Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Anzorovich and the family name is Tsarnaev.
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

U.S. Citizenship photo of Tsarnaev
Native name Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев
Born Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev[note 1]
(1993-07-22) July 22, 1993
Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan[1]
Residence ADX Florence Federal Supermax prison
Other names Jahar Tsarnaev[2]
Citizenship Kyrgyzstan, United States[3]
Alma mater University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Organization None
Known for Boston Marathon bombing, murdering a law enforcement officer, and other related crimes
Religion Sunni Islam
Criminal charge Using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death; malicious destruction of property resulting in death[2][4]
Criminal penalty Death by lethal injection
Criminal status Incarcerated at ADX Florence in Fremont County, Colorado
Parent(s) Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva
Relatives 1 brother (Tamerlan, deceased)
2 sisters (Ailina and Bella)

Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (Cyrillic: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев /ˌdʒoʊˈxɑːr ˌtsɑːrˈnaɪ.ɛf/; born July 22, 1993)[note 1] is a Kyrgyzstani-American citizen who was convicted of planting bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, together with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[5][6][7][8] The bombings killed three people and injured approximately 280 others.[9] At the time of the bombings, Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Following the bombings, on April 18, there was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers. An MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape in an SUV.[10][11] Tsarnaev was injured but escaped, and a large manhunt ensued, with thousands of police searching a 20-block area of Watertown, Massachusetts. On the evening of April 19, the heavily wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter, arrested, and taken to a hospital. It was later reported that he was persuaded to surrender when the FBI negotiators mentioned a public plea from his former wrestling coach.[12]

While still confined to a hospital bed, Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[2][13][14] Tsarnaev allegedly later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City.[15] Tsarnaev reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.[16] He was convicted on April 8, 2015,[17] and was sentenced to death on May 15, 2015.[18][19]

He and his family had traveled to the United States on a tourist visa and subsequently claimed asylum during their stay in 2002. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.[20]

Personal background

Family background

The Tsarnaevs were forcibly moved from Chechnya to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan in the years following World War II.[21] His father, Anzor Tsarnaev, is a Chechen, and his mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, is an Avar.[22][23][24] The couple had two sons, Tamerlan, born in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[25] in 1986, and Dzhokhar, born in Kyrgyzstan in 1993.[26] The parents also have two daughters.[27][28][29] Anzor is a traditional Muslim who shuns religious extremism[30] and raised his children as Muslims.[31][32][33] According to some, other Chechen Americans in the area apparently did not consider the American branch of the family to be "fully" Chechen because they had never lived in Chechnya.[26]

As children, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar lived in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan. In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.[34][35][36] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.[37][38][39] Anzor Tsarnaev applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.[40]

Tamerlan was left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan,[21] and arrived in the U.S. around two years later.[41] In the U.S. the parents received asylum and then filed for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".[42] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tamerlan lived in Cambridge on Norfolk Street until his death.[43]

The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.[21] Anzor and Zubeidat Tsarnaev both received welfare benefits.[44] The father worked as a backyard mechanic and the mother worked as a cosmetologist[45] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.[41]

Early life

Tsarnaev was born in Kyrgyzstan. As a child, he emigrated with his family to Russia and then, when he was eight years old, to the United States under political asylum. The family settled in Cambridge and became U.S. permanent residents in March 2007. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012, while in college.[1][35][39] His mother, Zubeidat, also became a naturalized U.S. citizen, but it is not clear if his father, Anzor, ever did. Tamerlan, his brother, was unable to naturalize expeditiously due to an investigation against him, which held up the citizenship process.[46] At Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school, he was an avid wrestler, and a Greater Boston League winter all-star.[35][43] He sometimes worked as a lifeguard at Harvard University.[47]

In 2011, he contacted a professor at UMass Dartmouth who taught a class about Chechen history, expressing his interest in the topic.[48] He graduated from high school in 2011[35] and the city of Cambridge awarded him a $2,500 scholarship that year.[43] His brother's boxing coach, who had not seen them in a few years at the time of the bombings, said that "the young brother was like a puppy dog, following his older brother".[49][50]

