Elizabeth Taylor

For other people named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation).

Dame Elizabeth Taylor
DBE

Taylor in 1956
Born Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
(1932-02-27)February 27, 1932
London, England, UK
Died March 23, 2011(2011-03-23) (aged 79)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death Congestive heart failure
Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
Nationality British/American
Occupation Actress
Years active 1942–2001
Religion Christian Science (1932-1959)
Judaism (1959-2011)
Spouse(s)
Children with Michael Wilding:
Michael Wilding Jr. (b. 1953)
Christopher Wilding (b. 1955)
with Mike Todd:
Liza Todd (b. 1957)
adopted with Eddie Fisher, Richard Burton:
Maria Burton (b. 1961)
Parent(s) Francis Lenn Taylor and Sara Sothern
Awards Full list
Website elizabethtaylor.com

Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress, businesswoman and humanitarian. She began as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well known public figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh greatest female screen legend in 1999.

Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and she soon was given a film contract by Universal Pictures. Her screen debut was in a minor role in There's One Born Every Minute (1942), but Universal terminated her contract after a year. Taylor was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and had her breakthrough role in National Velvet (1944), becoming one of the studio's most popular teenage stars. She made the transition to adult roles in the early 1950s, when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride (1950) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the tragic drama A Place in the Sun (1951).

Despite being one of MGM's most bankable stars, Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s, as she resented the studio's control and disliked many of the films she was assigned to. She began receiving better roles in the mid-1950s, beginning with the epic drama Giant (1956), and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years. These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) and Suddenly, Last Summer (1959); Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter. Although she disliked her role in BUtterfield 8 (1960), her last film for MGM, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. She was next paid a record-breaking $1 million to play the title role in the historical epic Cleopatra (1963), the most expensive film made up to that point. During the filming, Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began having an extramarital affair which caused a scandal. Despite public disapproval, she and Burton continued their relationship and were married the first time (his second marriage, her fifth) in 1964. Dubbed "Liz and Dick" by the media, they starred in eleven films together, including The V.I.P.s (1963), The Sandpiper (1965), The Taming of the Shrew (1967) and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf, winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance.

Taylor's acting career began to decline in the late 1960s, although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s, after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband, Senator John Warner. In the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism. She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) in 1985 and The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy. She received several accolades for it, including the Presidential Citizens Medal.

Taylor's personal life was subject to constant media attention throughout her life. She was married eight times to seven men, endured serious illnesses, and led a jet set lifestyle, including amassing one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry. After many years of ill health, Taylor died from congestive heart failure at the age of 79 in 2011.

Early life

Adolescent Taylor with her parents at the Stork Club in New York in 1947

Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27, 1932 at Heathwood, her family's home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb, London.[1] She received dual citizenship at birth, as her parents, art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor (1897–1968) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern (née Sara Viola Warmbrodt, 1895–1994), were United States citizens, both originally from Arkansas City, Kansas.[1][lower-alpha 1] They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street; their first child, a son named Howard, was born the same year.[5]

The Taylors' privileged life in London was little affected by the Great Depression.[6] Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight, and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet.[6] Cazalet was Taylor's unofficial godfather and an important influence in her early life.[6] She was enrolled in Byron House, a Montessori school in Highgate, and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science, the religion of her mother and Cazalet.[7]

The Taylors decided to return to the United States in the spring of 1939 due to the increasingly tense political situation in Europe.[8] American ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy also contacted Francis and encouraged him to return to the U.S. with his family.[9] Sara and the children left first in April 1939, and moved in with Taylor's maternal grandfather in Pasadena, California.[10] Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery and joined them in December.[11] In early 1940, he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles, and after briefly living in Pacific Palisades, the family settled in Beverly Hills, where Taylor and her brother were enrolled in Hawthorne School.[12]

Acting career

Career beginnings (1941–1943)

In Los Angeles, Taylor's mother was frequently told that her "beautiful" daughter should audition for films.[13] Taylor's eyes in particular drew attention; they were blue to the extent of appearing violet, and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes, caused by a genetic mutation.[14][15] Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films, but after the outbreak of war in Europe, began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society.[13] With the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper, a friend of the Cazalets, Francis Taylor's gallery soon gained film industry clients.[16] One of them was the fiancée of Universal Pictures' head executive John Cheever Cowdin, who arranged Taylor to audition for the studio in early 1941.[17] Taylor also received an audition with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer through one of her school friends, whose father was a studio producer.[17]

Taylor as a child

Both studios offered Taylor a contract; while she would have preferred MGM, her mother decided to accept Universal's offer.[17] Taylor began her contract in April 1941, and was soon cast in a small role in There's One Born Every Minute (1942).[17] It was not followed by other roles, reportedly because the studio's casting director disliked her, stating that "the kid has nothing ... her eyes are too old, she doesn't have the face of a child".[17] Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era, such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland,[18] and she herself later explained that "apparently I used to frighten grown ups, because I was totally direct."[19] Universal terminated her contract in March 1942.[17]

Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942, when her father's acquaintance, MGM producer Samuel Marx, arranged her to audition for a minor role requiring an actress with an English accent in Lassie Come Home (1943).[20] The audition led to a three-month "test option" contract, which was upgraded to a standard seven-year contract in January 1943.[21] After Lassie, she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England, Jane Eyre (1943) and The White Cliffs of Dover (1944).[21]

