Escors
House of Escors | |
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Country |
Kingdom of Navarre Kingdom of France |
Parent house | House of Escors / Escorz |
Titles |
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Founded | 9th century |
Ethnicity | Aquitaine, Basque-Navarrese, French, Spanish |
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Escors, Escorz or de Cors, is a family name of French-Navarrese origin belonging to an ancient lineage of the nobility of the Kingdoms of Navarre[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and France,[4][5][14][15][16][17] whose coat of arms are recorded in the "Code of Flags of the Hispanic community",[8][18] the "Basque Onomastic and Heraldic Dictionary",[19] the "Basque-Navarrese Ancestral Houses",[20] and in the "Armorial Général de France".[21][22] Escors, Escorz and Eskorz were simultaneously used at least since the 13th century.[23][24][25][26][27] Etymologically, "Escors" derived from the classic Latin word "Cohors-Cohortis" in its vulgar Latin form "Cors-Cortis" (Cohort, Corps ). The family name "Cors" (de Cors/de Corz/des Cors) permanently incorporated the Occitan medieval demonstrative article "Es-" between the 10th and 12th centuries (Es-Cors/ Es-Corz).[28][29][30] Other important typographic forms of this surname found in Champagne and Navarre since the 14th century are Escorsi, Escorssi, Escorçi and Escorçy (or "d'Escourçy", "de Corçy", "d'Estorçy")
This family originated in Aquitaine, France and one of the oldest members was the Abbot of Saint-Savin-En-Lavedan (940-946), Bernard I d'Escors.[31][32][33] This family served as an elite military corps of the House of Champagne[3][21][24] as Crusaders,[3] Knights of the Order of the Temple[1] and Order of Hospitallers.[2] The Escors arrived in Navarre in 1234 together with the Counts of Champagne, when they inherited the throne of Navarre.[24] They formed Ancestral House at the village of Maya (Amaiur in euskera) in the Baztan Valley (Navarre), Noble District of the Kingdom of Navarre and judicial district of Pamplona.[20][34][35][36] The family's coat of arms incorporated the "Bell", which is the Emblem of the Villa of Maya.
The Escors family represented the Kings of Navarre from the 13th to the 15th century and exerted military, governmental and financial functions.[25][37][38][39][40][41][42] Members of this family were possibly ancestors of among others the Tudor, Bourbon and Stuart dynasties,[3][43][44][45][46] and the Navarrese composer Pablo Martín Melitón Sarasate.[47][48]
The Escors family was closely related to other Baztanese houses of importance such as Borda, Maya, Echenique, Uharrichena (Oharrichena/Ocharrichena), Baztan and Goyeneche from the 15th to the 18th centuries,[36][49] and to French families (Ségur and the Counts of Bourg).[50] Nevertheless, this family continued to serve the French Royal family from the 15th to the 18th centuries.[51][52]
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12th and 13th centuries
During the 12th and 13th centuries, European countries were involved in the Crusades for the recovery of the Holy Land.
