Silesia

Silesia Śląsk, Slezsko, Schlesien
Coat of arms
Historic Silesia, superimposed on modern national borders: The medieval and early modern Bohemian and Habsburg province outlined in cyan, Prussian Silesia in yellow.
Country	Poland  Czech Republic  Germany
Largest city	Wrocław
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)

Silesia (/saɪliːʒə/ or /saɪliːʃə/; Polish: Śląsk [ɕlɔ̃sk]; German:  Schlesien  German pronunciation: [ʃleːziən]; Silesian German: Schläsing; Czech: Slezsko; Silesian: Ślůnsk [ɕlonsk]; Latin: Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is about 40,000 km² (15,444 sq mi), and its population about 8,000,000. Silesia is located along the Oder river. It consists of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia.

The region is rich in mineral and natural resources and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city is Wrocław. The biggest metropolitan area is the Upper Silesian metropolitan area, the centre of which is Katowice. Parts of the Czech city of Ostrava fall within the borders of Silesia.

Silesia's borders and national affiliation have changed over time, both when it was a hereditary possession of noble houses and after the rise of modern nation-states. The first known states to hold power there were probably those of Greater Moravia at the end of the 9th century and Bohemia early in the 10th century. In the 10th century Silesia was incorporated into the early Polish state, and after its division in the 12th century became a Piast duchy. In the 14th century it became a constituent part of the Bohemian Crown Lands under the Holy Roman Empire, which passed to the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526.

Most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1742, later becoming part of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany up to 1945. The varied history with changing aristocratic possessions resulted in an abundance of castles in Silesia, especially in the Jelenia Góra valley. After World War I, the easternmost part of this region, i.e. an eastern strip of Upper Silesia, was awarded to Poland by the Entente Powers after rebellions by Polish people and the Upper Silesian plebiscite. The remaining former Austrian parts of Silesia were partitioned to Czechoslovakia, and are today part of the Czech Republic. In 1945, after World War II, the bulk of Silesia was transferred to Polish jurisdiction by the Potsdam Agreement of the victorious Allied Powers and became part of Poland. The small Lusatian strip west of the Oder-Neisse line, which belonged to Silesia since 1815, remained in Germany. Its centre is Görlitz.

Most inhabitants of Silesia today speak the national languages of their respective countries (Polish, Czech, both of which are Western Slavic languages, with some, albeit limited, mutual intelligibility). The population of Upper Silesia is native (with some immigrants from Poland who came in the 19th to 20th centuries), while Lower Silesia was settled by a German-speaking population before 1945. There is an ongoing debate whether Silesian speech should be considered a dialect of Polish or a separate language. There is also a Lower Silesian German dialect, although today it is almost extinct.

Etymology

The names of Silesia in the different languages most likely share their etymology—Latin and English: Silesia; Polish: Śląsk; Old Polish: Ślążsk[o]; Silesian: Ślůnsk; German: Schlesien; Silesian German: Schläsing; Czech: Slezsko; Slovak: Sliezsko; Kashubian: Sląsk; Upper Sorbian: Šleska; Lower Sorbian: Šlazyńska. The names all relate to the name of a river (now Ślęza) and mountain (Mount Ślęża) in mid-southern Silesia. The mountain served as a cultic place.

Ślęża is listed as one of the numerous Pre-Indo-European topographic names in the region (see old European hydronymy).^[1]

According to some Polish Slavists the name ‘Ślęża’ [ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa] or ‘Ślęż’ [ˈɕlɛ̃ʐ] is directly related to the Old Slavic words "ślęg" [ˈɕlɛ̃ɡ] or "śląg" [ˈɕlɔ̃ɡ], which means dampness, moisture or humidity.^[2] They disagree with the hypothesis of an origin for the name Śląsk [ˈɕlɔ̃sk] from the name of the Silings tribe, an etymology preferred by some German authors.^[3]

History

Silesia in an early period of Poland's fragmentation, 1172–1177

Lands of the Bohemian Crown until 1742 when most of Silesia was ceded to Prussia

1905 administrative map of Province of Silesia showing the historical locations of Upper Silesia (Oppeln) in red, Middle Silesia (Breslau) in yellow, and Lower Silesia (Liegnitz) in green