Adolescent star (1944–1949)

Taylor with co-star Mickey Rooney in National Velvet (1944), her first major film role

Taylor was cast in her first starring role at the age of twelve, when she was chosen to play a girl who wants to compete in the exclusively male Grand National in National Velvet (1944).[22] She later called it "the most exciting film" of her career.[23] MGM had been looking for a suitable actress with a British accent and the ability to ride horses since 1937, and chose Taylor at the recommendation of White Cliffs director Clarence Brown, who knew she had the required skills.[22] As she was deemed too short, filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow; she spent the time practising riding.[22] In developing her into a new star, MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth, and had two of her baby teeth pulled out.[22] The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows, and proposed that she use the screen name "Virginia", but Taylor and her parents refused.[19]

National Velvet became a box office success upon its release on Christmas 1944.[22] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that "her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace",[24] while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she "is rapturously beautiful ... I hardly know or care whether she can act or not."[25]

According to Taylor, she had "no real childhood" after becoming a star, as MGM controlled every aspect of her life.[19][26][27] She described the studio as a "big extended factory" where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule:[19] days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot, and evenings in dancing and singing classes and in practising the following day's scenes.[27] Following the success of National Velvet, MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750, and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series, Courage of Lassie (1946).[28] The studio also published a book of Taylor's writings about her pet chipmunk, Nibbles and Me (1946), and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her.[28]

Publicity photograph, c. 1947

When Taylor turned fifteen in 1947, MGM began to cultivate a more mature public image for her by organizing photo shoots and interviews which portrayed her as a "normal" teenager attending parties and going on dates.[29] Film magazines and gossip columnists also began comparing her to older actresses such as Ava Gardner and Lana Turner.[30] Life called her "Hollywood's most accomplished junior actress" for her two film roles that year.[31] In the critically panned Cynthia (1947), she portrayed a frail girl who defies her overprotective parents to go to the prom, and the love interest of a stockbroker's son in the period film Life with Father (1947), opposite William Powell and Irene Dunne.[32][33]

They were followed by supporting roles as a teenage "man-stealer" who seduces her peer's date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy (1948), and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves (1948), which became a commercial success by grossing over $4 million in the box office.[34] Taylor's last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoy's Little Women (1949). While it did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M. Alcott's novel, it was a box office success.[35] The same year, Time featured her on its cover and called her the leader among Hollywood's next generation of stars, "a jewel of great price, a true sapphire".[36]

Transition to adult roles (1950–1951)

Taylor made the transition to adult roles in 1950, the year she turned eighteen. Her first mature role was playing a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy in the thriller Conspirator (1949).[37] Taylor had been only sixteen at the time of its filming, but its release was delayed until March 1950, as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems.[37][38] Taylor's second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover (1950), co-starring Van Johnson.[39] It was released in May, and the same month, Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton, Jr. in a highly publicized ceremony.[40] The event was organized by MGM, and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylor's next film, Vincente Minelli's comedy Father of the Bride (1950), in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding.[40] The film became a box office success upon its release in June, grossing $6 million worldwide, and was followed by a successful sequel, Father's Little Dividend (1951), ten months later.[41]

With Montgomery Clift in A Place in the Sun (1951)

Taylor's next film release, George Stevens' A Place in the Sun (1951), marked a departure from her earlier films. According to Taylor, it was the first film in which she had been asked to act instead of simply being herself,[26] and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet.[42] Based on Theodore Dreiser's novel An American Tragedy (1925), it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker (Montgomery Clift) and his girlfriend (Shelley Winters).[43] Stevens cast Taylor as she was "the only one ... who could create this illusion" of being "not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover, the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry."[44]

A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success, grossing $3 million.[45] Herb Golden of Variety stated that Taylor's "the histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously, that Stevens' skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle"[46] and A.H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives "a shaded, tender performance and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the bathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen."[47]

Continued success at MGM (1952–1955)

Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever (1952).[48] According to Walker, MGM cast her in the "B-picture" as a reprimand for causing a scandal when she divorced Hilton after only nine months of marriage.[48] She was then sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe (1952), one of the most expensive projects in the studio's history.[49] Taylor disliked the film; she thought it superficial and her role as Rebecca too small.[49] Regardless, Ivanhoe became one of MGM's biggest commercial successes, earning $11 million in worldwide rentals.[50] Taylor's last film made under her old contract was The Girl Who Had Everything (1953), a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul (1931).[51] She signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952, after several months of deliberation.[52] Although she wanted more interesting roles, the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding and was pregnant with her first child.[52] In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700, MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house and signed Wilding for a three-year contract.[53] Due to her financial dependency, the studio now had even more control over her than previously.[53]

Taylor and Van Johnson in the romantic drama The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)

Taylor's first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in spring 1954.[54] The first was Rhapsody, a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians. The second was Elephant Walk, a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husband's tea plantation in Ceylon. She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star, Vivien Leigh, fell ill.[55]