The Escors family participated in the Crusades organised by France during the 13th century.[3][53] This family possesses a military coat of arms which incorporates the Sotuer (Saint Andrew's Cross or Saltire), two black Ermines and two gold Bezantées.[19] The gold Bezantées were adopted by those who participated in military interventions in the Byzantine Empire. They were related to the House of Champagne,[21][25][37] the House of Ségur (with whom they united by marriage in 1281),[54] Borda (La Borde/de Borda), and Neuilly.[3] Gilbert d'Escors (see "prominent members") was granted lands held in Barony in the Principality of Achaea.[3][53]
The Escors family continued their strong ties with France and remained loyal to Navarrese-French Royal Houses. Members of this lineage (see "prominent members", Gofredo d'Escors) governed regions at the frontier with Castile and Aragón in representation of the Royal Houses of Champagne and Capet.[25][37]
![](../I/m/lossy-page1-400px-Carta_Rey_de_Navarra.tif.jpg)
16th century
The 16th century was a time of political and religious unrest in Europe. Castille and Aragón speedily conquered the Kingdom of Navarre in 1512, led by the second Duke of Alba under the orders of Ferdinand II of Aragon.[55] After the invasion, Spain controlled the Iberian part while the Northern part (Lower Navarre) was controlled by French-Navarrese Royal Dynasties. Henry II of Navarre, descendent of the House of Albret, tried to re-unify the Kingdom of Navarre. However, Navarre was permanently divided after the Battle of the Castle of Maya (1521–1522), which took place in the ancestral home of the House of Escors.[56][57] During the 16th century, a direct confrontation between Protestants and Catholics led to the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). This religious tension was taken advantage of by the Duke Henry of Guise in an attempt to obtain the throne of France. To achieve this, he formed an alliance with Phillip II and Pope Sixtus V called the Catholic League.[58]
The Escors family remained faithful to Henry II of Navarre during the Spanish attacks that culminated with the destruction of the Castle of Maya (1521-1522).[55][56][57] This ended all hope of re-unification of Navarre. The family lost properties during the ensuing partition. The correspondence (1580-1585) between Henry III of Navarre (Henry IV of France and Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy indicates that the Escors family was involved in negotiations between Henry, the Duke and Philip II of Spain over the return of their properties (see fragment of the letter). This correspondence occurred during the negotiations to end the war between France and Spain and for the release of the Lords François de la Noue and La Turenne from Spanish custody. .[59]
18th - 19th centuries
As with the other Navarrese Noble Houses such as Goyeneche, they supported Philip of Anjou (Philip V of Spain) during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1703). This resulted in unconditional support from Phillip V to the Navarrese Nobility, tax exemptions and other privileges.[60]
As a consequence of the French Revolution (1789-1799), the defeat of the Spanish Army by the French in the Battle of the Baztan Valley (1794) and the French invasion during the Spanish Independence War (1808–14), the Escors family moved to the provinces of Lerida and Gerona, Spain.[61][62] During this time of conflict, other branches emigrated abroad to Austria[6] and the United Kingdom where this lineage ended in 1970.[63] The French invasion during the Spanish Independence War was detrimental for their relatives, the House of Borda, whose Palace was occupied by French troops. This resulted in the Borda family going broke, and its lineage disappeared from Navarre without direct descendants.[49] Most likely, something similar took place with the Escors family, with the difference that one branch appeared in Gerona, possibly as refugees.[61]
The few surviving members of the Escors family arrived to Cádiz at the end of the 18th century.[62][64]
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Surviving branches
As of 2012 approximately 50 members of this family remain, principally distributed in the Spanish provinces of Cádiz, Seville and Navarre, all direct descendants of the republican major of Arcos de la Frontera (Cádiz) Don Andres Escors Garrucho (See prominent members).[64]
In Spain, fewer than 5 individuals carry the Escorz or Eskorz family name.[65] Some survivors live in México, possibly descendants of Don Manuel Antonio De Escorz, who was the treasurer of a military expedition at the frontier of Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1774.[66]
The "House of Escors" (Casa Escortzea in euskera, built in 1610), and the Palaces Borda, Arrechea, Echenique and Goyeneche still remain in Navarre,[67] as well as the remains of the Templar's properties in Vaour and Penne.