In the 4th century BC Celts entered Silesia, settling around Mount Ślęża near modern Wrocław, Oława, and Strzelin.^[4] Germanic Lugii tribes were first recorded within Silesia in the 1st century. Slavic peoples arrived in the region around the 7th century,^[5] and by the early 9th century their settlements had stabilized. Local Slavs started to erect boundary structures like the Silesian Przesieka and the Silesia Walls. The eastern border of Silesian settlement was situated to the west of the Bytom, and east from Racibórz and Cieszyn. East of this line dwelt a closely related Slav tribe, the Vistulans. Their northern border was in the valley of the Barycz river, north of which lived the Polans.^[6]

The first known states in Silesia were Greater Moravia and Bohemia. In the 10th century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporated Silesia into the Polish state. During the Fragmentation of Poland, Silesia and the rest of the country were divided among many independent duchies ruled by various Silesian dukes. During this time, German cultural and ethnic influence increased as a result of immigration from German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1178, parts of the Duchy of Kraków around Bytom, Oświęcim, Chrzanów and Siewierz were transferred to the Silesian Piasts, although their population was primarily Vistulan and not of Silesian descent.^[6]

Between 1289 and 1292 Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became suzerain of some of the Upper Silesian duchies. It wasn't until 1335, however, that Polish kings renounced their hereditary rights to Silesia.^[7] The province became part of the Bohemian Crown under the Holy Roman Empire, and passed with that crown to the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in 1526.

In the 15th century several changes were made to Silesia's borders. Parts of the territories which had been transferred to the Silesian Piasts in 1178 were bought by the Polish kings in the second half of the 15th century (the Duchy of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchy of Zator in 1494). The Bytom area remained in the possession of the Silesian Piasts, even though it was a part of the Diocese of Kraków.^[6] The Duchy of Crossen was inherited by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1476, and with the renunciation of King Ferdinand I and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, became an integral part of Brandenburg.

In 1742, most of Silesia was seized by King Frederick the Great of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually becoming the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; consequently, Silesia became part of the German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871.

After World War I, Upper Silesia was contested by Germany and the newly independent Second Polish Republic. The League of Nations organized a plebiscite to decide the issue in 1921. It resulted in 60% of votes being cast for Germany and 40% for Poland. Following the third Silesian Uprising (1921), however, the easternmost portion of Upper Silesia (including Katowice), with a majority ethnic Polish population, was awarded to Poland, becoming the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia within Germany was then divided into the provinces of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia. Meanwhile, Austrian Silesia, the small portion of Silesia retained by Austria after the Silesian Wars, was mostly awarded to the new Czechoslovakia (becoming known as Czech Silesia), although most of Cieszyn and territory to the east of it went to Poland (see Zaolzie).

Polish Silesia was among the first regions invaded during Germany's 1939 attack on Poland. One of the claimed goals of Nazi occupation, particularly in Upper Silesia, was the extermination of those who Nazis viewed as subhuman, namely Jews and ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of Silesia was subjected to genocide involving ethnic cleansing and mass murder, while German colonists were settled in pursuit of Lebensraum.^[8] Two thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians and businessmen were murdered in the "Intelligenzaktion Schlesien"^[9] in 1940 as part of a Poland wide Germanization program. Silesia also housed one of the two main wartime centers where medical experiments were conducted on kidnapped Polish children by Nazis.^[10]

The Potsdam Conference of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the border between Germany and Poland. Millions of Germans in Silesia either fled or were expelled, and were replaced by Polish population settled from other regions. After 1945 and in 1946, nearly all of the 4.5 million Silesians of German descent were expelled or fled, including some thousand German Jews who survived the Holocaust and returned to Silesia. 634.106 Silesians died in the expulsion, nearly 14 percent of the population. During the forced expulsion, the Red Army and the Poles committed atrocities as serious as those previously perpetrated by the Nazis on the Silesian Poles. Furthermore, the newly formed Polish United Workers' Party created a Ministry of the Recovered Territories that claimed half of the available arable land for state-run collectivized farms. Many Silesian residents who resented the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and brutality in occupation, now resented the newly formed Polish communist government for their population shifting and interference in agricultural and industrial affairs.^[11]

The administrative division of Silesia within Poland has changed several times since 1945. Since 1999 it has been divided between Lubusz Voivodeship, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is now part of the Czech Republic, forming the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern part of the Olomouc Region. Germany retains the Silesia-Lusatia region (Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz or Schlesische Oberlausitz) west of the Neisse, which is part of the federal state of Saxony.