Education

Tsarnaev enrolled in the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, with a major in marine biology, in September 2011. He said that he hoped to become a dentist.[35][51]

Tsarnaev was described as "normal" and popular among fellow students. His friends said he sometimes used marijuana,[52] liked hip hop, and did not talk to them about politics.[53] He volunteered in the Best Buddies program.[48] Many friends and other acquaintances found it inconceivable that he could be one of the two bombers at first,[48] calling it "completely out of his character".[54] He was not perceived as foreign, spoke English well,[53] easily fit in socially, and was described by peers as "[not] 'them'. He was 'us.' He was Cambridge".[55]

On the Russian-language social-networking site VK, Tsarnaev described his "world view" as "Islam" and his personal priorities as "career and money."[43] He posted links to Islamic websites, links to videos of fighters in the Syrian civil war, and links to pages advocating independence for Chechnya.[56] Dzhokhar was also active on Twitter. According to The Economist, he seemed "to have been much more concerned with sport and cheeseburgers than with religion, at least judging by his Twitter feed";[57] however, according to The Boston Globe, on the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a year before the bombings, a post on Tsarnaev's Twitter feed mentioned a Quran verse often used by radical Muslim clerics and propagandists.[58]

In 2012, Arlington Police ran a warrant check on Tsarnaev and checked his green Honda when they were investigating a report of underage drinking at a party in Arlington Heights.[59]

At the time of the bombing, Tsarnaev was a sophomore living in the UMass Dartmouth's Pine Dale Hall dorm.[58][60] He was struggling academically, having received seven failing grades over three semesters, including Fs in Principles of Modern Chemistry, Introduction to American Politics, and Chemistry and the Environment[43] and had an unpaid bill of $20,000 to the University.[61] He was known to be selling marijuana to make money.[26]

2013 Boston Marathon bombing

Tsarnaev was convicted of participating in the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on April 15, 2013, along with his brother Tamerlan. The motivation for the bombings was apparently political in nature. He reportedly "told the FBI that [he and his brother] were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there."[62]

That day, Dzhokhar was captured on CCTV near the finish line pushing his way through spectators towards the front carrying a duffel bag which contained one of two pressure cooker bombs that would detonate. Tsarnaev appeared to place the bag down without causing any suspicion amongst spectators and then appeared to watch some marathon runners cross the finish line before hurrying away moments before the bomb exploded, causing mass panic among spectators and marathon runners. Shortly after the second bomb exploded, CCTV captured both Tsarnaev brothers running among the crowd away from the scene.

CBS senior correspondent John Miller, who before joining CBS served in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, later reported Dzhokhar's handwritten note inside the boat where he lay bleeding stated, "The [Boston] bombings were in retribution for the U.S. crimes in places like Iraq and Afghanistan [and] that the victims of the Boston bombing were collateral damage, in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world."[63]

After the bombing

Tsarnaev continued to tweet after the bombings, and sent a tweet telling the people of Boston to "stay safe".[53][64] He returned to his university after the April 15 bombing and remained there until April 18, when the FBI released pictures of him and Tamerlan at the marathon. During that time, he used the college gym and slept in his dorm; his friends said that he partied with them after the attacks and looked "relaxed".[65][66]

MIT killing, carjacking, firefight, and manhunt

Tsarnaev and his brother murdered MIT police officer Sean Collier on April 18 at the MIT campus, before traveling to the Boston neighborhood of Allston and carjacking an SUV and robbing the owner.[67] However, the owner of the leased Mercedes SUV, a 26-year-old Chinese immigrant/entrepreneur and former graduate student at Northeastern University, said he managed to escape when the Tsarnaevs became momentarily distracted in the process of refueling the car at a gas station that only took cash. The man, who would not give his name to the media but said he goes by the name "Danny," said he fled to another nearby gas station and contacted the police. Police were then able to track the location of the car through the man's cellphone and the SUV's anti-theft tracking device.[68]

