Energy in California

California's peak electricity demand occurred on July 24, 2006, at 2:44 pm, 50,270 Megawatts. Since then measures to reduce peak load have resulted in decreased peak demand. In 2011, the peak load was 45,545 MW, on September 7.[1] By 2020 California is required to obtain at least 33% of its electricity from renewable resources, and 50% by 2030, excluding large hydro.[2] Bill 2514 directed the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to adopt an energy storage program and procurement target.[3] As a result, the CPUC established an energy storage target of 1,325 MW by 2020.[4]

Electricity system data

As of 2014, 33.0% of electricity was imported, and of that, 45.4% was of unspecified origin.

Energy mix: Total Electricity Source Percentages[5]
YearWindSolarSmall hydroGeothermalBiomassLarge hydroCoalNuclearNatural gasUnspecifiedRenewables
20115.1%0.43%2.2%4.7%2.2%13.4%8.4%15.7%36.5%11.5%14.5%
20126.3%0.9%1.5%4.4%2.3%8.3%7.5%9.0%43.4%16.4%15.4%
20138.55%1.82%1.29%4.45%2.67%7.76%7.82%8.84%44.31%12.49%18.77%
20148.1%4.2%0.9%4.4%2.5%5.5%6.4%8.5%44.5%15.0%20.1%
2015 8.2% 6% 0.9% 4.4% 2.6% 5.4% 6% 9.2% 44% 13.5% 21.9%

Total Electricity Source Percentages, 2014

  Wind (8.2%)
  Solar (6%)
  Geothermal (4.4%)
  Biomass (2.6%)
  Hydro (6.3%)
  Coal (6%)
  Nuclear (9.5%)
  Unspecified (13.5%)
  Natural gas (44%)
In-State Electricity Source Percentages[5]
YearWindSolarSmall hydroGeothermalBiomassLarge hydroCoalNuclearNatural gas
20113.8%0.53%3.1%6.3%2.9%18.3%1.6%18.3%45.3%
20124.6%0.9%2.1%6.4%3.0%11.7%0.8%9.3%61.1%
20136.35%2.15%1.67%6.25%3.21%10.39%0.51%8.94%60.5%
20146.5%5.3%1.2%6.1%3.4%7.1%0.5%8.6%61.3%
2015 6.2% 7.7% 1.2% 6.1% 3.2% 5.9% 0.3% 9.5% 59.9%
In-State Electricity Production, in GWh[6]
YearWindSolarHydroGeothermal/BiomassCoalNuclearNatural gas
201512.212.613.920.3-18.5103

Electricity

Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California.

Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of State electricity generation. California is one of the largest hydroelectric power producers in the United States, and with adequate rainfall, hydroelectric power typically accounts for close to one-fifth of State electricity generation. Due to strict emission laws, only a few small coal-fired power plants operate in California.

California leads the nation in electricity generation from non-hydroelectric renewable energy sources, including geothermal power, wind power, and solar power. California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[7]

California’s single remaining operational nuclear power plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, accounts for less than one-tenth of total generation. California used to have multiple other nuclear power plants, including the Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, the Vallecitos Nuclear Center,[8] and the Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant,[9] in addition to various other smaller experimental or prototype reactors which intermittently supplied power to the grid, such as the Sodium Reactor Experiment. However all of these reactors have been shut down due to both economic[10] and social[11] factors. Currently, the owner of the Diablo Canyon plant, Pacific Gas & Electric, has plans to shut down the two reactors at the site in 2025.[12] This lost generation will be made up with renewables.

Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world.[13] Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64-MW generating capacity, located near Boulder City, NV.[14] There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert. An additional 392 megawatts of solar-derived electricity is expected to be added by the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility by the year 2013.[15]

A facility known as “The Geysers,” located in the Mayacamas Mountains north of San Francisco, is the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world, with more than 750 megawatts of installed capacity. The Alta-Oak Creek Mojave wind project is an approved 800 MW wind farm proposal which would include up to 320 wind turbines in the mountains between Tehachapi and Mojave. Kern County is reviewing a number of other proposed wind projects that would generate a combined 4,600 megawatts of clean energy if approved.[16]

Due to high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[17]

Although California's population increased by 13% during the 1990s, the state did not build any new major power plants during that time, although existing in-state power plants were expanded and power output was increased nearly 30% from 1990 to 2001.

