Bahá'í House of Worship

A map of the location of continental Bahá'í Houses of Worship worldwide; green represents countries that currently have Bahá'í Houses of Worship (with a black dot for the city); red represents countries where a House of Worship existed, but no longer does; light green represents countries where Houses of Worship were planned according to the Ridván Message for 2012.

A Bahá'í House of Worship, sometimes referred to by the name of mašriqu-l-'aḏkār (مشرق اﻻذكار, Arabic phrase meaning "Dawning-place of the remembrances of God"),[1] is the designation of a place of worship, or temple, of the Bahá'í Faith. The teachings of the religion envisage Houses of Worship being surrounded by a number of dependencies dedicated to social, humanitarian, educational, and scientific pursuits, although none has yet been built to such an extent.[2][3]

Only nine continental Houses of Worship have been built around the world,[4] serving four continental areas (this includes one in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan that has since been destroyed). In the Ridván Message for 2012, the Universal House of Justice announced new initiatives for future Houses of Worship, calling for the first national and locally based institutions.[5] The first two "national Mashriqu'l-Adhkars" are to be raised up in two countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Papua New Guinea. With successful growth and cluster development it was also announced that the erection of the first local Houses of Worship would be raised up. Bahá'í communities own many properties where Houses of Worship remain to be constructed as the Bahá'í community grows and develops further. The Houses of Worship are open to the public, and are exclusively reserved for worship, where sermons are prohibited and only scriptural texts may be read. Most Bahá'í meetings occur in local Bahá'í centres, individuals' homes, or rented facilities,[2] though local houses of worship are forthcoming.

Description

The Bahá'í House of Worship was first mentioned in Bahá'u'lláh's book of laws, the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, as the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (Arabic: مشرق اﻻذكار‎‎ "Dawning-place of the Mention of God"), and the details of the institution were then elaborated by both Bahá'u'lláh and his successor, `Abdu'l-Bahá.[3]

Bahá'í literature directs that a House of Worship should be built in each city and town, and emphasizes that its doors must be open to all regardless of religion, or any other distinction. The Bahá'í laws emphasize that the spirit of the House of Worship must be a gathering place where people of all religions may worship God without denominational restrictions.[3] The Bahá'í laws also stipulate that only the holy scriptures of the Bahá'í Faith and other religions can be read or chanted inside in any language; while readings and prayers may be set to music by choirs, no musical instruments may be played inside.[3] Furthermore, no sermons may be delivered, and no ritualistic ceremonies practiced.[3]

All Bahá'í temples share certain architectural elements, some of which are specified by Bahá'í scripture. 'Abdu'l-Bahá stipulated that an essential architectural character of a House of Worship be that it requires to have a nine-sided circular shape (Nonagon).[6] While all current Bahá'í Houses of Worship have a dome, they are not regarded as an essential part of their architecture.[7] Bahá'í scripture also states that no pictures, statues or images may be displayed within the House of Worship and no pulpits or altars incorporated as an architectural feature (readers may stand behind simple portable lecture stands).[3] To date all the Houses of Worship built or planned have a single, undivided room under their dome. Furthermore, in all seven, the seats in the auditorium face the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh in 'Akká, Israel. While each of the Houses of Worship is unique, the designs, through the selection of materials, landscaping and architecture, reflect the indigenous cultural, social and environmental elements of their location, to a greater or lesser degree.[3]

Bahá'í literature also stipulates that the Houses of Worship be surrounded by a complex of humanitarian, educational, and charitable institutions such as schools, hospitals, homes for the elderly, universities, hostels, and other social and humanitarian institutions to serve the areas in which they stand.[3][8] Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion in the first half the 20th century, stated that the functions of the House of Worship would be complementary to those of the Bahá'í centre, and that it would be desirable if both these buildings would be on the same site.[9][10] He also describes the future interaction between the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (worship) and its dependencies (service) as "capable of removing the ills that have so long and so grievously afflicted humanity".[11]

The eight existing Houses of Worship were built as the Bahá'í community could support their construction through voluntary contributions. There are no collections during services and only Bahá'ís are permitted to contribute to the Bahá'í funds, including funds for the construction and maintenance of the House of Worship. The Houses of Worship are administered and maintained by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the country in which they are located.[3] The Shrine of the Báb and other buildings at the Bahá'í World Centre are not Houses of Worship, although tourists often mistakenly refer to the Shrine as a Bahá'í temple.

History

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

First Bahá'í House of Worship
See also Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan.