In the fall, Taylor starred in two more film releases. Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film, another project in which she was cast against her will.[56] Taylor disliked historical films in general, as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare, and later stated that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell.[56] The second film was Richard Brooks' The Last Time I Saw Paris, based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story. Although she had instead wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Taylor liked the film, and later stated that it "convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts".[57] While it was not as profitable as many other MGM films, it garnered positive reviews.[57] Taylor became pregnant again during the production, and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave.[58]

Critical acclaim (1956–1960)

Taylor and Rock Hudson in Giant (1956)

By the mid-1950s, the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television, which resulted in studios producing fewer films and focusing instead on their quality.[59] The change benefited Taylor, who finally found interesting roles after several years of career disappointments.[59] After lobbying director George Stevens, she won the female lead role in Giant (1956), an epic drama about a ranching dynasty, which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean.[59] Its filming in Marfa, Texas was a difficult experience for Taylor, as she clashed with Stevens, who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct, and was often ill, resulting in delays.[60] To further complicate the production, Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes.[61] When Giant was released a year later, it became a box office success and was widely praised by critics.[59] Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars, Taylor's performance also garnered positive reviews, with Variety calling it "surprisingly clever"[62] and The Guardian lauding it as "an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts" and naming her one of the film's strongest assets.[63]

MGM next reunited Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County (1957), a Civil War drama it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind (1939).[64] Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating, but overall disliked the film.[64] Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned,[65] Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.[66]

Promotional poster for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)

Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the Tennessee Williams adaptation Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) a career "high point", although it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life.[26] After completing Raintree Country, she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd. She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958, when Todd was killed in a plane crash.[67] Although she was devastated, pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later.[68] She later stated that she "in a way ... became Maggie" and that acting "was the only time I could function" in the weeks after Todd's death.[26]

Taylor's personal life drew further public attention during the production when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher, whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds was idealized by the media.[69] The affair and Fisher's subsequent divorce changed Taylor's public image from a grieving widow to a "homewrecker". MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a négligée in the film's promotional posters.[69] Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone and made Taylor the year's second most profitable star.[69] She received positive reviews for her performance, with Crowther of The New York Times calling her "terrific"[70] and Variety praising her for "a well-accented, perceptive interpretation".[71] Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award[66] and a BAFTA.[72]

Taylor in Butterfield 8, drawn by Nicholas Volpe and featured in the Brown Derby's collection of portraits of the winners of 1960 Academy Awards

Taylor's next film, Joseph L. Mankiewicz' Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), was also an adaptation from a Tennessee Williams play, and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn. The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution.[69] Although the film was a drama about mental illness, childhood traumas and homosexuality, it was again promoted with Taylor's sex appeal; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit. The strategy worked, as Suddenly became a financial success.[73] Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination[66] and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance.[69]

By 1959, Taylor owed one more film for MGM, which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 (1960), a drama about a high-class prostitute.[74] The studio correctly calculated that Taylor's public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role.[74] She hated the film for the same reason, but had no choice in the matter, although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role.[74] As predicted, BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success, grossing $18 million in world rentals.[75] Crowther wrote that Taylor "looks like a million dollars, in mink or in negligée",[76] while Variety stated that she gives "a torrid, stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within".[77] Taylor also won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.[75]

Cleopatra and success with Richard Burton (1961–1967)

With Richard Burton as Mark Anthony in Cleopatra (1963)

After completing her MGM contract, Taylor starred in 20th Century-Fox's Cleopatra (1963)—a historical epic which, according to film historian Alexander Doty, made her more famous than ever before.[78] She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role; Fox also granted her ten per cent of the film's profits as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO, a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd.[79] The film's production—characterized by costly sets and costumes, constant delays, and a scandal caused by Taylor's extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton—was closely followed by the media, with Life proclaiming it the "Most Talked About Movie Ever Made".[80] Filming first began in England in 1960, but had to be halted several times due to bad weather and Taylor's ill health.[81] In March 1961, she developed nearly fatal pneumonia, which necessitated a tracheotomy to be performed; one news agency even erroneously reported that she had died.[81] Once she had recovered, Fox discarded the already filmed material and moved the production to Rome, changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton.[82] Filming was finally completed in July 1962.[83] The film's final cost was $62 million, making it the most expensive film made up to that point.[84]

Cleopatra became the biggest box office success of 1963 in the United States, grossing $15.7 million.[85] Regardless, it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs, which drove Fox near to bankruptcy. The studio, which publicly blamed Taylor for the production's troubles, unsuccessfully sued her and Burton for allegedly damaging the film with their behavior.[84] The film's reviews were mixed to negative, with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin, and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars.[86] In retrospect, Taylor called Cleopatra a "low point" in her career and stated that the studio cut out the scenes which provided the "core of the characterization".[26]

In The Sandpiper (1965)

Taylor intended on following Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Fox's black comedy What a Way to Go! (1964), but negotiations fell through, and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead. In the meantime, film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton, and they next starred together in Anthony Asquith's The V.I.P.s (1963), which mirrored the headlines about them.[87] Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover, and Burton her estranged millionaire husband. Released soon after Cleopatra, it became a box office success.[88] Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special, Elizabeth Taylor in London, in which she visited the city's landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers.[89]