In 2016, CPUC announced new rules for connecting coming generation sources to grid. Connection costs must be estimated by the utility, and the developer is limited to paying within ±25% change of the estimate. CPUC expects the rules to lower overall costs for ratepayers.[18][19][20] California requires 1.8 GW of utility storage[21] and studies long duration bulk energy storage. The state allocates US$83 million per year during 2017-2019 for behind-the-meter storage.[22]

Resources and consumption

California’s crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in six geological basins in the Central Valley and along the coast. California has more than a dozen of the United States' largest oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the second largest oil field in the contiguous United States. California’s hydroelectric power potential ranks second in the United States (behind Washington State), and substantial geothermal and wind power resources are found along the coastal mountain ranges and the eastern border with Nevada. High solar power potential is found in southeastern California’s deserts.

California is the most populous state in the nation, but its total energy demand is second to the state of Texas. The state has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption rates in the country due in part to the relatively mild weather comparative to the rest of the nation.[23]

Petroleum

California’s crude oil output accounts for more than one-tenth of total U.S. production. Drilling operations are concentrated primarily in Kern County and the Los Angeles basin. Although there is also substantial offshore oil and gas production, there is a permanent moratorium on new offshore oil and gas leasing in California waters and a deferral of leasing in Federal waters.

California ranks third in the United States in petroleum refining capacity and accounts for more than one-tenth of total U.S. capacity. In addition to oil from California, California’s refineries process crude oil from Alaska and foreign suppliers. The refineries are configured to produce cleaner fuels, including reformulated motor gasoline and low-sulfur diesel, to meet strict Federal and State environmental regulations.

Most California motorists are required to use a special motor gasoline blend called California Clean Burning Gasoline (CA CBG). By 2004, California completed a transition from methyl tertiary butyl-ether (MTBE) to ethanol as a gasoline oxygenate additive, making California the largest ethanol fuel market in the United States. There are four ethanol production plants in central and southern California, but most of California’s ethanol supply is transported from other states or abroad.

Natural gas

California natural gas production typically is less than 2 percent of total annual U.S. production and satisfies less than one-sixth of state demand.[24][25] California receives most of its natural gas by pipeline from production regions in the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and western Canada.[25]

Sustainable energy

California has led the United States from 2010 to 2013 with its sustainable energy plans (also known as "clean energy"), with Clean Edge's Clean Energy Index for 2013 rating it at 91.7, with the second ranked state being Massachusetts, at 77.8, and Mississippi the lowest at 4.2. California is the only state with extensive deployment of wind, solar, and geothermal energy. California's venture capital investments in sustainable energy are greater than the other 49 states combined, at $2.2 billion in 2012.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ California ISO Peak Load History
  2. ↑ "California ISO - Clean, green grid".
  3. ↑ http://www.energy.ca.gov/assessments/ab2514_energy_storage.html
  4. ↑ http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/energystorage/tour/
  5. 1 2 "Total Electricity System Power". California Energy Commission. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  6. ↑ 2016 State of the Interconnection page 23. WECC, 2016. Archive
  7. ↑ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters, December 17, 2009.
  8. ↑ SchdyInventTech (15 January 2013). "Vallecitos Boiling Water Reactor - 1958" – via YouTube.
  9. ↑ "NRC: Humboldt Bay".
  10. ↑ "SCE Publishes 3,200 Pages of Documentation on Faulty SONGS Steam Generators - News - Nuclear Power News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Plant News, Jobs, and Careers".
  11. ↑ "Voters, in a First, Shut Down Nuclear Reactor". The New York Times. 8 June 1989.
  12. ↑ "PG&E To Close Diablo Canyon In 2025 - News - Nuclear Power News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Plant News, Jobs, and Careers".
  13. ↑ SunLab (1998).Solar Trough Systems Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  14. ↑ Utility-Scale Solar Plant Goes Online in Nevada Environment News Service, June 4, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  15. ↑ Sacrificing the desert to save the Earth LA Times February 5, 2012.
  16. ↑ California's largest wind power projects has been approved by Kern County 17 December 2009.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑ "New California Interconnection Ruling Increases Transparency and Limits Costs". Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "How California Created a New System for Determining the Costs of Grid Connection". Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  20. ↑ http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M164/K376/164376491.pdf
  21. ↑ "AB-2868 Energy storage. (2015-2016)". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  22. ↑ California Ramps Up Energy Storage Plans with Enactment of Four New Bills September 28, 2016
  23. ↑ "California, State Energy Profile". Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  24. ↑ "Natural Gas Annual 2006" (PDF). US Department of Energy. October 2007. pp. 1, 70. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  25. 1 2 "Overview of Natural Gas in California". Energy Almanac. California Energy Commission. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  26. ↑ "California: "Epicenter of the US CleanTech Market"".

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/29/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.