Geography

First map of Silesia by Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom

Most of Silesia is relatively flat, although its southern border is generally mountainous. It is primarily located in a swath running along both banks of the upper and middle Oder (Odra) river, but it extends eastwards to the upper Vistula river. The region also includes many tributaries of the Oder, including the Bóbr (and its tributary the Kwisa), the Barycz and the Nysa Kłodzka. The Sudeten mountains run along most of the southern edge of the region, though at its south-eastern extreme it reaches the Silesian Beskids and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, which belong to the Carpathian range.

Historically, Silesia was bounded to the west by the Kwisa and Bóbr rivers, while the territory west of the Kwisa was in Upper Lusatia (earlier Milsko). However, because part of Upper Lusatia was included in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany Görlitz, Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and neighbouring areas are considered parts of historical Silesia. Those districts, along with Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship and parts of Lubusz Voivodeship, make up the geographic region of Lower Silesia.

Silesia has undergone a similar notional extension at its eastern extreme. Historically it extended only as far as the Brynica river, which separates it from Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in the Lesser Poland region. However to many Poles today, Silesia (Śląsk) is understood to cover all of the area around Katowice, including Zagłębie. This interpretation is given official sanction in the use of the name Silesian Voivodeship (województwo śląskie) for the province covering this area. In fact the word Śląsk in Polish (when used without qualification) now commonly refers exclusively to this area (also called Górny Śląsk or Upper Silesia).

As well as the Katowice area, historical Upper Silesia also includes the Opole region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia consists of a part of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník District in the Olomouc Region.

Natural resources

Silesia is a resource-rich and populous region.

Since the middle of the 18th century, coal has been mined. The industry grew during German rule and peaked in the 1970s under the People's Republic of Poland. During this period Silesia became one of the world's largest producers of coal, with a record tonnage in 1979.^[12] Coal mining declined during the next two decades but has increased again following the end of Communist rule.

Coal Mine Bolesław Śmiały, Łaziska Górne

There are 41 coal mines in Silesia, most forming part of the Gornoslaskie Zaglebie Weglowe coalfield which lies in the Silesian Upland. The field has an area of about 4,500 km².^[12] Deposits in Lower Silesia have proven to be difficult to exploit and the area's unprofitable mines were closed in 2000.^[12] In 2008 an estimated 35 billion tonnes of lignite reserves was found near Legnica, making them some of the largest in the world.^[13]

From the fourth century BC iron ore has been mined in the upland areas of Silesia.^[12] The same period saw lead, copper, silver and gold mining. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,^[14] and uranium^[15] have also been mined in the region. Lower Silesia features large copper mining and processing between the cities of Legnica, Głogów, Lubin and Polkowice.

The region is known for stone quarrying ^[12] to produce limestone, marl, marble, and basalt.

Annual production of minerals in Silesia

Mineral Name	Production (tonnes)	Reference
Bituminous coal	95,000,000
Copper	571,000	[16]
Zinc	160,000	[17]
Silver	1,200	[18]
Cadmium	500	[19]
Lead	70,000	[20]

The region also has a thriving agricultural sector, which produces cereals (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn), potatoes, rapeseed, sugar beets and others. Milk production is well developed. The Opole Silesia has for decades occupied the top spot in Poland for their indices of effectiveness of agricultural land use.^[21]

Mountainous parts of southern Silesia feature many significant and attractive tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is generally well forested. This is because greenness is generally highly desirable by the local population, particularly in the highly industrialized parts of Silesia.

Demographics

Polish names of Silesian cities, from a 1750 Prussian official document published in Berlin during the Silesian Wars.^[22]

Modern Silesia is inhabited by Poles, Silesians, Germans and Czechs. The last Polish census of 2002 showed that the Silesians are the largest national minority in Poland, Germans being the second; both groups are located mostly in Upper Silesia. The Czech part of Silesia is inhabited by Czechs, Moravians, Silesians and Poles.

