Battle of Aubers Ridge

Battle of Aubers Ridge
Part of the Second Battle of Artois of the Western Front of World War I
Aubers Ridge and Festubert, 1915
Date 9 May 1915 Location south of Armentières, France 50°36′N 2°49′E / 50.600°N 2.817°ECoordinates: 50°36′N 2°49′E / 50.600°N 2.817°E Result German victory
Belligerents
British Empire  United Kingdom  Indian Empire	German Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sir John French	Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
9 May: 11,161	9 May: 902 (partial)

The Battle of Aubers Ridge was a British offensive on the Western Front on 9 May 1915 during World War I. The battle was part of the British contribution to the Second Battle of Artois, a Franco-British offensive intended to exploit the German diversion of troops to the Eastern Front. The French Tenth Army was to attack the German 6th Army north of Arras and capture Vimy Ridge, preparatory to an advance on Cambrai and Douai. The British First Army on the left (northern) flank of the Tenth Army, was to attack on the same day and widen the gap in the German defences expected to be made by the Tenth Army and to prevent German troops from being moved south of La Bassée canal.

Background

The battle was the initial British component of the combined Anglo-French offensive known as the Second Battle of Artois.^{[lower-alpha 1]} The French commander-in-chief, Joseph Joffre, had enquired of Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, if British units could support a French offensive into the Douai Plain around late April or early May 1915. The immediate French objectives were to capture the heights at Notre Dame de Lorette and the Vimy Ridge.^[2] The British First Army was further north, between La Bassée and Ypres (Belgium). It was decided that the British forces would attack in the southern half of their front line, near the village of Laventie. Their objective in the flat and poorly drained terrain was Aubers Ridge, an area of slightly higher ground 2–3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 mi) wide marked by the villages of Aubers, Fromelles and Le Maisnil. The area had been attacked in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle two months earlier.^[3] The battle marked the second use of specialist Royal Engineer tunnelling companies, when men of 173rd Tunnelling Company tunnelled under no man's land and planted mines under the German defences to be blown at zero hour.^[4]

Prelude

German defensive measures

The course of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle had shown that one breastwork was insufficient to stop an attack and the fortifications opposite the British were quickly augmented. Barbed-wire entanglements were doubled and trebled and 5-foot (1.5 m) deep breastworks were increased to 15–20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) broad, with traverses and a parados (a bank of earth behind the trench to provide rear protection). The two machine-guns per battalion were sited in emplacements at ground level set to sweep no man's land from flanking positions. A second breastwork Wohngraben begun as part of a general strengthening of the Western Front earlier in the year, about 200 yards (180 m) behind the front line was nearly finished. The Wohngraben had dug-outs underneath to accommodate 20–30 men and was connected to the front breastwork by communication trenches. Close to the front the communication trenches were solidly built, with concrete shelters and were ready to be used as flanking trenches in the event of a breakthrough. The second line of defence was far enough back from the front line for shells falling on one not to affect the other and the front breastwork became a line of sentry-posts and the second the accommodation for the main garrison, which was to move forward during an attack to hold the front line at all costs.^[5]

Further back about 700–1,000 yards (640–910 m) from the front breastwork, a line of concrete machine-gun posts known as Stützpunktlinie had been built about 1,000 yards (910 m) apart, as rallying points for the infantry if an attack broke through the front position. Opposite Rue du Bois were emplacements at La Tourelle, Ferme du Bois (Apfelhof) and Ferme Cour d'Avoué (Wasserburg). Battalion frontages were held by two companies of about 280 men on a frontage of 800–1,000 yards (730–910 m), with one company in support 2,000 yards (1,800 m) to the rear and the fourth company in reserve another 2,000–4,000 yards (1,800–3,700 m) back. The new communication trenches were arranged so that the support companies could easily block a break-in from the flanks; most of the field artillery of 6–12 four-gun field batteries and several heavy batteries in each division, were on Aubers Ridge 2,500–4,000 yards (2,300–3,700 m) behind the front line, between Lorgies and Gravelin.^[6] A second line of gun positions between La Cliqueterie Farm, Bas Vailly, Le Willy and Gravelin about 2,500 yards (2,300 m) behind the forward battery positions had been built so that the guns could be moved back temporarily, until enough reinforcements had arrived from Lille and La Bassée to counter-attack and reoccupy the front line.^[7]

