Battle of Haldighati
| Battle of Haldighati | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Empires | |||||||
 Mewar | Mughal | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Maharana Pratap (WIA) Hakim Khan Sur † Rao Poonja Dodiya Bhim † Man Singh Jhala † Man Singh Bida Ramshah Tanwar † Shalivahan Singh Tomar † Krishnadas Chundawat Rao Chandra Sen Acharya Raghvendra |
Akbar Man Singh I Syed Hasim Syed Ahmed Khan Bahlol Khan † Multan Khan † Gazi Khan Badakshi † Bhokal Singh † Khorasan † Wasim Khan † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
22,000 (James Todd) 3,000 (Modern Estimates)[1] |
80,000 (James Todd) 5,000 (Modern Estimates)[1] | ||||||
  Location within Rajasthan | |||||||
The Battle of Haldighati was fought in Haldighati, Rajasthan on 18 or 21 June 1576 for around four hours between Rana of Mewar, Maharana Pratap and Mughal Emperor Akbar's forces led by Man Singh I.
Army strength
Maharana Pratap
In Maharana Pratap's army the main commanders were Gwalior's Ram Singh Tanvar (with all his sons), Krishandas Churawat, Ramdas Rathore Jhala, Mansingh Rawat, Purohit Gopinath, Shankardas, Charan Jaisa, Purohit Jagannath and Keshav.[2] His army also included Afghans led by Hakim Khan Sur and a small contingent of 400-500 Bhil tribals headed by Rao Poonja fighting alongside him.[2] He was also accompanied by Rao Chandra Sen of Marwar and his teacher Acharya Raghvendra. According to contemporary Mughal historians, Maharana's army had 3000 soldiers. According to Dr. Sharma, Maharana had 3,000 horseborne soldiers, 2,000 infantry soldiers, 100 elephants and 100 spearmen and some other soldiers. Besides these, there was an army of 400-500 Bheel soldiers also, along with Afghans.[3]
Akbar
According to contemporary Mughal historians, the Mughal army had 40 000 soldiers.[1] Their commander-in-chief was Man Singh I.
Army formation
Pratap
Pratap's army was divided into a Harawal (front portion) led by Hakim Khan Sur, Chadrawal (back portion) led by Rao Poonja (Bheel General), left adjacent led by Jhala Mansingh, and south (right) adjacent led by Ramshah Tanwar (Ruler of Gwalior). Pratap himself was in the centre of the formation along with his minister Bhamashah and brother Tarachandra. An infantry of Bheels were stationed in the surrounding mountains.[4]
Formation
Mihtar Khan
Madhosingh
|______|Chandrawal|_______|
King Lurkaran |
Gazi Khan Man Singh I Ahmed Khan
Mughal Army
|
Maharana's Army
|____________|____________|
| Harawal |
| Hakim Khan Sur |
| Churawat Krishnadas |
| Bhimsingh |
| Rawat Sangha |
| Ramdas |
Left Adjacent Right Adjacent
Jhala Mansingh Pratap Ramshah
Jhala Beeda Bhamashah Shalivahan
Songara Tarachandra Bhagwan
| Pratap Singh
|_______|Chandrawal|______|
Punja
Purohit Gopinath
Jagannath
Mahatta Ratanchandra
Mahasani Jagannath
Jesa
Battle
In 1576, Akbar deputed Man Singh I and Asaf Khan I to lead a force against Maharana Pratap. The Rana advanced with a force numbering almost half the Mughal numbers and took a position near Haldighati which was at the entrance of a defile. In Pratap's army the main commanders were Gwalior's Ram Shah Tanwar and his three sons,Rawat Krishnadasji Chundawat, Maan Singhji Jhala and Chandrasenji Rathore of Marwar. His army also included Afghans led by Hakim Khan Sur and a small contingent of Bhil tribals headed by Rao Poonjaji fighting alongside him.[2] Anticipating the mughal attack, the Rana had also devastated the entire region up to Chittor to prevent the Mughal forces access to food and fodder. The Mughals were then guided by Pratap's brother Shakti Singh that what was the way they could face Pratap in open and with minimum casualties.
The Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 for around 4 hours.[5] It was primarily fought in the traditional manner between cavalry and elephants since the Mughals found it difficult to transport artillery over the rough terrain. In a traditional fight, the Rajputs were at an advantage; their impetuous attack led to a crumbling of the Mughal left and right wings and put pressure on the center until reserves, but a rumor of Akbar's arrival turned the tide, and resulted in a Rajput retreat. The heat, and fear of ambush in the hills, resulted in the Mughals deciding not to pursue the Rajputs into the hills. Thus this battle failed to break the existing stalemate. After the battle Akbar captured many Rajput forts including the Mewarian capital Udaipur This fight can be viewed as an assertion of local independence arising from local and regional patriotism.[6]
After the Battle of Haldighati
On the third day after the Battle of Haldighati, i.e. on 23 June 1576, Man Singh I conquered Gogunda[7] which was later recaptured by Pratap in July 1576.[8] Pratap then made Kumbhalgarh his temporary capital.[9] After that, Akbar decided to personally lead the campaign against Pratap. In the process, Gogunda, Udaipur and Kumbhalgarh were occupied by the mughals, forcing the Rana deeper into the mountainous tracts of southern Mewar. Mughal pressure was exerted on the Afghan chief of Jalor, and the Rajput chiefs of Idar, Sirohi, Banswara, Dungarpur, and Bundi. These states, situated on the borders of Mewar with Gujarat and Malwa had traditionally acknowledged the supremacy of the dominant power in the region. Consequently, the rulers of these states submitted to the Mughals. A mughal expedition was also sent to Bundi where Duda, the elder son of Rao Surjan Hada, had collaborated with Rana Pratap to take control over Bundi and adjacent areas. Both Surjan Hada and Bhoj, the father and younger brother of Duda, took part in this conflict in support of the mughals. After a mughal victory, Rana Pratap escaped to the hills of and Bundi was conferred upon Bhoj. At this point Rana Pratap found himself isolated and marginalized in Rajput affairs.[6]
References
Sources
- Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206-1526). II. Har-Anand. ISBN 978-8124110669.
- Rana, Bhawan Singh (2004). Maharana Pratap. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 978-8128808258.
- de la Garza, Andrew (2016). The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605. Routledge.