Prominent members
Bernard I d'Escors
Bernard I d'Escors, the first documented member of this family, was an abbot of Saint Savin-en Lavedan's Abbey. The Abbey of Saint Savin-en-Lavedan is a benedictine monastery built during Charlemange's conquests in the South of France, in the County of Bigorre (Duchy of Aquitaine). It is still present in Saint Savin-en-Lavedan after a major restoration that took place in 1855. It is unclear whether Bernard I d'Escors was the first Abbot from 940-944 AD as it appears in some documents, or even if he was a member of the clergy.[31][32][33] In the Saint Savin-en Lavedan's Meillon and Duriers' cartulaires, he is not listed as the first Abbot, and they even raise doubts about his existence. However, it is known that Bernard was possibly associated to the Abbey from 945-957 AD through records of his various donations in favour of the Convent.[68]
Sir d'Escors-Galop
Sir d'Escors-Galop (Escorgalop, Escorsgalop), Templar Knight and Prosecutor of the Church in Saint-Paul-de-Mamiac (born about 1130). He possessed properties in Vaour, Penne and Auriol, France, in the name of the Order of the Temple.[1][69] The Order of the Temple grew increasingly powerful and rich by incrementing its usually tax-exempt patrimony. Particularly, Sir d'Escors was granted tax exemption for his properties in 1178, which incremented the strength of the Templars of Vaour and Penne.[1] Eventually, these strategies carried out by Templar Knights led to a significant increase in power and influence, which was perceived by the Pope Clement V and the French King Philip IV of France as a threat.[70] Two centuries after their foundation, the Templar Knights were arrested and their properties confiscated, resulting in the dissolution of the Order between 1307 and 1314.[2][71]
Baron Gilbert d'Escors / Guibert de Cors, Lord of Lisarea
Gilbert d'Escors[43] was a baron of the Principality of Achaea mentioned in the Chronicle of the Morea and considered by some later historians as Lord of Lisarea.[3][53][72] Gilbert d'Escors was married to Margaret of Nully, daughter of the Lord of Passavas John of Nully.[3][45]
Gilbert is also mentioned in the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of Morea in the list of fiefs, although a specific name for his fief is not given.[53][73] It is also mentioned there that he built the Castle of Mitopoli. He died in the battle of Mount Carydi (1258) in Greece, won by the Prince William II Villehardouin against an alliance between the Republic of Venice and other barons of Central Greece including the Lord of Athens and Thebes, Guy I de la Roche.[3] His descendant Margaret of Baux married Peter of Luxembourg, becoming ancestors of, among others, the Tudor (and all English monarchs after Henry VII of England) and Bourbon lineages (after Francois de Bourbon, Count of Vendome) and the Stuarts of Scotland (after Mary Stuart).[44][45] Although this genealogy is widely accepted,[74] it depends on whether Gilbert was the father of a lady of Lisarea called Marguerite (or Jeanne), who married Geoffrey of Briel, a hypothesis challenged by the historian of the medieval Peloponnese, Antoine Bon.[46]
Gofredo de Escors / Jofre d'Escors / Jofre de Escors
Gofredo de Escors (born about 1220-1240), "Merino", Governor of the "Castellanía de Estella" (1282-1286) and owner of the Old Castle of Estella.[24][25][75] With the implementation of the House of Champagne as Kings of Navarre, the administration of the frontier between Navarre and the Kingdom of Castile was carried out as a "Castellanía". This implied the government of a fortified Castle with its associated lands, with a nominated Governor ("Castellano") as representant of the King. In the Middle Ages, the King delegated a Judge ("Merino") in a territory where he had broad jurisdiction, particularly in matters of finance. Don Gofredo was Governor of the "Castellanía de Estella" ("Merindad de Estella") and the appointed "Merino" of Joan I of Navarre (from the House of Champagne) and Philip I the Fair (Philip IV of France, from the House of Capet). He was particularly effective in the administration of the Castellanía de Estella, which included a significant population of Jewish and Frank settlers.[24][37]
Maestre Simon d'Escors / Simon d'Escorsi