The first Bahá'í House of Worship was built in the city of 'Ishqábád, then ruled by Russia and now the capital of Turkmenistan. It was started in 1902 and completed in 1908. The design was prepared by Ostad Ali-Akbar Banna, and the construction was supervised by Vakílu'd-Dawlih, later named one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.[3][12]

'Ishqábád is located in the desert plain of western Turkmenistan near the foothills of the Alborz Mountains. Under the protection and freedom given by the Russian authorities, the number of Bahá'ís there rose to over 1,000 and for the first time anywhere in the world a true Bahá'í community was established, with its own schools, medical facilities, cemetery, etc. Eventually the Bahá'ís in 'Ishqábád decided to build the institution of the spiritual and social heart of the Bahá'í community: the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár.

The House of Worship itself was surrounded by gardens. At the four corners of the garden were four buildings: a school, a hostel where travelling Bahá'ís were entertained, a small hospital, and a building for groundskeepers. The Bahá'ís lived as much as possible in proximity to the House of Worship. It was the centre of the community materially, as well as spiritually. The House of Worship in 'Ishqábád has been the only house of worship thus far to have the humanitarian subsidiaries associated with the institution built alongside it.[12]

After serving the community for two decades, the House of Worship was expropriated by the Soviet authorities in 1928 and leased back to the Bahá'ís. This lasted until 1938, when it was fully secularized by the communist government and turned into an art gallery. The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake seriously damaged the building and rendered it unsafe; the heavy rains of the following years weakened the structure, and it was demolished in 1963 and the site converted into a public park.[3]

Existing structures

There are currently eight Bahá'í Houses of Worship. The eighth Bahá'í House of Worship, located near Santiago, Chile, opened its doors on October 19, 2016.

Wilmette, Illinois, U.S.

Bahá'í House of Worship, Wilmette, Illinois, USA.

The cornerstone for the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois was brought to the site by Nettie Tobin and accepted in 1912 by 'Abdu'l-Bahá during his only visit to the United States and Canada. Construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1953, with a delay of several years during the Great Depression and World War II. The Wilmette House of Worship is the largest and the oldest surviving Bahá'í House of Worship. Known by Baha'is as the "Mother Temple of the West" and formally as the "Bahá'í House of Worship for the North American Continent", it stands in north suburban Cook County, on the shores of Lake Michigan, at 42°04′27.88″N 87°41′05.89″W / 42.0744111°N 87.6849694°W / 42.0744111; -87.6849694. The cladding is made of white portland cement concrete with both clear and white quartz aggregate. It has received numerous design awards, and is a prominent Chicago-area landmark. In 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[13]

The height of the auditorium is 138 feet (42 m), and the diameter of the dome is 90 feet (27.5 m). The auditorium seats 1,192 visitors.[14] Like some other Bahá'í temples, it has a gallery balcony from which choirs or soloists may perform. No instrumental music is allowed during services in the auditorium, although all kinds of music may be performed in the meeting room below. In general, no videography, photography, or any other activity inconsistent with quiet meditation is allowed in the auditorium. Devotional programs are held daily at 9:15 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.

Foundation Hall, which is used for large meetings and holy day celebrations is located underneath the main auditorium. The large underground area also contains offices not regularly open to the general public, including a media center, studios, and the Baha'i Archives, which can be visited by appointment. As of May, 2015, the displays, restrooms, offices, bookstore, and the viewing room for videos have been moved to a newly constructed Welcome Center located between the gardens and the parking lot to the southwest of the House of Worship. The previous Visitor's Center is no longer routinely open to the public.

One of nine towers.

The principal architect was Louis Bourgeois, but the interior cladding was designed by Alfred Shaw of Shaw, Metz, and Dolio. Engineering plans were prepared by Allen McDaniel of The Research Service of Washington, D.C. The general contractor was George A. Fuller, Co. Both the pioneering exterior and interior cladding were fabricated and constructed by John Joseph Earley and the Earley Studio.[15]

The Bahá'í House of Worship is a place of worship for all people. The only decorative art inside and out involves shapes and designs made by intersecting lines. There are no images of people or places. The building itself is decorated inside and out with verses from the Baha'i Writings, all of them by Bahá'u'lláh. As there are nine entrances to the building, there are nine verses above the doors and nine inside the buildings above the alcoves.

The verses outside are engraved into the stone, in large legible letters. Above the doors are small engraved versions of the "Greatest Name", one of several Bahá'í symbols and an elaborate decorative design that includes the letters ABHA, representing the prayer "Alláh u Abhá" (God is Most Glorious) in Arabic. It is the numerical value of these four letters in the words abha and baha (for Bahá'u'lláh) that add up to total nine, one of reasons Bahá'í Houses of Worship are nine-sided.

