Pagoda

For other uses, see Pagoda (disambiguation).
"Five-storied pagoda" redirects here. It should not be confused with Guangzhou's Five-Storied Pagoda or with the novel The Five-Storied Pagoda.

A pagoda is a tiered tower with multiple eaves, built in traditions originating as stupa in historic South Asia[1][2] and further developed in East Asia or with respect to those traditions, common to Nepal, India, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Burma, Sri Lanka and other parts of Asia. Some pagodas are used as Taoist houses of worship. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most commonly Buddhist, and were often located in or near viharas. In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures. In Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation, the English term Pagoda is a more generic term referring to a place of worship, although pagoda is not an accurate word to describe a Buddhist vihara. The modern pagoda is an evolution of the Stupa which originated in Ancient India.[3][4][5] Stupas are a tomb-like structure where sacred relics could be kept safe and venerated.[6] The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms as details specific to different regions are incorporated into the overall design.

Wooden five-story pagoda of Hōryū-ji in Japan, built in the 7th century, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world.

Etymology

One proposed etymology is from the southern Chinese pronunciation of eight cornered tower,"Pa-Ko-Ta" [八角塔], and reinforced by the name of a famous pagoda encountered by many early European visitors to China, the "Pa-Zhou-Ta" Pagoda, standing just south of Canton (Guangzhou) at the Whampoa Anchorage.[7] Another proposed etymology is Persian butkada, from but, "idol" and kada, "temple, dwelling."[8]

Another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English pagoda from Portuguese (via Dravidian), from Sanskrit bhavati, feminine of bhagavatt, "blessed" from bhag, "good fortune".

Yet another etymology of pagoda is from the Sinhala word dāgaba which is derived from Sanskrit dhātugarbha or Pali dhātugabbha: 'relic womb/chamber' or 'reliquary shrine', i.e. a stupa, by way of Portuguese.[9]

History

Kek Lok Si pagoda tiers labelled with their architectural styles

The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the stupa (3rd century BCE).[10] The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[10] In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and Chinese pavilions blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to Southeast Asia. The pagoda's original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings.[11] This purpose was popularized due to the efforts of Buddhist missionaries, pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to seek out, distribute, and extol Buddhist relics.[12]

On the other side, the stupa emerged as a distinctive style of Newari architecture of Nepal and was adopted in Southeast and East Asia. Nepali architect Araniko visited China and shared his skills to build stupa buildings in China.[13][14]

These buildings (pagoda, studa) became prominent as Buddhist monuments used for enshrining sacred relics.[10]

Symbolism

Chinese iconography is noticeable in Chinese pagoda as well as other East Asian pagoda architectures. The image of the Shakyamuni Buddha in the abhaya mudra is also noticeable in some Pagodas. Buddhist iconography can be observed throughout the pagoda symbolism.[15]

In an article on Buddhist elements in Han art, Wu Hung suggests that in these tombs, Buddhist iconography was so well incorporated into native Chinese traditions that a unique system of symbolism had been developed.[16]

Architecture

Pagodas attract lightning strikes because of their height. Many pagodas have a decorated finial at the top of the structure, and when made of metal, this finial, sometimes referred to as a "demon-arrester", can function as a lightning rod. Also Pagodas come in many different sizes, as some may be small and others may be large.[17] Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, a notable exception being the eighteenth century pagoda "folly" designed by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London.

The pagodas in Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia are very different from Chinese and Japanese pagodas. Pagodas in those countries are derived from South Indian Dravidian architecture.[18]

Some notable pagodas

The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 CE
Five-story pagoda of Mt. Haguro, Japan
Wooden three-story pagoda of Ichijō-ji in Japan, built in 1171 CE
Yingde pagoda, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, China, from Johan Nieuhof (1618-1672); Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier (1606-ca. 1670): L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine, 1665
One Pillar Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam.
The nine-story Xumi Pagoda, Hebei, China, built in 636 CE
Nyatapola Temple located in Bhaktapur, Nepal, built in 1701–1702 CE
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan
The Bombardier Pagoda at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Great Shwedagon Pagoda located in Yangon, Myanmar. The whole structure is coated with 60 tons of pure gold

Tiered towers with multiple eaves:

Stupas called "pagodas":

Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves:

Structures that evoke pagoda architecture:

Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics:

Other Uses:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43498.htm
  2. ↑ http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/arch499/nonwest/nepal/Pagoda.htm
  3. ↑ "Development of Stupa Architecture in Ancient India"
  4. ↑ "The Stupa"
  5. ↑ "The Origin of Pagodas"
  6. ↑ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press
  7. ↑ "Chinese origin of the term pagoda". David Robbins Tien. Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp.2-6.
  8. ↑ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.
  9. ↑ Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary by Henry Yule & Arthur Coke Burnell, first printed 1896, reprinted by Wordsworth Editions, 1996, p. 291. Online Etymology Dictionary by Douglas Harper, s.v. pagoda, at http://www.etymonline.com/ (Accessed 29.04.2016)
  10. 1 2 3 Pagoda. Encyclopædia Britannica
  11. ↑ A World History of Architecture. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-141751-6.
  12. ↑ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
  13. ↑ http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1201/533045.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=DTN+Fashion:
  14. ↑ The Evolution of Indian Stupa Architecture in East Asia. Eric Stratton. New Delhi, Vedams, 2002, viii, ISBN 81-7936-006-7
  15. ↑ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 83
  16. ↑ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 84
  17. ↑ Terry, T. Philip (1914). Terry's Japanese Empire. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 257.
  18. ↑ Chihara, Daigorō. Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia.
  19. ↑ Indianapolis 500 Traditions :: Official site of the Indianapolis 500

References

External links

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