Ablative case
The ablative case (abbreviated abl) is a grammatical case in the grammar of various languages; it is used generally to express motion away from something, although the precise meaning may vary by language. The word "ablative" derives from the Latin ablatus, the (irregular) perfect passive participle of auferre "to carry away".[1] There is no ablative case in modern Germanic languages such as English.
Indo-European languages
Latin
The ablative case in Latin ([casus] ablativus) has various uses, including following various prepositions, in an ablative absolute clause, and adverbially. The ablative case was derived from three Proto-Indo-European cases: ablative (from), instrumental (with), and locative (in/at).
Greek
In Ancient Greek, there was no ablative case; some of its functions were taken by the genitive and others by the dative; the genitive had functions belonging to the Proto-Indo-European genitive and ablative cases.[2] The genitive case with the prepositions ἀπό apó "away from" and ἐκ/ἐξ ek/ex "out of" is an example.
German
German does not have an ablative case in native words, but Latin ablative case-forms were used from the 17th till 19th century after some prepositions, for example after von in von dem Nomine (ablative of the Latin loanword Nomen). Grammarians in that time, like Justus Georg Schottel, Kaspar von Stieler ("der Spate"), Johann Balthasar von Antesperg and Johann Christoph Gottsched, listed an ablative case (as the sixth case after nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) for German words. They considered the dative case after some prepositions to be an ablative, as in von dem Mann[e] ("from the man" or "of the man") and mit dem Mann[e] ("with the man"), while they considered the dative case after other prepositions or without a preposition as dem Mann[e] to be a dative.
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian
Like in Ancient Greek the functions of the ablative case in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are performed by the genitive case. Of the three forms of genitive in Serbian, as well in Croatian and Bosnian (partitive, possessive and ablative), the noun in the ablative genitive marks the origin of something: departure or detachment from it.
Albanian
The ablative case is found in Albanian; it is the fifth case, rasa rjedhore.
Sanskrit
In Sanskrit, the ablative case is the fifth case (pañcamī) and has a similar function to that of Latin. It is bound up with a special semantic condition, apādāna (अपादान) in Sanskrit. In fact, the fifth case (ablative) is the typical morphological realization of apādāna (Pāṇini 2.3.28).
Sanskrit nouns in this case often refer to a subject "out of" which or "from" whom something (an action, an object) has arisen or occurred: patram vṛkṣāt patati "the leaf falls from the tree".
It is also used for nouns in several other senses, as for actions occurring "because of" or "without" a certain noun, indicating distance or direction. When it appears with a comparative adjective, (śreṣṭhatamam, "the best"), the ablative is used to refer to what the adjective is comparing: "better than X".
Armenian
The modern Armenian ablative has different markers for each main dialect, both originating from Classical Armenian. The Western Armenian affix -է -ē (definite -էն -ēn) derives from the classical singular; the Eastern Armenian affix -ից -ic’ (both indefinite and definite) derives from the classical plural. For both dialects, those affixes are singular, with the corresponding plurals being -(ն)երէ(ն) -(n)erē(n) and -(ն)երից -(n)eric’.