After completing The V.I.P.s, Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films, during which she and Burton divorced their spouses and married each other.[90] The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade; Burton once stated that "they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations".[91][92] Walker has compared these films to "illustrated gossip columns", as their film roles often reflected their public personas, while Doty has noted that the majority of Taylor's films during this period seemed to "conform to, and reinforce, the image of an indulgent, raucous, immoral or amoral, and appetitive (in many senses of the word) "Elizabeth Taylor" ".[93] Taylor and Burton's first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minelli's romantic drama The Sandpiper (1965), about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in the Big Sur. Its reviews were largely negative, but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office.[94]

Their next project, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), features the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylor's career.[95] She and Burton starred as Martha and George, a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis. To convincingly play 50-year-old Martha, Taylor gained weight, wore a wig, and used make-up to make herself look old and tired—a stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star.[96] At Taylor's suggestion, theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project, despite his lack of experience with film.[97] The production differed from anything she had done previously, as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming.[98] Woolf was considered groundbreaking for its adult themes and uncensored language, and opened to "glorious" reviews.[99] Variety wrote that Taylor's "characterization is at once sensual, spiteful, cynical, pitiable, loathsome, lustful and tender"[100] and Stanley Kauffman of The New York Times stated that she "does the best work of her career, sustained and urgent".[101] The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year.[102] Taylor received her second Academy Award, a BAFTA, a National Board of Review and a New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance.

In 1966, Taylor and Burton also performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy, a part which required no speaking.[103] Although it received generally negative reviews, Burton produced it into a film, Doctor Faustus (1967), with the same cast.[103] It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office.[104] Taylor and Burton's next project, Franco Zeffirelli's The Taming of the Shrew (1967), which they also co-produced, was more successful.[105] It posed another challenge for Taylor, as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting, as she "invented the part from scratch".[106] Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple, and the film became a box office success by grossing $12 million.[107]

Taylor's third film released in 1967, John Huston's Reflections in a Golden Eye, was her first without Burton since Cleopatra. It was a drama about a repressed homosexual and his unfaithful wife, and was originally slated to co-star Taylor's old friend Montgomery Clift. His career had been in decline for several years due to his substance abuse problems, but Taylor was determined to secure his involvement in the project, even offering to pay for his insurance.[108] However, Clift died from a heart attack before filming began; he was replaced by Marlon Brando.[109] Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release.[110] Taylor and Burton's last film of the year was the Graham Greene adaptation The Comedians, which received mixed reviews and was a box office disappointment.[111]

Career decline (1968–1979)

Taylor in 1971

By the late 1960s, Taylor's career was in decline. She had gained weight and was nearing middle age, and did not fit in with the new generation of stars, such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie.[112] After several years of nearly constant media attention, the public was also tiring of her and Burton, and criticized their jet set lifestyle.[113] In 1968, Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey, Boom! and Secret Ceremony, both of which were critical and commercial failures.[114] The former was based on a Tennessee Williams play, and featured her as an aging, serial-marrying millionaire and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired.[115] The latter was a psychological drama in which Taylor starred opposite Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum.[116] Taylor's third film with George Stevens, The Only Game in Town (1970), in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler, played by Warren Beatty, was yet another failure.[117][118]

The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful. Zee and Co., which portrayed her and Michael Caine as a troubled married couple, won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress. She then appeared with Burton in the Dylan Thomas adaptation Under Milk Wood; although her role was small, its producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame.[119] Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinov's Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out, her tenth collaboration with Burton. Although it was overall not successful,[120] Taylor received some good reviews, with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has "a certain vulgar, ratty charm",[121] and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stating that "the spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population".[122] Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival.[118]

In Divorce His, Divorce Hers (1973), Taylor's last film with Burton

Taylor and Burton's last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His, Divorce Hers (1973), fittingly named as they divorced the following year.[123] Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch (1973), and the American drama Ash Wednesday (1973).[124] For the latter, in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage, she received a Golden Globe nomination.[125] Her only film released in 1974, the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Driver's Seat (1974) was another failure.[126]

Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband, Republican politician John Warner. In 1976, she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird (1976), another critical and box office failure, and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe (1976), and in 1977 sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music (1977).[127]

Stage and television roles; retirement (1980–2007)

Taylor at an event honoring her career in 1981

After a period of semi-retirement from films, Taylor starred in The Mirror Crack'd (1980), adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era, such as Angela Lansbury, Kim Novak, Rock Hudson, and Tony Curtis.[128] Wanting to challenge herself, she then appeared in her first substantial stage role, playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes.[129] Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light as had often been the case in previous productions, Taylor's idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance, explaining "She's a killer, but she's saying 'Sorry fellas, you put me in this position'".[130] The production premiered in May 1981, and had a sold out six-month run despite mixed reviews.[129] Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylor's performance as "Regina Giddens, that malignant Southern bitch-goddess ... begins gingerly, soon gathers steam and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat",[131] while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated that "Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens, as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor. There's some acting in it, as well as some personal display."[132] She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the daytime soap opera General Hospital in November 1981.[133] The following spring, she continued performing The Little Foxes in London's West End, but received largely negative reviews from the British press.[133]

Taylor and Burton in their last collaboration, Private Lives, in 1983; he died the following year.

Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes, Taylor and producer Zev Bufman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company.[133] Its first and only production was a revival of Noël Coward's comedy Private Lives, starring Taylor and Richard Burton.[134][135] It premiered in Boston in spring 1983, and although commercially successful, received generally negative reviews, with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health—Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the play's run ended, and Burton died the following year.[134] After the failure of Private Lives, Taylor dissolved her theater company.[136] Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends.[137]

From the mid-1980s, Taylor acted mostly in television productions. She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984, and played a brothel keeper in the historical miniseries North and South in 1985.[138] She also starred in several television films, playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland (1985), a "fading movie star" in the drama There Must Be a Pony (1986),[139] and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western (1987).[138] She reunited with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini (1988), and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth (1989), her fourth Tennessee Williams play.[138] During this time she also began receiving honorary awards for her career, the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1985,[125] and the Film Society of Lincoln Center's Chaplin Award in 1986.[140]

In the 1990s, Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism. Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1992) and The Simpsons (1992, 1993),[141] and cameos in four CBS series—The Nanny, Can't Hurry Love, Murphy Brown, and High Society—in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance.[142] Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned but commercially very successful The Flintstones (1994), in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role.[143] Taylor received American and British honors for her career: the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993,[144] the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997,[145] and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999.[146] In 2000, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II.[147] After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads (2001) and in the animated sitcom God, the Devil and Bob (2001), Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy.[143][148] She gave one last public performance in 2007, when she and James Earl Jones performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios.[143]

Other ventures

HIV/AIDS activism

"I decided that with my name I could open certain doors, that I was a commodity in myself—and I'm not talking as an actress. I could take the fame I'd resented and tried to get away from for so many years—but you can never get away from it—and use it to do some good. I wanted to retire, but the tabloids wouldn't let me. So I thought, If you're going to screw me over, I'll use you."[149]

—Taylor on her decision to become a HIV/AIDS activist

Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism, helping to raise more than $270 million for the cause during her lifetime.[150] She began her philanthropic work in 1984, after becoming frustrated with the disease being widely discussed, but "nobody was doing anything about it".[151] She began by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles.[149][152] In August 1985, she and Dr. Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease.[149][152] The following month, the foundation merged with Dr. Mathilde Krim's AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR).[153][154] As amfAR focuses on funding research, Taylor founded The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation (ETAF) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS, paying for its overhead costs herself.[149][152][155] Her trust continues to do so, and 25% of her image and likeness royalties are donated to ETAF.[155] In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States, Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfAR's operations to other countries; ETAF also operates internationally.[149]

Taylor testified before the Senate and Congress for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986, 1990 and 1992.[154][156] She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987, and publicly criticized presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease.[149][152] Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington, D.C., and The Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles.[154] In 2015, Taylor's business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal "underground network" that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s, when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them.[157] The claim was challenged by several people, including amfAR's former vice-president for development and external affairs, Taylor's former publicist, and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s.[158]

Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work. She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, the Screen Actors' Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997, the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001.[154]

Taylor promoting her first fragrance, Passion, in 1987

Fragrance and jewelry brands

Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances.[159][160] In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden, Inc., she began by launching two best-selling perfumes, Passion in 1987 and White Diamonds in 1991.[159] Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the eleven fragrances marketed in her name.[159] According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger, she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career,[143] and upon her death, the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that majority of her estimated $600 million–$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances.[159] In 2005, Taylor also founded a jewelry company, House of Taylor, in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov.[161]

Personal life

Marriages, relationships, and children

Taylor's relationships were subject to intense media attention throughout her adult life, as exemplified by a 1955 issue of gossip magazine Confidential.

Taylor's personal life and especially her eight marriages drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval throughout her adult life. According to Walker, "whether she liked it or not ... marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [when she was sixteen]".[162] MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948, and the following year she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr., son of U.S. ambassador William D. Pawley.[163] Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her, and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife.[164] Taylor declined the offer, but was otherwise eager to marry young, as her "rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs" made her believe that "love was synonymous with marriage".[26] Taylor later described herself as being "emotionally immature" during this time due to her sheltered childhood, and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage.[26]

Taylor was eighteen when she married Conrad "Nicky" Hilton Jr., heir to the Hilton Hotels chain, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6, 1950.[165] MGM organized the large and expensive wedding, which became a major media event.[165] In the weeks after their wedding, Taylor realised that she had made a mistake; not only did she and Hilton have few common interests, but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker.[166] She was granted a divorce in January 1951, eight months after their wedding.[167]

Taylor's second husband was British actor Michael Wilding, 20 years her senior, whom she married in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21, 1952.[168] She had first met him while filming The Conspirator in England in 1948, and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951.[169] Taylor found their age gap appealing as she wanted "the calm and quiet and security of friendship" from their relationship;[26] he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood.[170] They had two sons, Michael Howard (born January 6, 1953) and Christopher Edward (born February 27, 1955).[171] As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself, she began to drift apart from Wilding, whose failing career was also a source of marital strife.[172] When she was away filming Giant in 1955, gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home.[173] Taylor and Wilding announced separation in July 1956, and were divorced in January 1957.