Calligraphy of the "Greatest Name" in the center of the dome.

The most decorative element on the outside of the building is the tracery on the nine towers. These are intertwined with the generally recognized symbols of many world religions, including the Cross, the star and crescent, the Star of David, and the original swastika design, an ancient symbol having arms bent at right angles, used for thousands of years as a representative symbol of world religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The only decorative symbol inside the auditorium is a large, lighted version of the Greatest Name in the exact center of the inside of the dome.

For many years the Bahá'í House of Worship was associated with a "home for the aged", operated by the U.S. Bahá'í community. The Bahá'í Home has since closed, although the building remains in use for a local Baha'i School and regional training center.[16]

On April 30, 2007, the Bahá'í House of Worship was named one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois by the Illinois Bureau of Tourism representing the Chicago metropolitan area.[17]

Kampala, Uganda

Baha'i House of Worship, Kampala, Uganda

The Mother Temple of Africa is situated on Kikaaya Hill, in Kawempe Division, in northern Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. It was designed by Charles Mason Remey. Its foundation stone was laid in January 1958, and it was dedicated on January 13, 1961.

The building is more than 130 feet (39 m) high, and over 100 meters in diameter at the base. The dome, composed of lace-like tiles, rises over 124 feet (37 m) high and is 44 feet (13 m) in diameter. The foundation goes 10 feet (3 m) underground to protect it from earthquakes common in this part of the world.

The green dome is made of fixed mosaic tiles from Italy, and the lower roof tiles are from Belgium. The walls of the temple are of precast stone quarried in Uganda. The colored glass in the wall panels was brought from Germany. The timber used for making the doors and benches was from Uganda. The 50-acre (200,000 m2) property includes the House of Worship, extensive gardens, a guest house, and an administrative center.[18]

Sydney (Ingleside), New South Wales, Australia

Bahá'í House of Worship, Sydney, Australia.
Interior of the Baha'i House of Worship, Sydney

The Temple in Ingleside in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia was dedicated on September 17, 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction. The initial design by Charles Mason Remey was approved in 1957, and given to Sydney architect John Brogan to develop and complete. Construction materials include local hardwoods and concrete surmounted by a dome, with seating for six hundred people. The building stands 38 metres in height, has a diameter at its widest point of 20 metres, and is a highly visible landmark from Sydney's northern beaches.[19]

The surrounding gardens contain native plants including waratahs, several grevillea including the unique caleyi, the native pea, wattle and woody pear, plus three species of eucalypts. Other buildings located on the site include a visitor's centre, bookshop, picnic area, hostel, caretaker's cottage, and the administrative offices of the Australian Baha'i community.[20]

The property is set high in a natural bushland setting of 380,000 square metres (38 hectares) in Ingleside, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. This Temple serves as the Mother Temple of Australia.

In 2005-2006 this temple was threatened by nearby bush fires which approached but never reached the temple grounds.

Hofheim-Langenhain, Germany

Bahá'í House of Worship, Langenhain, Germany

The Mother Temple of Europe is located at the foot of the Taunus Mountains of Germany, in the village of Langenhain, a suburb of Hofheim, Hesse near Frankfurt. It was designed by Teuto Rocholl. The temple was dedicated on July 4, 1964, after three and a half years of construction. It is made of steel, aluminum, and glass. 540 diamond-shaped windows give the dome an optical lightness and permit the sunlight to play in it. Diameter of the central hall area is 25 meters, while the diameter of the outside ambulatory area is 48 meters. Height from ground level is 28 meters. The outstanding characteristic acoustics of this setting are created by the reverberation within the dome and the resonance of its myriad window ledges. Choirs here sometimes sing while standing around the circumference of the temple floor, with the audience in the center.

Panama City, Panama

Bahá'í House of Worship, Panama City, Panama.

The Bahá'í temple in Panama City, Panama, dedicated April 29–30, 1972,[21] designed by Peter Tillotson. It serves as the mother temple of Latin America. It is perched on a high cliff, "Cerro Sonsonate" ("Singing Hill"), overlooking the city, and is constructed of local stone laid in a pattern reminiscent of Native American fabric designs.

The dome is covered with thousands of small oval tiles, and the entrance gates of the temple are constructed in a unique three-dimensional design each consisting of an equilateral triangle of three vertical posts with multiple rows of bars stretching between them at various angles, each row of which gradually changes from vertical to horizontal.