| Western | Eastern | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| մարդէ martē |
մարդից mardic’ |
from (a) man |
| մարդէն martēn |
մարդից mardic’ |
from the man |
| (տուն) > տանէ (dun) > danē |
(տուն) > տնից (tun) > tnic’ |
from a house/from home |
| (տուն) > տանէն (dun) > danēn |
(տուն) > տնից (tun) > tnic’ |
from the house |
The ablative case has several uses.Its principal function is to show "motion away" from a location, point in space or time:
| Western | Eastern | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| քաղաքէն եկայ k’aġak’ēn yega |
քաղաքից եկա k’aġak’ic’ yeka |
I came from the city |
| այստեղէն հեռու կը բնակէի aysdeġēn heṙu gě pnagēi. |
այստեղից հեռու բնակում էի aysteġic’ heṙu bnakvum ēi |
I used to live far from here |
It also shows the agent when it is used with the passive voice of the verb:
| Western | Eastern | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| ինծմէ միջտ կը սիրուէիր incmē mišd gě sirvēir |
ինձնից միջտ սիրում էիր indznic’ mišt sirvum ēir |
You were always loved by me |
| ազատիչներիէն ազատեցանք azadič’nerēn azadec’ank’ |
ազատիչներից ազատվեցինք azatič’neric’ azatvec’ink’ |
We were freed by the liberators |
It is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Armenian (including infinitives and participles):
| Western | Eastern | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Ի՞նչ մեղրէն անուջ է Inč’ meġrēn anuš ē |
Ի՞նչ մեղրից է անուջ Inč’ meġric’ ē anuš |
"What is sweeter than honey?" (proverb) |
| Մարիամ եղբօրմէն պզտիկ է Mariam yeġpōrmēn bzdig ē |
Մարո ախպորից փոքր է Maro axporic’ p’ok’r ē |
Mary is younger (lit. smaller) than her brother |
| թզեր համտեսել տեսնելէ աւելի լաւ է t’ëzer hamdesel desnelē aveli lav ē |
թզեր համտեսել տեսնելուց ավելի լավ է t’ëzer hamtesel tesneluc’ aveli lav ē |
Figs are better to taste than to see |
Finally, it governs certain postpositions:
| Western | Eastern | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| ինծմէ վար incmē var |
ինձնից վար indznic’ var |
below me |
| քեզմէ վեր k’ezmē ver |
քեզնից վեր k’eznic’ ver |
above you |
| անոնցմէ ետք anonc’mē yedk’ |
նրանից հետո nranic’ heto |
after them |
| մեզմէ առաջ mezmē aṙač |
մեզնից առաջ meznic’ aṙadž |
before us |
Uralic languages
Finnish
In Finnish, the ablative case is the sixth of the locative cases with the meaning "from, off, of": pöytä – pöydältä "table – off from the table". It is an outer locative case, used like the adessive and allative cases, to denote both being on top of something and "being around the place" (as opposed to the inner locative case, the elative, which means "from out of" or "from the inside of"). With the locative, the receding object was near the other place or object, not inside it.
The Finnish ablative is also used in time expressions to indicate start times (kymmeneltä "at ten") as well as with verbs expressing feelings or emotions.
The Finnish ablative has the ending -lta or -ltä, depending on vowel harmony.
Usage
- away from a place
- katolta: off the roof
- pöydältä: off the table
- rannalta: from the beach
- maalta: from the land
- mereltä: from the sea
- with the verb lähteä (stop)
- lähteä tupakalta: stop smoking (in the sense of putting out the cigarette one is smoking now, lit. 'leave from the tobacco')
- lähteä hippasilta: stop playing tag (hippa=tag, olla hippasilla=playing tag)
- to smell/taste/feel/look/sound like something
- haisee pahalta: smells bad
- maistuu hyvältä: tastes good
- tuntuu kamalalta: feels awful
- näyttää tyhmältä: looks stupid
- kuulostaa mukavalta: sounds nice
Hungarian
The ablative case in Hungarian is used to describe movement away from a solid object. For example, one walking away from a friend could say a barátomtól jövök: I am coming (away from) my friend.
Use of the case implies movement from next to the solid object and not from inside it. Thus, a postától jövök would mean one had been standing next to the post office, not inside the building.
The application of vowel harmony gives two different suffixes: -tól and -től. These are applied to back-vowel and front-vowel words, respectively.
In contrast, the cases used to express movement towards a solid object and for being next to that solid object are the allative case and the adessive case respectively. The cases for movement away from, or out of, something are the delative case (for movement from a surface or from a Hungarian city) and the elative case (for movement out of a container or from out of a foreign city).[3]
Turkic languages
Azeri
The ablative in Azeri (çıxışlıq hal) is expressed through the suffixes -dan or -dən:
Ev - evdən
House - from/off the house
Aparmaq - aparmaqdan
To carry - from/off carrying
Turkish
The ablative in Turkish (-den hali or uzaklaşma hali) is expressed through the suffixes -den, -dan, -ten or -tan:
Ev - evden
House - from/off the house
At - attan
Horse - from/off the horse
Taşımak - taşımaktan
To carry - from/off carrying
Ses - sesten
Sound/volume - from/off sound/volume
In some situations simple ablative can have a ”because of” meaning, in these situations ablative can be optionally followed by ”dolayı” (because of) preposition.
Yüksek sesten (dolayı) rahatsız oldum. / I was uneasy because of high volume.
References
- ↑ The Ablative , The Latin Library, accessed 06-01-14
- ↑ Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek Grammar. par. 1279: composite or mixed cases.
- ↑ "Hungarian Ablative Case, Hungarian Reference,1 June 2014