Taylor with her third husband Mike Todd and her three children in 1957

Taylor married her third husband, theater and film producer Mike Todd, in Acapulco, Mexico on February 2, 1957.[174] They had one daughter, Elizabeth "Liza" Frances (born August 6, 1957).[175] Todd, known for publicity stunts, encouraged the media attention to their marriage; for example, in June 1957, he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden, which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS.[176] His death in a plane crash on March 22, 1958 left Taylor devastated.[177] She was comforted by her and Todd's friend, singer Eddie Fisher, with whom she soon began an affair.[178] As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds, the affair resulted in a public scandal, with Taylor being branded a "homewrecker".[178] Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12, 1959; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief.[178][26]

While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962, Taylor began an affair with her co-star, Welsh actor Richard Burton, although both of them were married. Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia.[179] According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore, the publication of the photograph was a "turning point", beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images.[180] The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for "erotic vagrancy" by the Vatican, with calls also in the U.S. Congress to bar them from re-entering the country.[181] Taylor was granted divorce from Fisher on March 6, 1964 in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico and married Burton nine days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal.[182] Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton (born August 1, 1961), a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher.[183][184]

Taylor and Burton with Lucille Ball in the sitcom Here's Lucy, 1974

Dubbed "Liz and Dick" by the media, Taylor and Burton starred together in eleven films and led a jet set lifestyle, spending millions on "furs, diamonds, paintings, designer clothes, travel, food, liquor, a yacht, and a jet".[91] Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they "became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess. From reports of massive spending ... affairs, and even an open marriage, the couple came to represent a new era of 'gotcha' celebrity coverage, where the more personal the story, the better."[185] They divorced for the first time in June 1974, but reconciled and remarried in Kasane, Botswana on October 10, 1975.[186] The second marriage lasted less than a year, ending in divorce in July 1976.[187] Taylor and Burton's relationship was often referred to as the "marriage of the century" by the media, and she later stated that "after Richard, the men in my life were just there to hold the coat, to open the door. All the men after Richard were really just company."[188] Soon after her final divorce from Burton, Taylor met her sixth husband, John Warner, a Republican politician from Virginia.[189] They were married on December 4, 1976, after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign.[189] Once Warner had been elected to the Senate, she started to find her life as a politician's wife in Washington D.C. boring and lonely, becoming depressed, overweight and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol.[189] Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981, and divorced a year later in November 1982.[190]

After the divorce from Warner, Taylor was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983–1984[191] and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985.[192] She met her seventh and last husband, construction worker Larry Fortensky, at the Betty Ford Center in 1988.[193] They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her longtime friend Michael Jackson on October 6, 1991.[150] The wedding was again subject to intense media attention, with one photographer parachuting to the ranch[150] and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million, which she used to start her AIDS foundation.[154] Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996.[194]

Conversion to Judaism and support for Israeli causes

Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist, but converted to Judaism in 1959, taking the Hebrew name Elisheba Rachel.[195] Although two of her husbands—Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher—were Jewish, Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them, but had wanted to do so "for a long time"[196] and that there was "comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [has] survived for four thousand years ... I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life."[197] Walker believes that Taylor was influenced in her decision by Victor Cazalet and her mother, who were active supporters of Zionism in her childhood.[198]

Following her conversion, Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes.[199][200] In 1959, she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli Bonds, which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa.[201][200] She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962, but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country.[199] In addition to purchasing bonds, Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund[199] and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center in the 1980s.[202] She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel, canceled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War, and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975.[199] In 1976, she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking.[199] She had a small role in the television film made about the incident, Victory at Entebbe (1976), and narrated Genocide (1981), an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust.[202]

Style and jewelry collection

Taylor in a studio publicity photo in 1953

Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style.[203][204][205] At MGM, her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head,[206] and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff.[204][207] Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun (1951), a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 (1960).[203][204][205] Her make-up look in Cleopatra (1963) started a trend for "cat-eye" make-up done with black eyeliner.[208]

Taylor collected jewelry through her life, and owned several notable pieces, such as the 33.19-carat (6.638 g) Krupp Diamond, the 69.42-carat (13.884 g) Taylor-Burton Diamond and the 50-carat (10 g) La Peregrina Pearl, formerly owned by Mary I of England—all three were gifts from husband Richard Burton.[209] She also published a book about her collection, My Love Affair with Jewelry, in 2002.[204][210] Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani[206][211] and Halston.[204][212] She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1997.[213] After her death, her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christie's to benefit her AIDS foundation, ETAF. The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million,[214] and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million.[215]

Health problems and death

Taylor's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the days following her death in 2011

Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life.[150] She was born with scoliosis[216] and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944.[22] The fracture went undetected for several years, although it caused her chronic back problems.[22] In 1956, she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone.[217] Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries, which often necessitated surgery; in 1961, she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia which necessitated a tracheotomy.[218]

In addition, she was addicted to alcohol and prescription medications. She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984, becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic.[219] She relapsed later in the decade and entered rehab again in 1988.[220] Taylor also struggled with her weight; she became overweight during her marriage to senator John Warner and published a diet book about her experiences, Elizabeth Takes Off (1988).[221][222] Taylor was a heavy smoker until a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990.[223]