Tiapapata, Samoa

Bahá'í House of Worship, Tiapapata, Samoa

The Bahá'í House of Worship in Tiapapata, 8 km from Apia, Samoa, was completed in 1984 and serves as the Mother Temple of the Pacific Islands. The design was by Hossein Amanat, and was dedicated by Malietoa Tanumafili II, the Samoan head of state[22] (1913–2007), who was the first reigning Bahá'í chief of state. Its 30-meter domed structure is open to the public for individual prayer, commemoration of Baha'i holy days, and weekly devotional meetings. The structure is completely open to the island breezes.

Delhi, India

The Bahá'í House of Worship in Delhi, India, located at 28°33′11.46″N 77°15′35.10″E / 28.5531833°N 77.2597500°E / 28.5531833; 77.2597500
Main article: Lotus Temple

The Bahá'í temple in Delhi, India was completed in 1986 and serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent. It has won numerous architectural awards and been featured in many newspaper and magazine articles. The architect was an Iranian, who now lives in Canada, named Fariborz Sahba.

Inspired by the lotus flower, its design is composed of 27 free-standing, marble-clad "petals" arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides.[23]

Sunset at the Bahá'í House of Worship in New Delhi, India, also called the Lotus Temple

Nine doors open on to a central hall, capable of holding up to 2,500 people. Slightly more than 40 meters tall, its surface shining white marble, the temple at times seems to float above its 26-acre (105,000 m²; 10.5 ha) nine surrounding ponds. The site is in the village of Bahapur, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The major part of the funds needed to buy this land was donated by Ardishír Rustampúr from Hyderabad, who gave his entire life savings for this purpose in 1953.[24]

This House of Worship is generally referred to as the "Lotus Temple" by Bahá'ís and non-Bahá'ís alike. In India, during the Hindu festival Durga Puja, several times a replica of the Lotus Temple has been made as a pandal, a temporary structure set up to venerate the goddess Durga.[25]

Santiago, Chile

In late 2002, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Chile and the Universal House of Justice announced a competition for the design of the mother temple of South America, to be built in Santiago. The chosen design was by Siamak Hariri of Hariri Pontarini Architects in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[26]

Its sides and dome will be composed of nine wings, each one consisting of a steel space frame with panels of translucent marble and cast glass cladding.[27] The construction phase started in November 2010.[28] The construction completed in October, 2016,[29] with doors opening on October 19, 2016.[30]

Planned construction

The Universal House of Justice has mentioned 123 sites for future houses of worship.[31]

2012 announcement

In 2012 the Universal House of Justice announced plans to build two national Houses of Worship aside from the continental ones above.[5] These were for the Democratic Republic of Congo (see Bahá'í Faith in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Papua New Guinea. In addition plans for the first local Houses of Worship were also announced - for Battambang, Cambodia; Bihar Sharif, India (see Bahá'í Faith in India); Matunda Soy, Kenya (See Bahá'í Faith in Kenya); Norte del Cauca, Colombia (see Bahá'í Faith in Colombia); and Tanna, Vanuatu.

Others mentioned

Tehran, Iran

A proposed Bahá'í House of Worship, Tehran, Iran

While a site has been selected, and plans drawn up for the Bahá'í Temple of Tehran, the construction or planning of such a temple is impossible in the current political situation in Iran.

Upon the request of Shoghi Effendi, Charles Mason Remey provided a design for this House of Worship.

Haifa, Israel

Obelisk marking the position of the future Bahá'í House of Worship, Mount Carmel, Haifa

A site has been selected for a Bahá'í Temple in the vicinity of the Bahá'í World Centre on Mt. Carmel in Haifa, Israel. It is near the spot where Bahá'u'lláh chanted the Tablet of Carmel, the "Charter of the World Spiritual and Administrative Centers of the Faith on that mountain" according to Shoghi Effendi. A design by Mason Remey was approved by Shoghi Effendi.[32] A photo of that model can be found in Baha'i World vol. XII, p. 548. It now stands in the upper hall of the Mansion of Bahji.[33] In August 1971 the Universal House of Justice erected an obelisk on the site, on the side of which is the Greatest Name.

Eliot, Maine, U.S.