Maestre Simon d’Escors, who was documented with multiple surname variations including d'Escorsi/d'Escorssi/d'Escorçi/d'Escorçy/d'Escourçy/d'Esconu/de Escorri/de Storti/de Escociaco/Descorti. He was the Abbot of Falces (Navarre),[38][39][76] Judge of the High Court of Navarre ("Cort"),[77][78][79] Lieutenant,[80][81][82] and Counsellor of Charles II of Navarre (1332-1387).[40][41][42] Simon d'Escors assisted the King and his brother the Infante Louis of Évreux in governmental and financial matters, at least since 1358. He also assisted the Queen of Navarre[83] in diplomatic negotiations with the Kingdoms of Castille, Aragon, Aquitaine and France in representation of the King and the infante.[78][84][85][86][87][88] Importantly, Simon d'Escors was key for the financing of the war against Castille, and negotiating agreements between the Kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon in 1367 against the Kingdom of Castille.[89][90][91][92] Simon d'Escors represented the King and Queen of Navarre as their ambassador in the negotiation with the Prince of Wales and Aquitaine Edward of Woodstock, Peter I of Castille and the King of Aragon and Henry of Trastamara. In these negotiations Charles II of Navarre supported Edward of Woodstock, for the defense of the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Navarre.[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]
Although highly regarded by the King of Navarre, he was also a controversial figure with judicial processes in France and Navarre.[84][101][102] Simon d'Escorsi participated in the execution of Charles II's testament (1387).[103]
The Lord of the House of Borda and Escorz, Don Martin de Borda y Escorz
The Lord of the House of Borda and Escorz, Don Martin de Borda y Escorz (1622, Maya).[49][104] The Baztanese House of Borda played a key role in the industrial development of the Kingdom of Navarre during the 18th century,[49] before its permanent incorporation in Spain. Don Martin de Borda y Escorz was founder of the Borda lineage of Maya, and owner of the Palaces Borda and Arrechea. His successor, Juan de Borda had a confrontation with the prosecutor of the Kingdom of Navarre, and was required to prove his Nobility in 1702 by documenting his ancestry from the Houses of Borda, Escorz, Arrechea and Echenique.[9] Juan's descendant Don Joaquín Vicente de Borda y Goyeneche obtained his nobility letter in a similar fashion in 1775 in order to join the Order of Charles III. This process was common in Navarre until 1841 when the Institutions of the Kingdom disappeared ("Ley de Modificacion de Fueros"). This cost Navarre its sovereignty, becoming a Spanish province.[9][49][55] Nevertheless, the House of Borda from Baztan reached a high social status, including a seat in the General Court.[49] They achieved this through a well-thought out marriage strategy with the main Baztanese Noble Houses (Escorz, Echenique, Arrechea and Goyeneche), and their profitable businesses.[49]
Joan (Juan) De Escorz
In 1610-11, Joan (Juan) De Escorz, together with Don Juan Miguel De Orlians, designed and constructed the main entrance in the Renaissance style of the temple "La Colegiata de Santa María la Mayor" (Bolea, Huesca, Spain). This entrance was crafted in the Mannerism style, which originated in Italy and was employed in works of art from the Renaissance to the beginnings of the Baroque periods.[105][106][107] "La Colegiata de Santa María la Mayor" was built between 1541 and 1559 and declared Spanish National Artistic and Historical Monument in 1983.[108]
Don Andres Escors Garrucho
Don Andres Escors Garrucho (1875–1947), industrialist and Republican Major of Arcos de la Frontera (Cádiz, 1931–36) The first "actions of War" against the Second Spanish Republic acknowledged by Republican President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora took place in Arcos and Jerez de la Frontera during Andres Escors' mandate.[109] These actions consisted of two attacks against the Spanish Civil Guard, ending with the assassination of the Ensign José Díaz Pérez on the 18th of January 1936.[110] Clearly Republican, Don Andrés supported the families of the killed Civil Guard and especially the Civil Guard Corp as a Republican Institution.[110] Therefore, his mandate as a Republican Major ended a few months later with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The Escors family lost a major part of their patrimony after the Civil War and during General Francisco Franco's dictatorship. Because of his contributions during his mandate as a Republican major, a street in Arcos de la Frontera was named after him.
