Chalazion

For the fungi genus, see Chalazion (fungus).
Chalazion
Synonyms meibomian gland lipogranuloma[1]
Eyelid affected by chalazion
Pronunciation /kəˈleɪziən/
Classification and external resources
Specialty Ophthalmology
ICD-10 H00.1
ICD-9-CM 373.2
DiseasesDB 6009
MedlinePlus 001006
eMedicine emerg/94 oph/243
Patient UK Chalazion
MeSH D017043

Chalazion is a cyst in the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland.[2] They are typically in the middle of the eyelid, red, and non painful. They tend to come on gradually over a few weeks.[3]

A chalazion may occur following a stye or from hardened oils blocking the gland.[3] The blocked gland is usually the meibomian gland but can also be the gland of Zeis.[4] A stye and cellulitis may appear similar. A stye; however, is usually more sudden in onset, painful, and occurs at the edge of the eyelid. Cellulitis is also typically painful.[3]

Treatment is typically initially with warm compresses. If this is not effective injecting steroids into the lesion may be tried. If large, incision and drainage may be recommended.[3] While relatively common the frequency of the condition is unknown.[5] The term is from the Greek "khalazion" meaning "small hailstone".[6]

Signs and symptoms

Eyelid affected by a chalazion

Diagnosis

A chalazion or meibomian cyst can sometimes be mistaken for a stye.

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

A large chalazion ca. 20 minutes upon excision. This bipartite chalazion was removed via two separate incisions. Further along the lower eyelid, signs of chronic inflammation (Blepharitis) are visible.

Topical antibiotic eye drops or ointment (e.g., chloramphenicol or fusidic acid) are sometimes used for the initial acute infection, but are otherwise of little value in treating a chalazion. Chalazia will often disappear without further treatment within a few months, and virtually all will reabsorb within two years.[7] Healing can be facilitated by applying a warm compress to the affected eye for approximately 15 minutes 4 times per day. This promotes drainage and healing by softening the hardened oil that is occluding the duct.[8]

If they continue to enlarge or fail to settle within a few months, smaller lesions may be injected with a corticosteroid, or larger ones may be surgically removed using local anesthesia.[9][10] This is usually done from underneath the eyelid to avoid a scar on the skin. If the chalazion is located directly under the eyelid's outer tissue, however, an excision from above may be more advisable so as not to inflict any unnecessary damage on the lid itself. Eyelid epidermis usually mends well, without leaving any visible scar.[11] Depending on the chalazion's texture, the excision procedure varies: while fluid matter can easily be removed under minimal invasion, by merely puncturing the chalazion and exerting pressure upon the surrounding tissue, hardened matter usually necessitates a larger incision, through which it can be scraped out. Any residual matter should be metabolized in the course of the subsequent healing process, generally aided by regular appliance of dry heat. The excision of larger chalazia may result in visible hematoma around the lid, which will wear off within three or four days, whereas the swelling may persist for longer. Chalazion excision is an ambulant treatment and normally does not take longer than fifteen minutes. Nevertheless, owing to the risks of infection and severe damage to the eyelid, such procedures should only be performed by a medical professional.

Chalazia may recur, and they will usually be biopsied to rule out the possibility of a tumour.

Surgery

Classic lipogranulomatous response seen in a well-developed chalazion.

Chalazion surgery is normally performed by an ophthalmologist. This type of surgery is a simple procedure that is generally performed as a day operation, and the person does not need to remain in the hospital for further medical care.

Chalazion removal surgery is performed under local or general anesthesia. Commonly, general anesthesia is administered in children to make sure they stay still and no injury to the eye occurs. Local anesthesia is used in adults and it is applied with a small injection into the eyelid. The discomfort of the injection is minimized with the help of an anesthetic cream, which is applied locally.

The chalazion may be removed in two ways, depending on the size of cyst. Relatively small chalazia are removed through a small cut at the back of the eyelid.[12] The surgeon lifts the eyelid so he or she can access the back of its surface and makes an incision of approximately 3 mm just on top of the chalazion. The lump is then removed, and pressure is applied for a few minutes to stop any oozing of blood that may occur because of the operation.[13] Surgery of small chalazia does not require stitches, as the cut is at the back of the eyelid and therefore the cut cannot be seen, and the cosmetic result is excellent.