Upon his visit to Green Acre in 1912, Abdu'l-Baha stated that the second Bahá'í House of Worship in the United States would be located here.[34]

Other sites

As of 1963, sites in the following cities and countries had also been chosen for future temples:[35]

South America
City Country
Buenos Aires Argentina
La PazBolivia
Rio de JaneiroBrazil
BogotáColombia
QuitoEcuador
AsunciónParaguay
LimaPeru
MontevideoUruguay
CaracasVenezuela
North America
City Country
Toronto Canada
San José Costa Rica
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
San Salvador El Salvador
Guatemala City Guatemala
Port-au-Prince Haiti
TegucigalpaHonduras
Kingston Jamaica
Mexico City Mexico
ManaguaNicaragua
Anchorage United States
Europe
City Country
Vienna Austria
Paris France
Rome Italy
The Hague Netherlands[36]
Oslo Norway
Madrid Spain
Stockholm Sweden
Bern Switzerland
Istanbul Turkey
London United Kingdom
Africa
City Country
Cairo Egypt
Benghazi Libya
Meknes Morocco
Johannesburg South Africa
Tunis Tunisia
Asia-Pacific
City Country
Suva Fiji
Jakarta Indonesia
Tokyo Japan
Yangon Myanmar
Auckland New Zealand
Asia
City Country
Baghdad Iraq
Tehran Iran
Haifa Israel
Karachi Pakistan

Notes

  1. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). "Mashriqu'l-Adhkhár". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 235. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  2. 1 2 Momen, M. (1997). "The Bahá'í Community". A Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: One World Publications. ISBN 1-85168-209-0.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rafati, V.; Sahba, F. (1989). "Bahai temples". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  4. ↑ "Bahá'í Houses of Worship". Bahai.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced". Bahá'í World News Service. Bahá’í International Community. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  6. ↑ 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1982) [1912]. The Promulgation of Universal Peace (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 71. ISBN 0-87743-172-8.
  7. ↑ Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer, pg 311 Lights of Divine Guidance (volume 1).
  8. ↑ 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1978). Selections From the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 65. ISBN 0-85398-081-0.
  9. ↑ Momen, Moojan. "Haziratu'l-Quds". Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  10. ↑ Bahá'í World Centre (2 July 1998). "Unpublished compilation on Haziratu'l-Quds and Mashriqu'l-Adhkar". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  11. ↑ Taherzadeh, A. (1984). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 3: 'Akka, The Early Years 1868-77. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 347. ISBN 0-85398-144-2.
  12. 1 2 "Baha'i House of Worship - Ashkabad, Central Asia". The National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  13. ↑ John Richardson (December 1997). "Preserving the Baha'i House of Worship: Unusual Mandate, Material, and Method" (PDF). Cultural Resource Management. National Park Service. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  14. ↑ Visitor's Center brochure, October 2007.
  15. ↑ Whitmore (1984).
  16. ↑ Village of Wilmette, Illinois (2004-12-14). "Affordable Housing Plan" (pdf). p. 9. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  17. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States (April 30, 2007). "It's official! Baha'i House of Worship voted 1 of 7 Wonders of Illinois". Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-30..
  18. ↑ UGPulse Uganda
  19. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Australia (2006). "Bahá'í House of Worship: Construction". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  20. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Australia (2006). "Bahá'í House of Worship: Facilities". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  21. ↑ "Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963-86". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  22. ↑ Baha'i House of Worship Samoa.
  23. ↑ Architecture of the Bahá'í House of Worship.
  24. ↑ Faizi, Gloria (1993). Stories about Bahá'í Funds. New Delhi, India: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 81-85091-76-5.
  25. ↑ Chakraborty, Debarati. "Newsline 28 September 2006: Here's Delhi's Lotus Temple for you at Singhi Park!". Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  26. ↑ Scott, Alec (July 13, 2006). "Higher Power: Toronto architect Siamak Hariri ascends to architectural greatness", CBC.ca Arts.
  27. ↑ Official Temple website: Architecture.
  28. ↑ BWNS: Excavation work commences for Chile's "temple of light". 28 November 2010. See also Bahá'í Faith in Chile.
  29. ↑ Watkins, Katie. "In Progress: Bahá'í Temple of South America / Hariri Pontarini Architects". archdaily.com. Arch Daily. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "Bahá'í House of Worship for South America". http://templo.bahai.cl/. Retrieved 13 October 2016. External link in |website= (help)
  31. ↑ Official US Bahá'í statistics.
  32. ↑ MacEoin, Denis; Collins, William. "Architecture". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. p. 165. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  33. ↑ Baha'i World, vol. XII, 1950-1954.
  34. ↑ "This is hallowed ground made so by your vision and sacrifice. Always remember this is hallowed ground which I am pointing out to you. This is where the first Baha'i University will be built; this is where the second Baha'i Temple in the United States will be raised"
  35. ↑ Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963.
  36. ↑ The Bahá'í World 1968-1973 pp.286. Bahá'í Publishing Trust, Wilmette.

References

External links

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