Before the Second World War, Silesia was inhabited mostly by Germans, Silesians and Poles, with a Czech and Jewish minority. In 1905, a census showed that 75% of the population were Germans and 25% Poles. The German population tended to be based in the urban centres and in the rural areas to the north and west, whilst the Polish population was generally rural and in the east.^[23]

Historically, Silesia was about equally split between Protestants and Catholics; in 1890 Catholics made up a slight majority of 53% in the German-ruled part.^[24] Protestants were generally concentrated in the larger cities; the population tended to be Catholic the further east one went. After World War II, the religious demographic changed fundamentally as the Germans, many of whom were Protestants, were expelled from the region and mostly Catholic Poles were resettled in the area. Today Silesia is predominantly Catholic, reflecting the general religious makeup of Poland.

Existing from the twelfth century^[25] Silesia's Jewish community was concentrated around Wrocław and Upper Silesia, numbered 48,003 (1.1% of the population) in 1890, decreasing to 44,985 persons (0.9%) by 1910.^[26] In Polish East Upper Silesia the number of Jews was around 90,000-100,000.^[27] Historically the community had suffered a number of localised expulsions such as their 1453 expulsion from Wrocław.^[28]

After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, following Nazi racial policy, the Jewish population of Silesia was subjected to Nazi genocide with executions performed by Einsatzgruppe z. B.V led by Udo von Woyrsch and Einsatzgruppe I led by Bruno Streckenbach,^[29][30] imprisonment in ghettos and ethnic cleansing to the General Government. In their efforts to exterminate Poles and Jews through murder and ethnic cleansing Nazi established in Silesia province the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps. Expulsions were carried out openly and reported in the local press.^[31] Those sent to ghettos would from 1942 be expelled to concentration and work camps.^[32] Between 5 May and 17 June, 20,000 Silesian Jews were sent to Birkenau to gas chambers^[33] and during August 1942 10,000 to 13,000 Silesian Jews were murdered by gassing at Auschwitz.^[34] Most Jews in Silesia were exterminated by the Nazis. After the war Silesia became a major centre for repatriation of Jewish population in Poland which survived Nazi German extermination^[35] and in Autumn 1945 there were 15,000 Jews in Lower Silesia mostly Polish Jews returned from territories now belonging to Soviet Union,^[36] rising in 1946 to seventy thousand^[37] as Jewish survivors from other regions in Poland were relocated.^[38]

The majority of Germans fled or were expelled from the present-day Polish and Czech parts of Silesia during and after World War II. From June 1945 to January 1947, 1.77 million Germans were expelled from Lower Silesia, and 310,000 from Upper Silesia.^[39] Today, most German Silesians and their descendants live in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, many of them in the Ruhr area working as miners, like their ancestors in Silesia. In order to smooth their integration into West German society after 1945, they were placed into officially recognized organizations, like the Landsmannschaft Schlesien, with financing from the federal Western German budget. One of its most notable but controversial spokesmen was the Christian Democratic Union politician Herbert Hupka.

The expulsion of Germans led to widespread underpopulation. The population of the town of Glogau fell from 33,500 to 5,000, and from 1939 to 1966 the population of Wrocław fell by 25%.^[40] Attempts to repopulate Silesia proved unsuccessful in the 1940s and 1950s,^[41] and it was not until the late 1970s that Silesia's population reached pre-war levels.

Cities

The following table lists the cities in Silesia with a population greater than 30,000 (2015)