When police found the stolen SUV and a Honda being driven by the brothers in the early hours of April 19, the suspects engaged in a shootout with police in Watertown and Dzokhar Tsarnaev was wounded while Tamerlan was shot a number of times before being apprehended. Police say that Dzokhar escaped by driving the stolen SUV toward the officers who were arresting his brother, driving over Tamerlan, and dragging him under the SUV about 30 feet (9 m) in the process. He reportedly sped off, but abandoned the car about 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away and then fled on foot.[69] An unprecedented manhunt ensued involving thousands of police officers from several nearby towns as well as state police and FBI, and SWAT teams, who searched numerous homes and property inside a 10-block perimeter. Warrants were not issued, but residents reported they were told they must allow the searches to go forward. Many reported being instructed to leave their homes as well. Images of squad cars and large black armored vehicles crowding the sidestreets, and videos of residents being led out of their homes at gunpoint soon flooded social media. The Boston metro area was effectively shut down all day on April 19.[70]

After Tsarnaev's name was published in connection with the bombings, his uncle Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Tsarnaev through television to turn himself in "and ask for forgiveness", and said that he had shamed the family and the Chechen ethnicity.[71]

Arrest and detention

During the manhunt for him on the evening of April 19, Tsarnaev was discovered wounded in a boat in a Watertown backyard, less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from where he abandoned the SUV.[69] David Henneberry, the owner of the boat, had noticed that the cover on the boat was loose and when the "shelter in place" order was lifted, went outside to investigate.[72] He lifted the tarpaulin, saw a bloodied man, retreated into his house and called 9-1-1.[73] Three Boston police officers responded and were soon joined by other police. Tsarnaev's presence and movement was later verified through a forward looking infrared thermal imaging device in a State Police helicopter.[74] The suspect was observed pushing up at the tarp on the boat and Boston police began a large volume of gunfire at the suspect, stopping only after calls from the Superintendent on the scene.[75][76] After initial reports of a shootout between police and Tsarnaev, two U.S. officials said on April 24 that Dzhokhar was unarmed when captured.[77]

Tsarnaev, who had been shot and was bleeding badly from wounds to his left ear, neck and thigh,[78] was taken into federal custody after the standoff. Initial reports that the neck wound was from a self-inflicted gunshot from a possible suicide attempt were later contradicted by the revelation that he was unarmed at the time of capture and a description of the neck wound by SWAT team members that it was a slicing injury, possibly caused by shrapnel from an explosion.[79]

In an image broadcast on the night of his arrest, he was shown stepping out of the boat in which he had been hiding.[80] Other sources described him "lying on his stomach, straddling the side of the boat (…) His left arm and left leg hung over the boat’s side. He appeared to struggle for consciousness". Then he was "hauled down to the grassy ground" by a SWAT officer.[69] In a photograph he can be seen lying on the ground on his back with his hands cuffed behind him, being helped by medical staff.[81]

Tsarnaev on security camera of his prison cell

He was taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, where he was treated for severe injuries in the intensive-care unit. He was in serious but stable condition (updated to "fair" on April 23), and unable to speak because of the wound to his throat.[13][82] According to one of the nurses, he had cried for two days straight after waking up.[26] He responded to authorities in writing and by nodding his head,[83][84][85][86][87] although he did manage to say the word "no" when asked if he could afford a lawyer. Court documents released in August 2013, show that Tsarnaev had a skull fracture and gunshot wounds prior to being taken into custody.[88] According to a doctor that treated him, Tsarnaev had a skull-base fracture, with injuries to the middle ear, the skull base, the lateral portion of his C1 vertebrae, with a significant soft tissue injury, as well as injury to the pharynx, the mouth, and a small vascular injury.[89]

On April 26, Tsarnaev was transported by U.S. Marshals to the Federal Medical Center, Devens,[90][91] a United States federal prison near Boston for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. He was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit[92] with 23-hour-per-day lockdown.[93][94]