Other family members and relatives
Jean d'Escorçy, Commandant of the Order of Hospitallers[2][111]
Tissandier d’Escors[16]
Seigneur Martin d’Escors[112]
Jean de Mailly, Seigneur de Talmas and Baron d'Escors[4]
Louis de Sancerre, Baron d'Escors[5]
Fictional characters
One of the Knights from King Arthurs' Round Table, Sir Degove who features in a "The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances", derived from the verse literary history of Britain "Roman de Brut" is also known as Sir d'Escor, d'Ester but also as Des Cors,[113] and "Escors" as named in the "Chronicles" by Ramon Muntaner.[114]
Coats of arms
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Coat of arms, Navarrese branch, Jaime de Querexeta[1]
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Coat of arms, Simon d'Escorsi[7]
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Simon d'Escorsi's seal, 1366-1391[8]
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- ^ Pinceladas de la Historia de Falces. In "Historia de la Muy Noble y Muy Leal Villas de Falces, y del Viejo Reino". By José María Sanz Suescun. ISBN 8460716317
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- ↑ Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas y Colegio Naval: catálogo de pruebas de caballeros aspirantes. Don Francisco de Ocharrichena y Echenique's admission file number 4041, 1781. 1956. Volume 5. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain). Instituto Histórico de Marina, Dalmiro de la Válgoma y Díaz-Varela
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- ↑ Noblesse, chevalerie, lignages: condition des biens et des personnes, seigneurie, ministérialité, bourgeoisie, échevinages. Questions d'histoire des institutions médiévales. 1960. Volume 1. Léo Verriest. the University of Michigan.
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- ↑ La langue basque au moyen age (IXe-XVe siècles)par Jean-Baptiste Orpustan, Professeur à l’Université Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux III. En annexe: Du basque médiéval au basque antique: les inscriptions de Veleia-Iruña en Alava.
- ↑ The emergence of the definite article: ille in competition with ipse in Late Latin. Anne Carlier y Walter De Mulder. In: Subjectification, intersubjectification and grammaticalization. ISBN 978-3-11-020588-6.
- ↑ An introduction to Vulgar Latin. Heath's modern language series. D.C. Heath & Co., 1907
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- ↑ Blasones y Linajes de Euskalerria. By Endika de Mogrobejo. Volume VI, pages 66-67.
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- ↑ Juana De Escorz and Don Martín De Oharrichena Y Escorz. Journal "Antzina", number 6, December 2008. ISSN 1887-0554.
- ↑ Diario de Noticias (Navarre, Spain). 2 November 2008. Pages 36-37.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 La casa, la familia y los negocios en el siglo XVIII: Los Borda de Maya (Baztan). Pilar Andueza Unanua. ISSN 0032-8472, Año nº 66, Nº 235, 2005 , págs. 353-392.
- ↑ Volume 2 of Supplément Aux Anciennes Editions Du Grand Dictionaire Historique De Mre. Louis Moreri Ou Le Mélange Curieux De L'Histoire Sacrée Et Profane: Qui contient en Abregé Les Vies Et Les Actions Remarquables Des Patriarches, des Juges, des Rois des Juifs, des Papes, .... I - Z, Louis Moréri. by Louis Moréri. Publisher Brunel, 1716. the Bavarian State Library
- ↑ Bulletin de la Société archéologique, scientifique et littéraire du Vendômois, Volumes 48-49. Société archeologique, scientifique et littéraire du Vendômois, Vendôme, Société archéologique, scientifique et littéraire du Vendômois, Société archéologique du Vendômois. La Société, 1909. University of Michigan.
- ↑ Inventaire-sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790. Volumes 1-2 of Collection des inventaires-sommaires des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790, Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or. Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Joseph Garnier. Impr. Darantiere, 1880. the University of Michigan.
- 1 2 3 4 Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea. 1885. Juan Fernández de Heredia, Alfred Morel -Fatio. Imprimerie Jules -Guillaume Fick.
