Buddhist funeral

In Buddhism, death marks the transition from this life to the next for the deceased.

Among Buddhists, death is regarded as an occasion of major religious significance, both for the deceased and for the survivors. For the deceased, it marks the moment when the transition begins to a new mode of existence within the round of rebirths. When death occurs, all the karmic forces that the dead person accumulated during the course of his or her lifetime become activated and determine the next rebirth. For the living, death is a powerful reminder of the Buddha's teaching on impermanence; it also provides an opportunity to assist the deceased person as he or she fares on to the new existence.[1] BuddhaNet has published a guidance article about the subject,[2] which also discusses the traditions of different Buddhist schools.[3] There are also several academic reviews of this subject.[4][5]

Theravada traditions

For the non-Arhat, death is a time of transitioning to a yet another rebirth; thus, the living participate in acts that transfer merit to the departed, either providing for a more auspicious rebirth or for the relief of suffering in the departed's new existence. For the living, ceremonies marking another's death are a reminder of life's impermanence, a fundamental aspect of the Buddha's teaching.[1][6] Death rites are generally the only life cycle ritual that Theravāda Buddhist monks get involved in and are therefore of great importance.

Customs in Sri Lanka

Impermanent alas are formations,
subject to rise and fall.
Having arisen, they cease;
their subsiding is bliss.[1]		 Aniccā vata saṅkhārā,
uppādavayadhammino.
Uppajjitvā nirujjhanti
tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho.[7]
In addition, as relatives pour water from a vessel to an overflowing cup to symbolize the giving of merit to the deceased, the following verses are recited:
As water raining on a hill
flows down to the valley,
even so does what is given here
benefit the dead.		 Unname udakaṃ vaṭṭhaṃ yathā
ninnaṃ pavattati
evameva ito dinnaṃ
petānaṃ upakappati.
As rivers full of water
fill the ocean full,
even so does what is given here
benefit the dead.[8]		 Yathā vārivahā pūrā
paripūrenti sāgaraṃ
Evameva ito dinnaṃ
petānaṃ upakappati.[9]

Mahayana traditions

In China, numerous instructive and merit-transferring ceremonies are held during the forty-nine days between death and rebirth. For most Chinese funerals, the practice of recitation of the Amitabha Sutra and the name of Amitabha is an important part of death rites.[11] Along with cultural practices, such as the burning of joss paper (which is discouraged by most practicing Buddhists), practitioners are often cremated.


Exposure of the Corpse (Lushizang 露屍葬)

"Exposure of the Corpse" is the practice of placing the body of the deceased in an open area instead of using coffins or sarcophagi. In the Indian tradition, the practice of exposing the corpse included putting the body in the forest or sinking it under water.[12] Originating from India, medieval Chinese monks also practiced exposing the corpse in the woods but so far no textual evidence support the practice of water burial. In addition, cave burial (Shishi yiku 石室瘞窟) was also a type of Lushizang in medieval China.[13]

The point of exposing the corpse was to offer the body to hungry birds and beasts. After that, the remains were collected. There were three ways to dispose of the remains:

Cave Burial (Shishi yiku 石室瘞窟)

Starting from the third century CE, Chinese monks used caves as the resting place for the deceased. This funeral practice may have been influenced by Central Asian practices.[14] Compared to forest burial, cave burial was less direct than exposure.

Before medieval times, the word “stone cave” (Shishi 石室) can either mean the government library or suggest the main room in an ancestral temple (Zongmiao 宗庙). To make Buddhist funerary caves, one can adopt the three methods:

To achieve the goal of giving one's body to the animals, most caves and grottos were open. The few exceptions include the north cliff of Longmen wanfo gou (龙门万佛沟).[15] Generally, monks used the sitting position and practiced dhuta (Toutuo 头陀). These caves were reusable and most of them were found in Chang'an and Longmen. Dunhuang and Sichuan also have such caves.

Forest Burial (Linzang 林葬)

Chinese monks began the practice of "forest burial" from the fifth century CE. Reputedly the famous monk of the Eastern Jin, Huiyuan, was the first in China to practice forest burial.

This practice might have been very popular in the sixth century CE. According to the Book of Chen (陈书), even lay people attempted to adopt this funerary method. The term “Cool Grove” (Shituolin 尸陀林) was applied to describe the exposing place, or used as a general term for this practice.