Wrocław

Katowice

Ostrava

Gliwice

Zabrze

Bielsko-Biała

Bytom

Ruda Śląska

Rybnik

Tychy

Opole

Zielona Góra

Wałbrzych

Chorzów

Legnica

Jastrzębie-Zdrój

		Name	Population	Area	Country	Administrative	Historic subregion
1		Wrocław	632,067	293 km^2 (113 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
2		Katowice	304,362	165 km^2 (64 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
3		Ostrava*	302,968	214 km^2 (83 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia/Moravia
4		Gliwice	185,450	134 km^2 (52 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
5		Zabrze	178,357	80 km^2 (31 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
6		Bielsko-Biała*	173,699	125 km^2 (48 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia/Lesser Poland
7		Bytom	173,439	69 km^2 (27 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
8		Ruda Śląska	141,521	78 km^2 (30 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
9		Rybnik	140,173	148 km^2 (57 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
10		Tychy	128,799	82 km^2 (32 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
11		Opole	120,146	97 km^2 (37 sq mi)		Opole Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
12		Zielona Góra	118,405	58 km^2 (22 sq mi)		Lubusz Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
13		Wałbrzych	117,926	85 km^2 (33 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
14		Chorzów	110,761	33 km^2 (13 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
15		Legnica	101,992	56 km^2 (22 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
16		Jastrzębie-Zdrój	91,235	85 km^2 (33 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
17		Jelenia Góra	81,985	109 km^2 (42 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
18		Havířov	76,381	32 km^2 (12 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia
19		Mysłowice	75,129	66 km^2 (25 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
20		Lubin	74,053	41 km^2 (16 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
21		Głogów	68,997	35 km^2 (14 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
22		Siemianowice Śląskie	68,844	25 km^2 (10 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
23		Kędzierzyn-Koźle	63,194	124 km^2 (48 sq mi)		Opole Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
24		Żory	62,038	65 km^2 (25 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
25		Tarnowskie Góry	60,957	84 km^2 (32 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
26		Świdnica	59,182	22 km^2 (8 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
27		Opava	57,676	91 km^2 (35 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia
28		Piekary Śląskie	57,148	40 km^2 (15 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
29		Frýdek-Místek*	56,945	52 km^2 (20 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia/Moravia
30		Karviná	55,985	57 km^2 (22 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia
31		Racibórz	55,930	75 km^2 (29 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
32		Görlitz**	55,255	68 km^2 (26 sq mi)		Free State of Saxony	Historically part of Lusatia, Görlitz was considered part of Lower Silesia in years 1319-1329 and 1815-1945
33		Świętochłowice	51,824	13 km^2 (5 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
34		Wodzisław Śląski	48,731	50 km^2 (19 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
35		Nysa	44,899	27 km^2 (10 sq mi)		Opole Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
36		Mikołów	39,776	79 km^2 (31 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
37		Nowa Sól	39,721	22 km^2 (8 sq mi)		Lubusz Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
38		Bolesławiec	39,603	24 km^2 (9 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
39		Knurów	39,090	34 km^2 (13 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
40		Oleśnica	37,303	21 km^2 (8 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
41		Brzeg	36,980	15 km^2 (6 sq mi)		Opole Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
42		Cieszyn	35,918	29 km^2 (11 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
43		Třinec	35,884	85 km^2 (33 sq mi)		Moravian-Silesian Region	Czech Silesia
44		Czechowice-Dziedzice	35,684	33 km^2 (13 sq mi)		Silesian Voivodeship	Upper Silesia
45		Dzierżoniów	34,428	20 km^2 (8 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
46		Hoyerswerda**	33,843	96 km^2 (37 sq mi)		Free State of Saxony	Historically part of Lusatia, Hoyerswerda was considered part of Lower Silesia in years 1825-1945
47		Oława	32,240	27 km^2 (10 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia
48		Zgorzelec**	31,890	16 km^2 (6 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Historically part of Lusatia, Zgorzelec was considered part of Lower Silesia in years 1319-1329 and 1815-1945
49		Bielawa	31,186	36 km^2 (14 sq mi)		Lower Silesian Voivodeship	Lower Silesia

* Only part in Silesia

See also

• Architecture of Silesia
• Czech Silesia
• Moravia
• Austrian Silesia
• Expulsion of Germans after World War II
• Expulsion of Poles by Germany
• List of Silesians
• Silesian cuisine
• Silesian language
• Silesian German
• Silesians
• Slezak