Taylor's health declined increasingly in the last two decades of her life, and she rarely attended public events in the 2000s.[216][lower-alpha 2] She used a wheelchair due to her back problems and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004.[224][225] She died of the illness aged 79, on March 23, 2011 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, after being hospitalized six weeks earlier.[226] Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. It was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler, and at Taylor's request began 15 minutes behind schedule, as according to her representative, "she even wanted to be late for her own funeral".[227] She is entombed in the cemetery's Great Mausoleum.[228]

Legacy

"More than anyone else I can think of, Elizabeth Taylor represents the complete movie phenomenon — what movies are as an art and an industry, and what they have meant to those of us who have grown up watching them in the dark ... Like movies themselves, she's grown up with us, as we have with her. She's someone whose entire life has been played in a series of settings forever denied the fourth wall. Elizabeth Taylor is the most important character she's ever played."[229]

—Vincent Canby of The New York Times in 1986

Taylor was both one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema,[230][231] and one of the first modern celebrities.[232][233][234][235][236] During the era of the studio system, she exemplified the classic film star; portrayed as different from "ordinary" people, and with a public image carefully crafted and controlled by MGM.[237] When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture, Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity, whose real private life was the focus of public interest.[238][232][239] According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post, "more than for any film role, she became famous for being famous, setting a media template for later generations of entertainers, models and all variety of semi-somebodies."[240]

Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career, Taylor's film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics;[23][241] according to film historian Jeanine Basinger, "No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor ... Her persona ate her alive."[240] Her film roles often mirrored her personal life, and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself rather than acting.[232][240][242] In contrast, Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that "the range of [Taylor's] acting was surprisingly wide", despite the fact that she never received any professional training.[23] Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her "an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot—sultry and queenly at the same time" and "a shrewd, intelligent, intuitive acting presence in her later years".[243] David Thomson stated that "she had the range, nerve and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before—and like Davis, Taylor was monster and empress, sweetheart and scold, idiot and wise woman."[244] Three films in which she starred, National Velvet, Giant and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? have been preserved in the National Film Registry, and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema.

Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society. Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a "pre-feminist woman" who "wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy. Through stars like Taylor, we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah, Salome, and Helen of Troy."[245] In contrast, cultural critic M.G. Lord calls Taylor an "accidental feminist", stating that while she did not identify as a feminist, many of her films had feminist themes and "introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas".[246][lower-alpha 3] Similarly, Ben W. Heineman Jr. and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant "dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities".[247]

Taylor is considered a gay icon and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism.[240][248][249][250] After her death, GLAAD issued a statement saying that she "was an icon not only in Hollywood, but in the LGBT community where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve",[248] and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her "the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS".[251] According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian, she was "a new type of gay icon, one whose position is based not on tragedy but on her work for the LGBTQ community".[252] Speaking of her charity work, former President Bill Clinton said at her death, "Elizabeth's legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired."[253]

Filmography

Notes

  1. ↑ In October 1965, as her then-husband Richard Burton was British, she signed an oath of renunciation at the U.S. Embassy in Paris, but with the phrase "abjure all allegiance and fidelity to the United States" struck out. U.S. State Department officials declared that her renunciation was invalid due to the alteration and Taylor signed another oath, this time without alteration, in October 1966.[2] She applied for restoration of U.S. citizenship in 1977, during then-husband John Warner's Senate campaign, stating she planned to remain in America for the rest of her life.[3][4]
  2. ↑ Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000,[152] underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s,[150] underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997,[150] and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002.[216]
  3. ↑ For example, National Velvet (1944) was about a girl attempting to compete in the Grand National despite gender discrimination; A Place in the Sun (1951) is "a cautionary tale from a time before women had ready access to birth control"; her character in BUtterfield 8 (1960) is shown in control of her sexuality; Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) "depicts the anguish that befalls a woman when the only way she can express herself is through her husband's stalled career and children".[246]

