Downcycling

Downcycling, also referred to as cascading, describes the recycling of waste in cases where the recycled material is of lower quality and functionality than the original material.[1] An important example of downcycling is the accumulation of tramp elements in secondary metals, which may exclude the latter from high-quality applications. Steel scrap from end-of-life vehicles, for example, is often contaminated with copper from wires and tin from coating.[2][3] This contaminated scrap yields a secondary steel that does not meet the specifications for automotive steel and therefore, it is mostly applied in the construction sector. [4][5]

Downcycling can help to keep materials in use, to reduce consumption of raw materials, and to avoid the energy usage, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and water pollution of primary production and resource extraction.

Downcycling of steel from scrap cars into buildings. Vehicle steel scrap, which is contaminated with other metals, is often remelted into construction steel that can contain up to 0.4% of copper.[2]

The term downcycling was used by Reiner Pilz in an interview by Thornton Kay of Salvo in 1994.[6]

We talked about the impending EU Demolition Waste Streams directive. "Recycling, he said, "I call it downcycling. They smash bricks, they smash everything. What we need is upcycling where old products are given more value not less." He despairs of the German situation and recalls the supply of a large quantity of reclaimed woodblock from an English supplier for a contract in Nuremberg while just down the road a load of similar blocks was scrapped. It was a pinky looking aggregate with pieces of handmade brick, old tiles and discernible parts of useful old items mixed with crushed concrete. Is this the future for Europe?

The term downcycling was also used by William McDonough and Michael Braungart in their 2002 book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. [1]

As we have noted, most recycling is actually downcycling; it reduces the quality of a material over time. When plastics other than those found in soda and water bottles are recycled, they are mixed with different plastics to produce a hybrid of lower quality, which is then molded into something amorphous and cheap, such as a park bench or a speed bump... Aluminum is another valuable but constantly downcycled material. The typical soda can consists of two kinds of aluminum: the walls are composed of aluminum, manganese alloy with some magnesium, plus coatings and paint, while the harder top is aluminum magnesium alloy. In conventional recycling these materials are melted together, resulting in a weaker—and less useful—product.

Downcycling is related to but different from 'open-loop recycling'. The term open-loop recycling denotes a situation where the secondary material is used in a different product system than the original material; it thus comprises both upcycling and downcycling.[7] Although the term so suggests, the environmental benefits of downcycling are not necessarily lower than those of closed-loop recycling: The overall benefit of different recycling alternatives depends on the amount of primary production that is actually avoided and on which of the different utilization options for the secondary material has the highest impact reduction potential.[8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 William, McDonough; Michael Braungart (2002). North Point Press, ed. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Pr. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-86547-587-8.
  2. 1 2 Savov, L.; Volkova, E.; Janke, D. (2003). "Copper and tin in steel scrap recycling". RMZ - Mater. Geoenviron. 50 (3): 627–640.
  3. ↑ Igarashi, Y.; Daigo, I.; Matsuno, Y.; Adachi, Y. (2007). "Estimation of the Change in Quality of Domestic Steel Production Affected by Steel Scrap Exports". ISIJ Int. 47 (5): 753–757. line feed character in |title= at position 18 (help)
  4. ↑ Pauliuk, Stefan; Wang, Tao; Müller, Daniel B. (2012-01-03). "Moving Toward the Circular Economy: The Role of Stocks in the Chinese Steel Cycle". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (1): 148–154. doi:10.1021/es201904c. ISSN 0013-936X.
  5. ↑ Cullen, J.M.; Allwood, J.M.; Bambach, M.D. (2012). "Mapping the global flow of steel: from steel making to end-use goods.". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (24): 13048–13055. ISSN 0013-936X.
  6. ↑ Thornton Kay, Salvo in Germany - Reiner Pilz, p14 SalvoNEWS No99 11 October 1994
  7. ↑ ISO 14044:2006 (ISO)
  8. ↑ Geyer, R.; Kuczenski, B.; Henderson, A. (2016). "Common Misconceptions about Recycling.". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 20 (5): 1010–1017.
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