- ↑ Histoire de la Maison de Segur, des son origine 876. (1908). Marquis, Comtes et Vicomtes de Segur en Limousin, en Guienne, en Perigord, en L'Ile de France, en Champagne, en Autriche et en Hongrie. By Comte Victor de Segur-Cabanac. Brünn. Page 8.
- 1 2 3 Gran Enciclopedia Navarra. 1990. Caja de Ahorros de Navarra. ISBN 978-84-87120-02-2
- 1 2 Navarra, the durable kingdom. Rachel Bard. University of Nevada Press, 1982. the University of Michigan. ISBN 0874170737
- 1 2 Un royaume "transpyrénéen"?: la tentative de la maison de Foix-Béarn-Albret à la fin du Moyen Âge. Christian Bourret. PyréGraph, 1998. the University of Michigan. ISBN 2908723263
- ↑ The French Wars of Religion. Arthur Augustus Tilley. Hard Press, 2012. ISBN 1407743244
- ↑ Instruction du sieur de Clervant, allant de la part du Roy de Navarre vers M. de Savoye. In "Mémoires de Messire Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis Marli, contenans divers discours, instructions, lettres, et depesches par lui dresses ou escrites aux roys, roynes, princes princesses...depuis l'an 1572 jusques à l'an 1589, mise en ordre et pub". (published 1624). By Philippe de Mornay, Daillé. Page 74 and Table page 696, "Les Sieurs d'Escors".
- ↑ Estructuras familiares de las élites Navarras durante el Antiguo Régimen. Pablo Orduna Portús. "El Humanista". Monograph series. Grupo Red Cultural.
- 1 2 Spain Baptism Records. 1502-1940. La Miana, Gerona. File number 1361087, two versions, Escorz and Escors.
- 1 2 Spain Marriages Records. Castellfullit de la Roca, Gerona, Spain. 1565-1950. File number 1361384.
- ↑ British Columbia Death Registrations for Jane Escors. 4 June 1969. British columbia archives film number:B13297 registration number:6909008659.
- 1 2 Spain Baptism Records, Arcos de la Frontera, 1846. Diego Escors Real.
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Government of Spain.
- ↑ Archivo General de Indias, Foreign Archives, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Section V. Gobierno, 1492-1858. Group A. Fondos de las Audiencias de América.(1774) Ordinarios y Extraordinarios de Guerra (1774, 17 febrero, México).
- ↑ Casas señoriales y Palacios de Navarra. Volume 4 of Cuaderno de la Cátedra de Patrimonio y Arte Navarro. By María Concepción García Gainza, Ricardo Fernández Gracia. Universidad de Navarra, Cátedra de Patrimonio y Arte Navarro, 2009
- ↑ Monographie de Saint-Savin de Lavendan. Gustave Bascle de Lagreze. 1850.
- ↑ Cartulaire des templiers de Vaour Tarn. Archives historiques de l'albigeois. By Charles Portal. Publisher Picard, 1894.
- ↑ The Templars: Knights of God. By Edward Burman. Inner Traditions, 1988. ISBN 0892812214
- ↑ The trial of the Templars. By Malcolm Barber. Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 9781107645769
- ↑ The Chronicle of Morea. A History in political verse, relating the establishment of feudalism in Greece by the Franks in the thirteenth century. 1904. John Schmitt, PhD. Methuen & CO. 36 Essex Street, W.C. London.
- ↑ Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea. Chronique de Moree. Societe de l'Orient Latin. Alfred Morel-Fatio. 1885
- ↑ The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Crusader Greece Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Teresa Shawcross. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 0199557004
- ↑ Los judíos del reino de Navarra: documentos 1093-1333. Navarra judaica. by Juan Carrasco, Fermín Miranda García, Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero. Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educación y Cultura, 1994. ISBN 8423512924.
- ↑ Anuario de estudios medievales, Volume 17. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain), Universidad de Barcelona. Instituto de Historia Medieval. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1987. The University of California.