References

  1. 1 2 Walker 1990, pp. 3–10.
  2. ↑ Boyce, Richard (April 14, 1967). "Liz Taylor Renounces U.S. Citizenship". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Liz Taylor Applies To Be U.S. Citizen". Toledo Blade. February 19, 1978. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  4. ↑ Wilson, Earl (June 15, 1977). "Will Liz Taylor be our First Lady?". St. Joseph Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  5. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 61; Walker 1990, pp. 3–11.
  6. 1 2 3 Walker 1990, pp. 11–19.
  7. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 3, 11–19, 20–23.
  8. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 22–26.
  9. ↑ Heymann 1995, p. 14.
  10. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 22–28; Heymann 1995, p. 27.
  11. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 22–28.
  12. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 27–34.
  13. 1 2 Walker 1990, pp. 27–30.
  14. ↑ Palmer, Roxanne (March 25, 2005). "Elizabeth Taylor: Beautiful Mutant". Slate. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  15. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 9.
  16. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 27–31.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Walker 1990, pp. 27–37.
  18. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 32.
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  21. 1 2 Walker 1990, pp. 38–41.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Walker 1990, pp. 40–47.
  23. 1 2 3 Gussow, Mel (March 23, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor, 1932–2011: A Lustrous Pinnacle of Hollywood Glamour". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  24. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (December 15, 1944). "Movie Review: National Velvet (1944)". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  25. ↑ Agee, James (March 24, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor in National Velvet". The Nation. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Meryman, Richard (December 18, 1964). "I refuse to cure my public image". Life. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
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  41. ↑ Curtis 2011, pp. 599–609.
  42. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 96–97.
  43. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 91.
  44. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 92; Moss 2004, p. 159.
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  72. ↑ "Film: Foreign Actress in 1959". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
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  88. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 264.
  89. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 74–75.
  90. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 112.
  91. 1 2 Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 193.
  92. ↑ Bateman, Christopher (June 1, 2010). "Liz and Dick: The Ultimate Celebrity Couple". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
  93. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 294; Doty 2012, p. 51.
  94. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 116–118.
  95. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 142, 151–152; Walker 1990, p. 286.
  96. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 136–137; Walker 1990, pp. 281–282.
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  98. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 141.
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  116. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 242–243, 246.
  117. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 287.
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  121. ↑ Canby, Vincent (May 25, 1972). "Hammersmith is Out (1972)". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  122. ↑ Ebert, Roger (May 26, 1972). "Hammersmith is Out (1972)". Roger Ebert (originally published in the Chicago Sun-Times). Retrieved November 7, 2015.
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  128. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 435.
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  130. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 349.
  131. ↑ Rich, Frank (May 8, 1981). "Stage: The Misses Taylor and Stapleton in 'Foxes'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  132. ↑ Ng, David (March 23, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor remembered: Always a star, even on the stage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
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  134. 1 2 Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 413–425; Walker 1990, pp. 347–362.
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  140. ↑ "Chaplin Award Gala". Film Society of Lincoln Center. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
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  142. ↑ Shales, Tom (February 28, 1996). "CBS Follows the Scent of Missing Pearls". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
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  153. ↑ "Introduction and History". amfAR. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
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  163. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 75–88.
  164. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 81–82.
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  167. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 120–125.
  168. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 139.
  169. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 131–133.
  170. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 136.
  171. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 148, 160.
  172. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 160–165.
  173. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 164–165.
  174. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 178–180.
  175. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 186.
  176. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 5–6; Walker 1990, p. 188.
  177. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 5–6; Walker 1990, pp. 193–202.
  178. 1 2 3 Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 7–9; Walker 1990, pp. 201–210.
  179. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 27–34; Sternheimer 2015, p. 174.
  180. ↑ Sternheimer 2015, p. 174.
  181. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, p. 36.
  182. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 99–100.
  183. ↑ Sheila Marikar (March 28, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor's Unseen Role: Mother". ABC News. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  184. ↑ "Q&A: An update on Elizabeth Taylor's four children". St. Petersburg Times. January 12, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  185. ↑ Sternheimer 2015, pp. 200–201.
  186. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 376, 391–394.
  187. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 384–385, 406.
  188. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. vii for press; 437 for quote.
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  196. ↑ Oyster, Marcy (March 23, 2011). "Actress Elizabeth Taylor Dies". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  197. ↑ Heymann 1995, p. 195.
  198. ↑ Walker 1990, p. 14.
  199. 1 2 3 4 5 Eden, Ami (March 23, 2011). "In the JTA Archive: Liz Taylor says trade me for Entebbe hostages". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  200. 1 2 Burstein, Nathan (March 25, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor and Israel, a lasting love". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  201. ↑ Kelley 1981, p. 134.
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  203. 1 2 Horyn, Cathy (March 23, 2011). "An Alluring Beauty Exempt From Fashion's Rules". The New York Times.
  204. 1 2 3 4 5 Vesilind, Emili (March 23, 2011). "As a fashion icon, Elizabeth Taylor could turn simple into sexy, elegance into excess". Los Angeles Times.
  205. 1 2 Fox, Imogen (March 23, 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor: style icon". The Guardian.
  206. 1 2 Cosgrave, Bronwyn (March 24, 2011). "End of an Era". Vogue.
  207. ↑ "RELEASE: THE ICON AND HER HAUTE COUTURE -THE COLLECTION OF ELIZABETH TAYLOR". Christie's. September 20, 2011.
  208. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 135–136.
  209. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 237–238 for Krupp diamond; 258–259 for La Peregrina; 275–276 for Taylor–Burton diamond.
  210. ↑ "Elizabeth Taylor: A Life in Jewels". Vanity Fair. November 23, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  211. ↑ "Elizabeth Taylor". Valentino Garavani Museum. March 24, 2011.
  212. ↑ Wohlfert, Lee (June 20, 1977). "Cover Story: Dressing the Stars". People.
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  218. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 12–14, 129, 142, 160, 244–245, 253–254, 295–296.
  219. ↑ Kashner & Schoenberger 2010, pp. 424–425.
  220. ↑ Walker 1990, pp. 366–368.
  221. ↑ Tanabe, Karin (March 24, 2011). "ELIZABETH TAYLOR'S WASHINGTON LIFE". Politico. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
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  239. ↑ Sweeney, Tanya (June 8, 2014). "Cult of celebrity spreads: The velvet rope revolution". Irish Independent. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
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