After the sixth century CE, the number of documents recording forest burial increased. In Daoxuan's Biographies of Eminent Monks (Xugaosenzhuan 续高僧传), there were many stories with such descriptions. According to Daoxuan and other epitaphs of monks, there were two types of monks who practiced forest burial:[16]

Mummification

While mummification does occur as a funeral custom in a variety of Buddhist traditions, it is not a common practice; cremation is more common. Many Mahayana Buddhist monks noted in their last testaments a desire for their students to bury them sitting in a lotus posture, put into a vessel full of coal, wood, paper and/or lime and surrounded by bricks, and be exhumed after approximately three years.[17] The preserved bodies would be painted with paints and adorned with gold. Many were so respected that they were preserved by their students. They were called "Corporeal Bodhisattvas", similar to that of the Roman Catholic incorruptibles. Many were destroyed during the cultural revolution in China, some were preserved, such as Huineng, the Sixth Patriarch of Ch'an Buddhism and Kim Kiaokak, a Korean Buddhist monk revered as a manifestation of Ksitigarbha, and some have been discovered recently: one such was the Venerable Tzu Hang in Taiwan; another was the Venerable Yuet Kai in Hong Kong.

Other notable examples of Buddhist mummification are Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov in Siberia, Loung Pordaeng in Thailand, and a 15th-century Tibetan monk from Northern India examined by Victor Mair in the documentary The Mystery of the Tibetan Mummy. While the documentary suggests that the monk may have consumed poisonous matters on purpose, there is no proof of such practice for any of the mentioned persons, so the poisonous substances occasionally found in their remains may have been applied to their corpses by their followers.

Tibetan traditions

A person who is dying and who is recently dead will have for example the Tibetan Book of the Dead read to them (in the Nyingma tradition) to help guide them through the transition period (Tib.: bardo) between lives, easing attachments to this life and deepening bodhisattva wisdom. The corpse is either cremated or dismembered and fed to vultures (Tib.: jhator).[11]

Other Tibetan traditions have other special texts read and rituals performed, which may also be personalized to the specific (vajrayana) practice a person focused on during his/her life. As the bardo is generally said to last a maximum of 49 days, these rituals usually last 49 days.

Death and dying is an important subject in Tibetan Buddhism as it is a most critical period for deciding which karma will ripen to lead one to the next rebirth, so a proper control of the mind at the death process is considered essential.

After prolonged meditation, the meditator continues into the bardo or even towards enlightenment. Great masters are often cremated, and their ashes stored as relics in stupas.

In Tibet, firewood was scarce, and the ground often not suitable for burial, so the unusual practice of feeding the body to vultures or other animals developed. Known in Tibetan as jhator and literally translated as "Alms to the Birds", this practice is known as Sky burial. One can see this also as an offering to these animals, a last act of generosity and detachment to one's own body.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 5, "Almsgiving and Funerals."
  2. ↑ Malaysia Buddhist Co-operative Society Berhad. "A Guide to a Proper Buddhist Funeral" (PDF). Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  3. ↑ BuddhaNet. "Ceremonies and Funeral Rites for the Dead". Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  4. ↑ Kuew, Shin Shie. "The Sacred and the Profane: Contemporary Development of Funeral Rituals in Taiwan from the Perspective of Buddhist Funeral Rites Reform". Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  5. ↑ Yagi, D. K. (1988). "Protestant Perspectives on Ancestor Worship in Japanese Buddhism : The Funeral and the Buddhist Altar". Buddhist-Christian Studies. 15 (1): 16–37.
  6. ↑ See also, for example, in the Pali Canon, awareness of another's death is often referred to as one of the "messengers" from the lord of the Underworld meant to spur one onto a more wholesome life.
  7. ↑ D ii 157; D ii 199; Ja i.392; Ap i.64; Ap ii.385 (retrieved 2010-12-14 from "Bodhgaya News" at http://www.bodhgayanews.net/pitakaresults.php?title=&start=0&to=10&searchstring=v%C5%ABpasamo%20sukho).
  8. ↑ Khp 7 (trans. Thanissaro, 1994).
  9. ↑ Khp. 7, Tirokuḍḍa Sutta, vv. 7, 8 (retrieved 2008-09-04 from "Bodhgaya News" at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2008-09-04. and http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=8017, respectively).
  10. ↑ Rita Langer, Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: A study of contemporary Sri Lankan practice and its origins (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007)
  11. 1 2 Harvey (1990), p. 212.
  12. ↑ Schopen, Gregory. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks : Collected Papers On the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism In India. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997. p. 204-237
  13. ↑ Liu, Shufen. Zhong Gu De Fo Jiao Yu She Hui. Di 1 ban. Shanghai: Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2008. p. 188
  14. ↑ Liu, Shufen. Zhong Gu De Fo Jiao Yu She Hui. Di 1 ban. Shanghai: Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2008. p. 255
  15. ↑ Zhang Naizhu, Longmen shiku tangdai yiku de xinfaxian jiqi wenhuayiyi de tantao. p. 164
  16. ↑ Liu, Shufen. Zhong Gu De Fo Jiao Yu She Hui. Di 1 ban. Shanghai: Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2008. p. 197
  17. ↑ http://www.ah.gov.cn/cjfw/ahly/showcontent.asp?newsid=%7B1E8B86BC-DF96-496B-B70A-8F414E92E82B%7D Archived April 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

Bibliography

External links

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