Rolling Stone magazine

Image of Tsarnaev on the cover of Rolling Stone

Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled "The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster." The magazine drew large amounts of criticism for the flattering photo of Tsarnaev used for the issue's cover. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover "rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment". Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy stated that "glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty, it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine."[95] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,[96] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that their offense-taking was the result of their associating Rolling Stone with glamor instead of news,[97] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did, "because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone... because many people out there understandably do not know that Rolling Stone is also a hard-news publication."[97]

The editors of Rolling Stone posted the following response:

Our hearts go out to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, and our thoughts are always with them and their families. The cover story we are publishing this week falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone’s long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day. The fact that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is young, and in the same age group as many of our readers, makes it all the more important for us to examine the complexities of this issue and gain a more complete understanding of how a tragedy like this happens. –THE EDITORS[98]

Hours after this happened, many retailers that sold the magazine, such as CVS Pharmacy,[99] BJ's Wholesale Club (which also no longer sells any future Rolling Stone issues),[100] and others, announced that they would no longer sell the issue.[101]

In December 2013, the Rolling Stone Tsarnaev cover was named the "Hottest Cover Of The Year" by Adweek magazine, with newsstand sales doubling from 60,000 to 120,000.[102][103] The photo on the cover was taken by Tsarnaev himself, not a professional studio photographer.[104]

Legal proceedings

Questioning, charges and confessions

Initially, Tsarnaev was questioned without being read his Miranda rights, because the Justice Department invoked Miranda's public-safety exception.[105] He was to be questioned by a federal High-Value Interrogation Group, a special counterterrorism group created to question high-value detainees, which included members of the FBI, CIA, and Department of Defense.[106][107][108] Later, after being read his Miranda rights, Tsarnaev "immediately stopped talking" and declined to continue to cooperate with the investigation.[77]

Prosecutors initially argued for the Public safety exception to be applied[109] to the statements obtained before the Miranda rights were read. However, the exception was not considered by the court because the prosecutors later decided not to use any of that evidence in their case against Tsarnaev.[110]

On April 22, he was charged with "using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death" and with "malicious destruction of properties resulting in death", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.[2][4] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered "no" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.[105]

Once convicted, he was eligible to face the death penalty.[111] He was prosecuted by assistant U.S. attorneys William Weinreb and Aloke Chakravarty, of the Anti-Terrorism and National Security Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston.[112] His defense team includes federal public defender Miriam Conrad,[113] William Fick[114] and Judy Clarke.[115]

Middlesex County prosecutors also brought criminal charges against Tsarnaev for the murder of Sean Collier. A surveillance camera at MIT captured the brothers approaching Collier's car from behind.[116]

Officials said, after initial interrogations, that it was clear the attack was religiously motivated, but that so far there was no evidence that the brothers had any ties to Islamic terror organizations.[117][118] Officials also said that Dzhokhar acknowledged his role in the bombings and told interrogators that he and Tamerlan were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs[119] and the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to carry out the bombing.[120][121] Dzhokhar admitted during questioning that he and his brother were planning to detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square next. The brothers formed the plan spontaneously during the April 18 carjacking, but things went awry after the vehicle ran low on gas and they forced the driver to stop at a gas station, where he escaped.[122] Dzhokhar says he was inspired by online videos from Anwar al-Awlaki,[123] who also inspired Faisal Shahzad, the perpetrator of the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.[124]

Investigators have so far found no evidence that Tsarnaev was involved in any jihadist activities, and, according to the Wall Street Journal, now believe that unlike his brother Tamerlan, Dzhokhar "was never truly radicalized."[125] Examinations of his computers did not reveal frequent visits to jihad websites, expressions of violent Islamist rhetoric or other suspicious activities. Some law enforcement officials told the WSJ that Tsarnaev "better fit[s] the psychological profile of an ordinary criminal than a committed terrorist."