Battle

Intelligence about the newly strengthened German positions was not available or given sufficient attention.^[8] No surprise was achieved. The duration and weight of the British bombardment was wholly insufficient to break the German wire and breastwork defences, or to destroy or suppress the front-line machine-guns. German artillery and free movement of reserves were also insufficiently suppressed.^[8] Trench layout, traffic flows and organisation behind the British front line did not allow for easy movement of reinforcements and casualties. British artillery equipment and ammunition were in poor condition: the first through over-use, the second through faulty manufacture.^[9] It soon became impossible to tell where British troops were; accurate close-support artillery fire was impossible.^[10]

Air operations

Three squadrons of 1st Wing Royal Flying Corps (RFC) were attached to the First Army, to fly defensive patrols for four days before the attack, to deter enemy reconnaissance. During the attack they were to conduct artillery observation and reconnaissance sorties and bomb enemy rear areas, railway junctions and bridges further away.^[11]

Aftermath

Analysis

The Royal Munster Fusiliers receiving absolution from their chaplain, Father Francis Gleeson prior to the battle

This battle was an unmitigated disaster for the British army. No ground was won and no tactical advantage gained. It is doubted if it had the slightest positive effect on assisting the main French attack 15 miles (24 km) to the south.^[12] The battle was renewed slightly to the south, from 15 May as the Battle of Festubert.^[13] In the aftermath of the Aubers Ridge failure, the war correspondent of The Times, Colonel Charles à Court Repington, sent a telegram to his newspaper highlighting the lack of high explosive shells, using information supplied by Sir John French; The Times headline on 14 May 1915 was: "Need for shells: British attacks checked: Limited supply the cause: A Lesson From France". This precipitated a political scandal known as the Shell Crisis of 1915.^[14]

Casualties

The German Official Historians of the Reichsarchiv recorded c. 102,500 French casualties from 9 May – 18 June, 32,000 British casualties and 73,072 German casualties for the operations of the Second Battle of Artois.^[15] The British Official Historian, J. E. Edmonds recorded British casualties as 11,619 men.^[16] Edmonds wrote that the German Official History made little reference to the battle but in 1939 G. C. Wynne wrote that Infantry Regiment 55 had 602 casualties and Infantry Regiment 57 lost 300 casualties.^{[17][lower-alpha 2]}

Awards

Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for actions in the Battle of Aubers Ridge:

• David Finlay, Black Watch (Royal Highlanders).^[19]
• John Ripley, Black Watch (Royal Highlanders).^[20]
• Charles Sharpe, Lincolnshire Regiment.^[21]
• James Upton, Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment).^[22]

Notes

1. British Order of Battle: I Corps, 1st Division and 47th (1/2nd London) Division. IV Corps 7th Division and 8th Division. Indian Corps, 3rd (Lahore) Division and 7th (Meerut) Division. First Wing, RFC^[1]
2. Four time Wimbledon tennis champion Tony Wilding from New Zealand was one of the fatalities of the battle.^[18]

Footnotes

1. James 1924, p. 7.
2. Edmonds 1928, pp. 1–4.
3. Edmonds 1928, pp. 6–8.
4. Edmonds 1928, p. 31.
5. Wynne 1939, pp. 43–44.
6. Wynne 1939, pp. 44–45.
7. Rogers 2010, p. 30.
8. Edmonds 1928, pp. 14–15.
9. Edmonds 1928, pp. 33, 37.
10. Edmonds 1928, p. 41.
11. Edmonds 1928, p. 10.
12. Edmonds 1928, pp. 37–41.
13. Edmonds 1928, pp. 44–82.
14. Holmes 2004, pp. 287–289.
15. Reichsarchiv 1932, pp. 93, 96.
16. Edmonds 1928, p. 39.
17. Wynne 1939, p. 43.
18. Myers 1916, p. 286.
19. Edmonds 1928, p. 29.
20. Edmonds 1928, p. 27.
21. Edmonds 1928, p. 35.
22. Edmonds 1928, p. 34.

References

• Edmonds, J. E. (1928). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. OCLC 58962526.
• Holmes, Richard (2004). The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84614-0.
• James, E. A. (1990) [1924]. A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918 (London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. ISBN 0-948130-18-0.
• Myers, A. W. (1916). Captain Anthony Wilding (PDF). London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 1203033. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
• Die Operationen des Jahres 1915; Die Ereignisse im Westen im Frühjahr und Sommer, im Osten vom Frühjahr bis zum Jahresschluß [The Operations of 1915; Events in the West in the Spring and Summer, in the East from Spring up to the end of the Year]. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande [The World War, 1914–1918: Military Operations on Land]. Band 2 (Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich online ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1932]. OCLC 838300036. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
• Rogers, D., ed. (2010). Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-906033-76-7.
• Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-8371-5029-9.

External links

• The Battle of Aubers Ridge