French Constitution of 1793

French Constitution of 1793

French Constitution of 1793.
Original title (French) Constitution de l'an I

The Constitution of 24 June 1793[1] (French: Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793), also known as the Constitution of the Year I, or The Montagnard Constitution[2] (French: Constitution montagnarde), was the constitution instated by the Montagnards and by popular referendum under the First Republic during the French Revolution. Drafted by the Committee of Public Safety which was enlarged with the purpose of producing it, the text was presented to the National Convention on 10 June and subsequently accepted by that body on 24 June 1793. The constitution was then ratified by a popular referendum employing universal male suffrage, following approval by 1,784,377 out of approximately 1,800,000 voters.[3] The Convention found in the external and internal state of war sufficient reason to maintain itself until peace and postponed the Constitution's implementation. Though the Constitution was overwhelmingly popular and its drafting and ratification buoyed popular support for the Montagnards, the convention set it aside indefinitely on 10 October 1793 and declared a "Revolutionary Government" until a future peace.[4]

The Constitution was inspired by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, to which it added several rights: it proclaimed the superiority of popular sovereignty over national sovereignty; various economic and social rights (right of association, right to work and public assistance, right to public education); the right of rebellion (and duty to rebel when the government violates the right of the people); and the abolition of slavery written in what is known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793.

In 1795, it was eventually supplanted by the Constitution of the Year III, which established the Directory. The revolutionaries of 1848 were inspired by this constitution and that it passed into the ideological armory of the Third Republic (founded 1870). It represents a fundamental historical document, that contributed much to the later democratic institutions and developments.

Articles

  1. The aim of the society is the common welfare. Government is instituted to guarantee to man the enjoyment of his natural and imprescriptible rights.
  2. These rights are equality, liberty, security, and property.
  3. All men are equal by nature and before the law.
  4. Law is the free and solemn expression of the general will; it is the same for all, whether it protects or punishes; it can command only what is just and useful to society; it can forbid only what is injurious to it.
  5. All citizens are equally eligible to public employments. Free peoples know no other grounds for preference in their elections than virtue and talent.
  6. Liberty is the power that belongs to man to do whatever is not injurious to the rights of others; it has nature for its principles, justice for its rule, law for its defense; its moral limit is this maxim: Do not do to another that which you do not wish should be done to you.
  7. The rights to express one's thoughts and opinions by means of the press, or in any other manner, the right to assemble peaceably, the free pursuit of religion, cannot be forbidden. The necessity of enunciating these rights supposes either the presence or the fresh recollection of despotism.
  8. Security consists in the protection afforded by society to each of its members for the preservation of this person, his rights, and his property.
  9. The law ought to protect public and personal liberty against oppression of those who govern.
  10. No one ought to be accused, arrested, or detained, except in cases determined by law and according to the forms it has prescribed. Any citizen summoned or seized by the authority of the law, ought to obey immediately; he makes himself guilty by resistance.
  11. Any act done against man outside of the cases and without the forms that the law determines is arbitrary and tyrannical; the one against who it may be intended to be executed by violence has the right to repel it by force.
  12. Those who may incite, expedite, subscribe to, execute or cause to be executed arbitrary legal instruments are guilty and ought to be punished.
  13. Every man being presumed innocent until he has been pronounced guilty, if it is thought indispensable to arrest him, all severity that may not be necessary to secure his person ought to be strictly repressed by law.
  14. No one ought to be tried or punished except after having been heard or legally summoned, and except in virtue of a law promulgated prior to the offense. The law which would punish offenses before it existed would be a tyranny: the retroactive effect given to the law would be a crime.
  15. The law ought to impose only penalties that are strictly and obviously necessary: the punishments ought to be proportionate to the offense and useful to society.
  16. The right of property is that which belongs to every citizen to enjoy, and to dispose at his pleasure of his goods, income, and of the fruits of his labor and skill.
  17. No kind of labor, tillage, or commerce can be forbidden to the skill of the citizens.
  18. Every man can contract his services and his time, but he cannot sell himself nor be sold: his person is not an alienable property. The law knows of no such things as the status of servant: there can exist only a contract for services and compensation between the man who works and the one who employs him.
  19. No one can be deprived of the least proportion of his property without his consent, unless a legally established public necessity requires it, and upon condition of a just and prior compensation.
  20. No tax can be imposed except for the general advantage. All citizens have the right to participate in the establishment of taxes, to watch over the employment of them, and to cause account of them to be given.
  21. Public relief is a sacred debt. Society owes maintenance to unfortunate citizens, either in procuring work for them or in providing the means of existence for those who are unable to labor.
  22. Education is needed by all. Society ought to favor with all its power the advancement of public reason and to put education at the door of every citizen.
  23. The social guarantee consists in the action of all to secure to each the enjoyment and maintenance of his rights; this guarantee rests upon the national sovereignty.
  24. It cannot exist if the limits of public functions are not clearly determined by law and if the responsibility of all the functionaries is not secured.
  25. The sovereignty resides in the people; it is one and indivisible, imprescriptible, and inalienable.
  26. No portion of the people can exercise the power of the entire peoples; but each section of the sovereign, in assembly, ought to enjoy the right to express its will with entire freedom.
  27. Let any person who may usurp the sovereignty be instantly put to death by free men.
  28. A people has always the right to review, to reform, and to alter its constitution. One generation cannot subject to its law the future generations.
  29. Each citizen has an equal right to participate in the formation of the law and in the selection of his mandatories or agents.
  30. Public functions are necessarily temporary; they cannot be considered as distinctions or rewards, but as duties.
  31. The offenses of the representatives of the people and of its agents ought never go unpunished. No one has the right to claim himself more inviolability than other citizens.
  32. The right to present petitions to the depositories of the public authority cannot in any case be forbidden, suspended, nor limited.
  33. Resistance to oppression is the consequence of the other rights of man.
  34. There is oppression against the social body when a single one of its members is oppressed: there is oppression against each member when the social body is oppressed.
  35. When the government violates the rights of the people, insurrection is for the people and for each portion of the people the most sacred of rights and the most indispensable of duties. [5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Crowe, Michael Bertram. 1977. The Changing Profile of the Natural Law. p. 243
  2. ↑ Gupta, Madan Gopal. 1963. Government of the Fifth Republic of France. p. 16
  3. ↑ Pertue, M., "Constitution de 1793," in Soboul, A., Ed. "Dictionnaire historique de la Revolution francaise," p. 283, Quadrige/PUF, Paris: 2005.
  4. ↑ Kennedy, M. L. "The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: 1793–1795," p. 53. Berghahn Books, New York: 2000.
  5. ↑ Mason & Rizzo (1999). The French Revolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 221–24.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/19/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.