On May 16, 2013, during CBS This Morning, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that Tsarnaev wrote a note in the boat in which he was hiding and claimed responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, "When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims." He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller during the interview he gave on the morning show, he said that the note will be a significant piece of evidence in any Dzhokhar trial and that it is "certainly admissible," and paints a clear picture of the brothers' motive, "consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody."[126][127][128]

Trial

Florence ADMAX, the prison housing Tsarnaev

Tsarnaev's arraignment for 30 charges, including four for murder, occurred on July 10, 2013 in federal court in Boston before U.S. Magistrate Judge Marianne Bowler. It was his first public court appearance.[129] He pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts against him, which included using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death.[130] Tsarnaev was represented by Miriam Conrad, David Bruck, William Fick, Timothy G. Watkins and Judy Clarke.[131]

On January 30, 2014, United States Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would seek the death penalty against Tsarnaev.[132] A plea deal failed when the government refused to rule out the possibility of the death penalty.

The trial began on January 5, 2015; Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all thirty charges laid against him. The proceedings were led by Judge George O'Toole.[133][134] Tsarnaev's attorney Judy Clarke said in her opening statement "it was him... There's little that occurred the week of April the 15th... that we dispute."[5] Counter terrorism expert Matthew Levitt has given testimony.

Wikinews has related news: Dzhokhar Tsarnaev found guilty in Boston Marathon bombing trial

On April 8, 2015, Tsarnaev was found guilty on all thirty counts of the indictment. The charges of usage of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, in addition to aiding and abetting, made Tsarnaev eligible for the death penalty.[135]

Bill and Denise Richard, parents of the youngest of the three killed in the bombings, urged against a death sentence for Tsarnaev. They stated that the lengthy appeals period would force them to continually relive that day, and would rather see him spend life in prison without possibility of release.[136]

Tsarnaev, who had been largely emotionless throughout his trial, appeared to weep when his relatives testified on May 4, 2015.[137] On May 15, 2015, the jury recommended that Tsarnaev be sentenced to death by lethal injection on six of 17 capital counts.[138]

According to the verdict forms completed by the jurors, three of 12 believed that Tsarnaev had taken part in the attack under his brother's influence; two believed that he had been remorseful for his actions;[139] two believed that Tamerlan, not Dzhokhar, had shot dead Officer Collier; three believed that his friends still care about him; one believed that Tsarnaev's mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, was to be blamed for the brothers' actions; one believed that Tsarnaev would never be violent again in prison.

Massachusetts had ended the death penalty for state crimes in 1984. However, Tsarnaev, tried on federal charges, was eligible for execution.[140]

Tsarnaev's lawyer, Judy Clarke, indicated two strong lines of likely appeal: that on prejudicial grounds the trial should never have been held in Boston; and that the defense was given insufficient time to mount a full argument in mitigation that might have convinced the jury to spare Tsarnaev's life.[141] The appeal process could last years or decades.[142]

On June 24, Tsarnaev faced his victims in court as his death sentence was formally imposed. Victims and their families were able to present impact statements to the court, and Tsarnaev, who had been silent throughout his month-long trial, apologized to the injured and the bereaved in the bombings.[143]

The following morning, on June 25, Tsarnaev was transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Florence High in Colorado; as of July 17, he had been transferred to ADX Florence.[144][145] A Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) spokesperson stated that "unique security management requirements" caused the agency to place Tsarnaev in Colorado instead of United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, where male death row inmates are normally held.[146]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Russian: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев / Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnayev [ˈdʑɐxar ɐnzoˈrɐvʲɪtɕ tsarˈnajɪf]; Chechen: Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар / Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar.