Larger chalazia are removed through an incision in front of the eyelid. Larger chalazia usually push on the skin of the eyelid, and this is the main reason why doctors prefer removing them this way. The incision is not usually larger than 3 mm and it is made on top of the chalazion. The lump is removed and then pressure is applied on the incision to prevent oozing. This type of surgery is closed with very fine stitches. They are hardly visible and are usually removed within a week after the surgery has been performed. Although chalazia are rarely dangerous, it is common to send the chalazion or part of it to a laboratory to screen for cancer.[7]

When surgery for a chalazion is considered, patients who take aspirin or any other blood-thinning medications are advised to stop taking them one week prior to the procedure as they may lead to uncontrollable bleeding. There are several tests taken prior the surgery to make sure the patient is in good condition for the operation.

In rare cases, patients are kept overnight in the hospital after chalazion surgery. This includes cases in which complications occurred and the patient needs to be closely monitored. In most cases however, patients are able to go home after the operation has ended.

The recovery process is easy and quite fast. Most patients experience some very minor discomfort in the eye, which can be easily controlled by taking painkilling medication. Patients are, however, recommended to avoid getting water in the eye for up to 10 days after surgery. They may wash, bathe, or shower, but they must be careful to keep the area dry and clean. Makeup may be worn after at least one month post-operatively. Patients are recommended to not wear contact lenses in the affected eye for at least eight weeks to prevent infections and potential complications.

Commonly, patients receive eye drops to prevent infection and swelling in the eye and pain medication to help them cope with the pain and discomfort in the eyelid and eye. One can use paracetamol (acetominophen) rather than aspirin to control the pain. Also, after surgery, a pad and protective plastic shield are used to apply pressure on the eye in order to prevent leakage of blood after the operation; this may be removed 6 to 8 hours after the procedure.

People who undergo chalazion surgery are normally asked to visit their eye surgeon for post-op follow-up three to four weeks after surgery has been performed. They may start driving the day after surgery and they may return to work in one or two days.

Chalazion surgery is a safe procedure and complications occur very seldomly. Serious complications that require another operation are also very rare. Among potential complications, there is infection, bleeding, or the recurrence of the chalazion.

Complications

A large chalazion can cause astigmatism due to pressure on the cornea.

As laser eye surgery involves shaping the cornea by burning parts of it away, weakening its structure, post-operation patients can be left predisposed to deformation of the cornea from small chalazia.

Complications including hypopigmentation may occur with corticosteroid injection.

Recurring chalazia in the same area may sometimes be a symptom of sebaceous cell carcinoma, albeit rarely.

Sometimes, as a last resort, surgery is performed. The eyelid is injected with a local anesthetic, a clamp is put on the eyelid, then the eyelid is turned over, an incision is made on the inside of the eyelid, and the chalazion is drained and scraped out with a curette. A scar on the upper lid can cause discomfort as some patients feel the scar as they blink. Of course, as surgeries are intrusive and damage healthy tissue (e.g., leaving behind scar tissue or possibly even causing blepharitis), given other options, less intrusive treatment is always preferable. Similarly, chalazia may recur once the eye is predisposed and surgical intervention each time is not possible. So surgery should be considered only as a last resort, performed on as few as 5% of all chalazia patients.

Blocked meibomian glands may also be treatable with hot towels, which soften the oils on the gland.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Duderstadt, Karen (2013). Pediatric Physical Examination: An Illustrated Handbook (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 155. ISBN 9780323187206.
  2. ↑ "Eyelid Disorders Chalazion & Stye". NEI. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Carlisle, RT; Digiovanni, J (15 July 2015). "Differential Diagnosis of the Swollen Red Eyelid.". American family physician. 92 (2): 106–12. PMID 26176369.
  4. ↑ Deibel, JP; Cowling, K (May 2013). "Ocular inflammation and infection.". Emergency medicine clinics of North America. 31 (2): 387–97. PMID 23601478.
  5. ↑ Rutter, Paul Professor; Newby, David (2013). Community Pharmacy ANZ: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment (3 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 57. ISBN 9780729583459.
  6. ↑ "chalazion (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  7. 1 2 Chalazion 2080768019 at GPnotebook
  8. ↑ http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/chalazion
  9. ↑ Khurana A, Ahluwalia B, Rajan C (1988). "Chalazion therapy. Intralesional steroids versus incision and curettage". Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 66 (3): 352–4. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04609.x. PMID 10994460.
  10. ↑ Jackson T, Beun L (2000). "A prospective study of cost, patient satisfaction, and outcome of treatment of chalazion by medical and nursing staff". Br J Ophthalmol. 84 (7): 782–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.7.782. PMC 1723539Freely accessible. PMID 10873994. — in which of those cases attending a District General Hospital, approximately one third of selected chalazia resolved within 3 months with conservative treatment, and surgical treatment was successful for 72%.
  11. ↑ Gerstenkorn/Hagelkorn
  12. ↑ "Removal of chalazion". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  13. ↑ "The operation". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
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