敗，以兵屬呂布，遷騎都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  7. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 60.
  8. ↑ Dong Zhuo relocated the Han capital from Luoyang to Chang'an in 190. See Zizhi Tongjian vol. 59.
  9. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 61.
  10. ↑ (布為李傕所敗，從布東奔徐州，領魯相，時年二十八。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  11. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 62.
  12. ↑ (太祖破呂布於下邳，遼將其衆降，拜中郎將，賜爵關內侯。數有戰功，遷裨將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  13. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 64.
  14. ↑ (袁紹破，別遣遼定魯國諸縣。與夏侯淵圍昌豨於東海，數月糧盡，議引軍還，遼謂淵曰：「數日已來，每行諸圍，豨輒屬目視遼。又其射矢更稀，此必豨計猶豫，故不力戰。遼欲挑與語，儻可誘也？」乃使謂豨曰：「公有命，使遼傳之。」豨果下與遼語，遼為說「太祖神武，方以德懷四方，先附者受大賞」。豨乃許降。遼遂單身上三公山，入豨家，拜妻子。豨歡喜，隨詣太祖。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  15. ↑ (太祖遣豨還，責遼曰：「此非大將法也。」遼謝曰：「以明公威信著於四海，遼奉聖旨，豨必不敢害故也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  16. ↑ (從討袁譚、袁尚於黎陽，有功，行中堅將軍。從攻尚於鄴，尚堅守不下。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  17. ↑ (太祖還許，使遼與樂進拔陰安，徙其民河南。復從攻鄴，鄴破，遼別徇趙國、常山，招降緣山諸賊及黑山孫輕等。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  18. ↑ (從攻袁譚，譚破，別將徇海濵，破遼東賊柳毅等。還鄴，太祖自出迎遼，引共載，以遼為盪寇將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  19. ↑ (復別擊荊州，定江夏諸縣，還屯臨潁，封都亭侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  20. ↑ (傅子曰：太祖將征柳城，遼諫曰：「夫許，天子之會也。今天子在許，公遠北征，若劉表遣劉備襲許，據之以號令四方，公之勢去矣。」太祖策表必不能任備，遂行也。) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  21. ↑ (從征袁尚於柳城，卒與虜遇，遼勸太祖戰，氣甚奮，太祖壯之，自以所持麾授遼。遂擊，大破之，斬單于蹋頓。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  22. ↑ (時荊州未定，復遣遼屯長社。臨發，軍中有謀反者，夜驚亂起火，一軍盡擾。遼謂左右曰：「勿動。是不一營盡反，必有造變者，欲以動亂人耳。」乃令軍中，其不反者安坐。遼將親兵數十人，中陣而立。有頃定，即得首謀者殺之。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  23. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 66.
  24. ↑ (陳蘭、梅成以氐六縣叛，太祖遣于禁、臧霸等討成，遼督張郃、牛蓋等討蘭。成偽降禁，禁還。成遂將其衆就蘭，轉入灊山。灊中有天柱山，高峻二十餘里，道險狹，步徑裁通，蘭等壁其上。遼欲進，諸將曰：「兵少道險，難用深入。」遼曰：「此所謂一與一，勇者得前耳。」遂進到山下安營，攻之，斬蘭、成首，盡虜其衆。太祖論諸將功，曰：「登天山，履峻險，以取蘭、成，盪寇功也。」增邑，假節。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  25. ↑ (太祖旣征孫權還，使遼與樂進、李典等將七千餘人屯合肥。太祖征張魯，教與護軍薛悌，署函邊曰「賊至乃發」。俄而權率十萬衆圍合肥，乃共發教，教曰：「若孫權至者，張、李將軍出戰；樂將軍守，護軍勿得與戰。」諸將皆疑。遼曰：「公遠征在外，比救至，彼破我必矣。是以教指及其未合逆擊之，折其盛勢，以安衆心，然後可守也。成敗之機，在此一戰，諸君何疑？」李典亦與遼同。於是遼夜募敢從之士，得八百人，椎牛饗將士，明日大戰。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  26. ↑ (平旦，遼被甲持戟，先登陷陣，殺數十人，斬二將，大呼自名，衝壘入，至權麾下。權大驚，衆不知所為，走登高冢，以長戟自守。遼叱權下戰，權不敢動，望見遼所將衆少，乃聚圍遼數重。遼左右麾圍，直前急擊，圍開，遼將麾下數十人得出，餘衆號呼曰：「將軍棄我乎！」遼復還突圍，拔出餘衆。權人馬皆披靡，無敢當者。自旦戰至日中，吳人奪氣，還脩守備，衆心乃安，諸將咸服。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  27. ↑ (權守合肥十餘日，城不可拔，乃引退。遼率諸軍追擊，幾復獲權。太祖大壯遼，拜征東將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  28. ↑ (建安二十一年，太祖復征孫權，到合肥，循行遼戰處，歎息者良乆。乃增遼兵，多留諸軍，徙屯居巢。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  29. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 68.
  30. ↑ (關羽圍曹仁於樊，會權稱藩，召遼及諸軍悉還救仁。遼未至，徐晃已破關羽，仁圍解。遼與太祖會摩陂。遼軍至，太祖乘輦出勞之，還屯陳郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  31. 1 2 3 Zizhi Tongjian vol. 69.
  32. ↑ (魏書曰：王賜遼帛千匹，穀萬斛。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  33. ↑ (文帝即王位，轉前將軍。 ... 孫權復叛，遣遼還屯合肥，進遼爵都鄉侯。給遼母輿車，及兵馬送遼家詣屯，勑遼母至，導從出迎。所督諸軍將吏皆羅拜道側，觀者榮之。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  34. ↑ (文帝踐阼，封晉陽侯，增邑千戶，并前二千六百戶。黃初二年，遼朝洛陽宮，文帝引遼會建始殿，親問破吳意狀。帝歎息顧左右曰：「此亦古之邵虎也。」為起第舍，又特為遼母作殿，以遼所從破吳軍應募步卒，皆為虎賁。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  35. ↑ (孫權復稱藩。遼還屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中劉曄將太醫視疾，虎賁問消息，道路相屬。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，車駕親臨，執其手，賜以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，還屯。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  36. ↑ (孫權復叛，帝遣遼乘舟，與曹休至海陵，臨江。權甚憚焉，勑諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂範。遼病篤，遂薨於江都。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  37. ↑ (帝為流涕，謚曰剛侯。 ... 六年，帝追念遼、典在合肥之功，詔曰：「合肥之役，遼、典以步卒八百，破賊十萬，自古用兵，未之有也。使賊至今奪氣，可謂國之爪牙矣。其分遼、典邑各百戶，賜一子爵關內侯。」) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  38. ↑ (分封兄汎及一子列侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  39. ↑ (子虎嗣。 ... 虎為偏將軍，薨。子統嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
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