References

  1. 1 2 Gowen, Annie; Horwitz, Sari; Markon, Jerry (April 19, 2013). "Boston lockdown lifted; marathon bombing suspect still at large". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "United States vs. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB Criminal Complaint (with FBI affidavit)" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. 2013-04-21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2015-05-03. Based on the foregoing, there is probable cause to believe that on or about April 15, 2013, DZHOKHAR TSARNAEV violated 18 U.S.C. § 2332a (using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction, resulting in death) and 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) (malicious destruction of property by means of an explosive device, resulting in death).
  3. ↑ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Boston bombing suspect, was born in Kyrgyzstan, says minister". ndtv.com. New Delhi, IN: NDTV Convergence Limited. 2013-04-23. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2015-05-03. 'Only the younger of the two brothers, that is to say Dzhokhar, was born in Kyrgyzstan and was a Kyrgyz citizen,' Joomart Otorbayev, the first deputy prime minister of the former Soviet republic told US State Department officials during a meeting.
  4. 1 2 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with conspiring to use weapon of mass destruction against persons and property in U.S. resulting in death – U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts official Twitter
  5. 1 2 Valencia, Milton J.; Wen, Patricia; Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John R.; Finucane, Martin (2015-03-04). "'It was him,' defense admits as Marathon bombing trial begins". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA, US: Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-05-03. After thousands of pages of legal briefs and nearly two years of hearings, a lawyer for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev stood in federal court Wednesday, the first day of the long-awaited Marathon bombing trial, and made a startling simple declaration: 'It was him.'
  6. ↑ Engber, Daniel (2013-04-19). "Pronounce Boston bomb names: Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev". slate.com. 95 Morton Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY, US: The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2015-05-03. The following recordings come from a native speaker of Kyrgyz. Keep in mind that while Kyrgyz is a Turkic language, Chechen is from the Northeast Caucasian family of languages.
  7. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alexander (2013-04-19). "Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?". The Wire (formerly The Atlantic Wire). 600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, US: The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2015-05-03. Here's are the basics of what we know about 'Suspect No. 2' – a.k.a. the suspect in the white hat, the one authorities apparently saw drop a bomb-laden backpack in security footages, and the one currently being pursued by police:
  8. ↑ CNN Staff (2013-04-22). "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". Cable News Network, cnn.com. Atlanta, GA, US: Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2015-05-03. Hours later, investigators reveal that he and his 19-year-old younger brother are the marathon bombing suspects.
  9. ↑ "Boston Marathon bombings: Suspects' mother Zubeidat says she found faith, not terrorism". The Star. Toronto. April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Indictment against Boston bombing suspect". CNN. June 27, 2013.
  11. ↑ Murphy, Sean P. (May 6, 2013). "Bullet that nearly killed MBTA police officer in Watertown gunfight appears to have been friendly fire". Boston.com.
  12. ↑ "Five Revelations From Rolling Stone's Boston Bomber Cover Story". Rolling Stone. July 16, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Boston bombing suspect charged". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  14. ↑ Markon, Jerry; Horwitz, Sari; Johnson, Jenna (April 22, 2013). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with using 'weapon of mass destruction'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  15. ↑ Botelho, Greg; Levs, Josh (April 25, 2013). "Boston bombing suspects planned Times Square attack, Bloomberg says". CNN.
  16. ↑ "Boston Marathon Bombers Inspired By Anwar al-Awlaki". Anti-Defamation League.
  17. ↑ O'Neill, Ann (April 8, 2015). "Tsarnaev guilty of all 30 counts in Boston bombing". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  18. ↑ Yuhas, Alan. "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sentenced to death for Boston Marathon bombing – as it happened". The Guardian.
  19. ↑ O'Neill, 1Ann; Cooper, Aaron; Sanchez, Ray (15 May 2015). "Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev gets death". CNN.