- ↑ El tribunal de la Cort de Navarra durante el s. XIV (1329-1387). Maria Isabel Ostolaza Elizondo. Revista Principe de Viana. 178. p 485
- 1 2 La politique et la guerre: pour comprendre le XXe siècle européen : hommage à Jean-Jacques Becker. Jean Jacques Becker. Vienot-Noesis, 2002. The University of Michigan.
- ↑ Revue de Pau et du Béarn, Issues 8-9. Société des sciences, lettres et arts de Pau. 1980. The University of Michigan.
- ↑ Arte y monarquía en Navarra, 1328-1425 Volume 17 of Arte (Institución Príncipe de Viana), Institución Príncipe de Viana Arte Series. Javier Martínez de Aguirre. Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educación y Cultura, Institución Príncipe de Viana, 1987.
- ↑ Documentación medieval del archivo municipal de Pamplona (1357-1512). II. Ricardo Cierbide y Emiliana Ramos. Fuentes documentales medievales del pais vasco.
- ↑ Tomo quarto de los Annales de Navarra, ó primero de su segunda parte. Francisco de Aleson. Published by Francisco Picart, 1709. Complutense University of Madrid
- ↑ Jeanne de Valois, reine de Navarre et comtesse d’Évreux(1343-1373). By Philippe Charon. In "En la España Medieval", 2009, volume 32. pps 7-50. ISSN 0214-3038
- 1 2 Bibliothéque de l'école e Hautes études. Publiee socs les auspices du ministère de l'instruction publique scientes philologiques et historiques. Documentes des auciives ue la chambre des comptes de Navarre. PUBLIÉS PAR JEAN-AUGUSTE BRUTAILS,RCHIVISTE DE LA GIRONDE, JUGE AU TRIBUNAL SUPÉRIEUR D"AND0RRE. PARIS. EMILE BOUILLON, LIBRAIRE-ÉDITEUR 67, RUE r'ichelieu, 67. 1890
- ↑ Mélanges dédiés à la mémoire de Félix Grat, Volume 1. Félix Grat. En dépôt chez Mme, Pecqueur-Grat, 1946. the University of Michigan.
- ↑ Carlos II de Navarra y los avatares de la política hispánica: La etapa de no beligerancia (1349-1361). Pilar Azcarate Aguilar-Amat. Revista Principe de Viana. 15911
- ↑ Archivo General de Navarra (1349-1387)IV. Documentación real de Carlos II (1366-1367). María Teresa Ruiz San Pedro, Navarre (Spain). Archivo General. Eusko Ikaskuntza
- ↑ Nueva embajada de Navarra a Castilla en 1362. Las cuentas del viaje. by Juan Carrasco Perez and Luis R Villegas Diaz. Department of Medieval History of the University of Granada
- ↑ Historia de la muy noble y muy leal villa de Falces, y del Viejo Reino. By José María Sanz Suescun. ISBN 8460716317
- ↑ Historia General de Navarra. By Jaime del Burgo. Volume I, p. 888. ISBN 8432129054
- ↑ Archivo General de Navarra, Comptos, cajón 15, nº 48, IX y nº 93, IV
- ↑ Archivo General de Navarra, Comptos. Catalogo por José Ramón Castro, documento nº 998
- ↑ Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón, Volume 4. Escuela de Estudios Medievales (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Sección de Zaragoza. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1951. Pennsylvania State University.