  20. ↑ Schuppe, Jon (April 19, 2013). "Brothers' Classic Immigrant Tale Emerges as Relatives Speak Out". NBC NEWS. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 Martin, Phillip (June 6, 2013). "Two Hours With Ruslan Tsarni, the Alleged Boston Marathon Bombers' Uncle". WGBH. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Hunt for Boston Clues Reveals Tangled Caucasus Web". The Moscow Times. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  23. ↑ Mong, Adrienne. "Boston bombing suspects' father 'a good man,' neighbors in Dagestan say". NBC News. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  24. ↑ Balmforth, Tom (April 22, 2013). "'A Clear Setup': The Conspiracy Theory of the Boston Bombing Suspects' Father". The Atlanticl. Makhachkala. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  25. ↑ Cullison, Alan; Sonne, Paul; Troianovski, Anton; George-Cosh, David; 14 contributors (April 22, 2013). "Boston Marathon Bombings: Turn to Religion Split Bomb Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's Home". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Janet Reitman (July 17, 2013). "Jahar's World: He was a charming kid with a bright future. But no one saw the pain he was hiding or the monster he would become". Rolling Stone.
  27. ↑ Keneally, Meghan; Farberov, Snejana (April 20, 2013). "Now, just tell them everything: Father of Boston bomber brothers speaks of his relief that his younger son is captured alive". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Surviving Boston bombing suspect's mother and father to travel to the U.S. to visit their seriously injured son". Daily Mail. London. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  29. ↑ Milmo, Cahal (April 19, 2013). "Boston Marathon bombing: Tamerlan Tsarnaev was a boxer. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a wrestler". The Independent. London. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  30. ↑ Radia, Kirit (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bomb Suspect Alarmed Russian Relatives With Extremist Views". ABC News.
  31. ↑ Kaleem, Jaweed (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspects' Muslim Identity Provides Few Clues To Motivation For Bombing". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  32. ↑ Noronha, Charmaine (April 19, 2013). "Aunt says US suspect recently became devout Muslim". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  33. ↑ Goode, Erica (April 19, 2013). "Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes". New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  34. ↑ "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". CNN. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Finn, Peter (April 19, 2013). "Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal conflict". Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  36. ↑ Sullivan, Eileen (April 19, 2013). "Manhunt in Boston after bombing suspect is killed". Associated Press. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  37. ↑ Perez, Evan; Smith, Jennifer; Shallwani, Pervaiz (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspect Killed in Shootout". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  38. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Cooper, Michael (April 19, 2013). "One Boston Bombing Suspect Is Dead, Second at Large; Area on Lockdown". The New York Times.
  39. 1 2 Carter, Chelsea J.; Botelho, Gregory 'Greg' (April 20, 2013). "'Captured!!!' Boston police announce Marathon bombing suspect in custody". CNN.
  40. ↑ "Agents Pore Over Suspect's Trip to Russia". The New York Times. 29 April 2013.
  41. 1 2 Cullison, Alan; Sonne, Paul; Levitz, Jennifer (April 20, 2013). "Life in America Unraveled for Brothers". Wall Street Journal.
  42. ↑ Mattingly, Phil (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspect Apprehended at Watertown Home". Businessweek. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 Goode, Erica; Kovaleski, Serge F. (April 19, 2013). "Boy at Home in U.S., Swayed by One Who Wasn't". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Tamerlan Tsarnaev got Mass. welfare benefits". Boston Herald. April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Mother of bomb suspects moved toward Islam in U.S". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  46. ↑ Preston, Julia (April 20, 2013). "F.B.I. Interview Led Homeland Security to Hold Up Citizenship for One Brother". New York Times.
  47. ↑ Jared Lucky, "Months Before Marathon Bombing, Suspect Worked as Harvard Lifeguard", Harvard Crimson (April 19, 2013).
  48. 1 2 3 Russell, Jenna; et al. (April 19, 2013). "Two Brothers, Two Paths". The Boston Globe.
  49. ↑ Schuppe, Jon (April 19, 2013). "Brothers' Classic Immigrant Tale Emerges as Relatives Speak Out". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  50. ↑ Esmé E. Deprez & Prashant Gopal (April 19, 2013). "Brothers Suspected in Boston Bombing Straddled Cultures". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  51. ↑ Coffey, Sarah; Wen, Patricia. "Bombing Suspect Attended UMass Dartmouth, Prompting School Closure; College Friend Shocked by Charge He Is Boston Marathon Bomber". Boston.com.
  52. ↑ Matt Stout and Donna Goodison.Dzhokhar Tsarnaev loves pot, wrestling say friends," Boston Herald, April 20, 2013.
  53. 1 2 3 Barney Henderson, "Boston Marathon bombs: suspect captured – April 20 as it happened," The Daily Telegraph, April 20, 2013.
  54. ↑ diBlasio, Natalia (April 19, 2013). "Details emerge on Boston suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev". USA Today. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  55. ↑ Williams, Matt (April 19, 2013). "Boston bombing suspect was 'a lovely, lovely kid'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  56. ↑ Graff, Peter. "Boston suspect's Web page venerates Islam, Chechen independence". MSN. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  57. ↑ "After the marathon bombing: Terrible swift sword". The Economist. April 27, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  58. 1 2 "Two brothers, two paths". The Boston Globe. April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
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  60. ↑ Chappell, Bill. "The Tsarnaev Brothers: What We Know about the Boston Bombing Suspects: The Two-Way". NPR. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  61. ↑ Schworm, Peter (May 4, 2013). "UMass-Dartmouth to establish independent task force to review policies". Boston Globe.
  62. ↑ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's Possible Motive: Anger Over Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan". Vanity Fair.
  63. ↑ "Boston Suspect's Writing on the Wall". consortiumnews.com.
  64. ↑ "Boston suspects: An immigrant journey that went off track". CNN.com. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  65. ↑ Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Had An Ordinary School Day Wednesday, Benjy Sarlin, Talking Points Memo, April 19, 2013
  66. ↑ Yashwant Raj, "Boston Bomber Partied with Friends after Attack", Hindustan Times, April 22, 2013.
  67. ↑ Boston.com, On Allston block where carjacking took place, neighbors say they saw nothing April 26, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  68. ↑ Walker, Adrian. "Carjack victim recounts his harrowing night". Boston. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
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  71. ↑ "Boston Marathon bombers: suspect Dzhozkar Tsarnaev's uncle Ruslan Tsarni pleads 'turn yourself in'". The Telegraph. London, UK. Associated Press. April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  72. ↑ Harding, Ed (April 24, 2013). "Watertown boat owner David Henneberry tells story of finding Boston Marathon suspect". WCVB. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  73. ↑ Brumfield, Ben (April 21, 2013). "In the end, Boston bombing suspect is done in by a flapping tarp". CNN.
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  75. ↑ Allen, Evan (April 23, 2013). "Boston police superintendent recounts officers' long search, tense final confrontation". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  76. ↑ Ngowi, Rodrique. "Officials: Suspect described plot before Miranda". ap.org. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  77. 1 2 Dozier, Kimberley (April 25, 2013). "Officials: Suspect described plot before Miranda". AP/The Big Story. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
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  79. ↑ "Inside Boston manhunt's end game". Ac360. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  80. ↑ "Photo of suspect caught on boat in backyard". CBS News.
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  82. ↑ "Search of Tsarnaevs' phones, computers finds no indication of accomplice, source says". NBC News. April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  83. ↑ "Boston bomb suspects 'planned more attacks'". Al Jazeera. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  84. ↑ Newcomb, Alyssa (April 21, 2012). "Authorities: Boston Bombing Suspect Is Responding to Questions in Writing". ABC News. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
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  87. ↑ Associated Press. "For Boston Marathon Bombing Suspects, Question May Be Who Led Whom". SILive.com. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
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  92. ↑ "Boston bomb suspect in small cell with steel door - CBS News". CBS News.
  93. ↑ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in Solitary at Devens' Segregated Housing Unit - TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime". talkleft.com.
  94. ↑ Ford, Beverly. "Boston Bombing Suspect Spends 23 Hours a Day Alone in Jail Cell". RIA Novosti.
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  96. ↑ "Rolling Stone puts Boston bombing suspect on cover, ignites firestorm". CNN. July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
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  106. ↑ "Suspected bombers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, plot difficult for law enforcement to detect". Bloomberg. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
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  109. ↑ https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2902472/tsarnaev1.0.pdf
  110. ↑ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200/pdf/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200-6.pdf
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  144. ↑ "Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev transferred to Colorado prison". 25 June 2015.
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