- ↑ España, sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza é historia Navarra y Logroño, Pedro de Madrazo. Navarra y Logroño. Volume 2. D. Cortezo y ca, 1886. The University of Michigan
- ↑ Relación castellano-aragonesa desde Jaime II a Pedro El Ceremonioso: Texto. By Àngels Masià i de Ros. Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, 1994 - Aragon (Spain). ISBN 9788400074456
- ↑ Volume 4 of Las glorias nacionales, Fernando Patxot y Ferrer. Librería de la publicidad, 1853. Harvard University
- ↑ Anales de la Corona de Aragon. Anales dela corona de Aragon: ¬Los cinco libros postreros, Jerónimo Zurita y Castro. 1562 Original from the Bavarian State Library
- ↑ Compendio historial de las chronicas y universal historia de todos los reynos de España. Third and Fourth Volumes. Esteban de Garibay. Publisher Sebastian de Cormellas, 1628. Original from Lyon Public Library
- ↑ Anales del Reyno de Navarra. José de Moret, Francisco de Aleson. Publisher Imprenta de Pascual Ibañez, 1766. Original from the Complutense University of Madrid
- ↑ Navarra y la unidad política vasca. By Anacleto de Ortueta. Publisher J. Horta, 1931. Original from the University of Virginia
- ↑ A. Tuetey. du Parlement, le congé d'accorder du 19 jan- Inventaire analytique des livres de couleur du vier i355,n. st., et l'arrêt du i4 août i3&7 Chàtelet de Paris, 1898, d'après Arch. nat. X1C g*, pièce i4 et X^ 16, fol. 43o v". X1 * 16, fol. 190 v° et 233
- ↑ Histoire littéraire de la France; ouvrage commencé par des religieux Bénédictins de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur, et continué par des membres de l'Institut (Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. The library of York University
- ↑ Les "ennemis du roi": parenté et politique chez les Evreux-Navarre, 1298-1425. Thèse à la carte. Marie-Laure Lemonnier Surget. ANRT, Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2006. the University of Michigan
- ↑ ENDIKA DE MOGROVEJO, Volume XXIX (XIV), Page 57.
- ↑ Las artes en Aragon en el siglo XVII segun el Archivo de Protocolos Notariales de Zaragoza. De 1613 a 1696. By Ana I Bruñen Ibañez, Luis Julve Larraz, Esperanza Velasco de la Peña and D Gonzalo M Borras Gualis. 2005. Volume I. Institución «Fernando el Católico» (CSIC) and Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza.ISBN 84-7820-803-8
- ↑ La portada manierista de la colegiata de Bolea (Huesca), Homenaje a Federico Balaguer. By José Luis Pano Gracia and M.ª Isabel Sepúlveda Sauras. Huesca, Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 1987, pages 407-423
- ↑ El islam. Arte y Arquitectura. Original title: Islam. Kunst und Architektur, Colonia, ed. Könemann, 2000. Translation to Castillian by HATTSTEIN, Markus and DELIUS, Peter. San Mauro (Italia). Artigrama. N. 16, 2001, 607-621 — I.S.S.N.: 0213-1498
- ↑ Inventario del Patrimonio Artístico y Arqueológico de España. Declaraciones de Monumentos y Conjuntos Histórico-Artísticos, Parajes Pintorescos y Jardines Artísticos. Secretaría de Estado de Cultura - Spain.
- ↑ Decreto del 24 de Enero de 1936 del Presidente Niceto Alcalá Zamora.
- 1 2 La muerte del Alférez Díaz. By Jesús Núñez. History section of the journal "GUARDIA CIVIL". C/ Príncipe de Vergara nº 248. Madrid-28.016. España.
- ↑ Les Commanderies du Grand-Prieuré de France. E. Mannier. 1872. Kept in the Harvard University Library. From the Library of Count Paul Riant.
- ↑ Bulletin trimestriel. By Société des sciences, lettres & arts de Bayonne. 1932. University of Chicago
- ↑ L'Armorial des Chevaliers de la Table Ronde, Le Léopard d'Or, 1983 & Les Chevaliers de la Table Ronde
- ↑ The "Chronicles" by Ramon Muntaner. Manuscript number 1.803, 1392. National Library, Madrid
External links
- Arcos de la Frontera
- Library of Congress (EEUU). Researchers
- Library of Navarre
- Royal and General Archives of Navarre
- National Library of France
- Ayuntamiento de Baztan, Maya
- Gran Enciclopedia Navarra
- Spanish National Institute of Statistics
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