Footnotes

1. Zbigniew Babik, "Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny", Uniwersitas, Kraków, 2001.
2. Rudolf Fischer. Onomastica slavogermanica. Uniwersytet Wrocławski. 2007. t. XXVI. 2007. str. 83
3. Jankuhn, Herbert; Beck, Heinrich; et al., eds. (2006). "Wandalen". Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). 33 (2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany; New York, New York: de Gruyter. Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz - möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] - hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]
4. R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.) Historia Śląska, Wrocław 2007, s. 34-35
5. R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.) Historia Śląska, Wrocław 2007, s. 37-38
6. R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.) Historia Śląska, Wrocław 2007, s. 21-22
7. R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.) Historia Śląska, Wrocław 2007, s. 81
8. Piotr Eberhardt, Political Migrations in Poland, 1939–1948, Warsaw 2006, p.25
9. Maria Wardzyńska "Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion" IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009
10. Kamila Uzarczyk: Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2002, s. 285, 286, 289. ISBN 83-7322-287-1.
11. Lukowski, Zawadski, Jerzy, Hubert (2006). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–280. ISBN 978-0-521-61857-1.
12. "Natural Resources | poland.gov.pl". En.poland.gov.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
13. "Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie" (in Polish). Gazetawyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
14. S.Z. Mikulski, "Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif". In: "Mineral Deposit at the Beginning of the 21st Century", A. Piestrzyński et al. (eds). Swets & Zeitinger Publishers (Google books)
15. "Wise International | World Information Service on Energy". 0.antenna.nl. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
16. "Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country". Indexmundi.com. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
17. "Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country". Indexmundi.com. 2004-07-01. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
18. "Silver: World Mine Production, By Country". Indexmundi.com. 2004-08-13. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
19. "Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country". Indexmundi.com. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
20. "Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country". Indexmundi.com. 2005-06-24. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
21. "Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego". Umwo.opole.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
22. "Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa - biblioteka cyfrowa regionu śląskiego - Wznowione powszechne taxae-stolae sporządzenie, Dla samowładnego Xięstwa Sląska, Podług ktorego tak Auszpurskiey Konfessyi iak Katoliccy Fararze, Kaznodzieie i Kuratusowie Zachowywać się powinni. Sub Dato z Berlina, d. 8. Augusti 1750". Sbc.org.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
23. Hunt Tooley, T (1997). National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918-1922, University of Nebraska Press, p.17.
24. Meyers Konversationslexikon 5. Auflage
25. Demshuk, A (2012) The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945-1970, Cambridge University Press P40
26. Kamusella, T (2007). Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918, Purdue University Press, p.173.
27. Christopher R. Browning (2000). Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.147.
28. van Straten, J (2011) The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled, Walter de Gruyter P58
29. Popularna encyklopedia powszechna - Volume 10 - Page 660 Magdalena Olkuśnik, Elżbieta Wójcik - 2001 Streckenbach Bruno (1902-1977), funkcjonariusz niem. państwa nazistowskiego, Gruppenfuhrer SS. Od 1933 szef policji po- lit w Hamburgu. 1939 dow. Einsatzgruppe I (odpowiedzialny za eksterminacje ludności pol. i żydowskiej na Śląsku).
30. Zagłada Żydów na polskich terenach wcielonych do Rzeszy Page 53 Aleksandra Namysło, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej--Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu - 2008 W rzeczywistości ludzie Udona von Woyr- scha podczas marszu przez województwo śląskie na wschód dopuszczali się prawdziwych masakr ludności żydowskiej.
31. Steinbacher, S. "In the Shadow of Auschwitz, The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder, Routledge, P126
32. Steinbacher, S. "In the Shadow of Auschwitz, The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder, Routledge, pp.110-138.
33. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 - Page 544 Christopher R. Browning - 2007 Between May 5 and June 17, 20,000 Silesian Jews were deported to Birkenau to be gassed..
34. Christopher R. Browning (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942, University of Nebraska Press, p.544.
35. The International Jewish Labor Bund After 1945: Toward a Global History David Slucki, page 63
36. A narrow bridge to life: Jewish forced labor and survival in the Gross-Rosen camp system, 1940-1945, page 229 Belah Guṭerman
37. Kochavi, AJ (2001)Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948, University of North Carolina Press P 176
38. Kochavi, AJ (2001). Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948, University of North Carolina Press, p.176.
39. DB Klusmeyer & DG Papademetriou (2009). Immigration policy in the Federal Republic of Germany: negotiating membership and remaking the nation, Berghahn, p.70.
40. Scholz, A (1964). Silesia: yesterday and today, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, p.69.
41. Mazower, M (1999). Dark Continent: Europe's 20th Century, Penguin, p.223.

References

• Długajczyk, Edward (1993). Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919-1939. Katowice: Śląsk. ISBN 83-85831-03-7.
• Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). Korzenie Zaolzia. Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec: PAI-press. OCLC 177389723.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

• Silesia in Europe page at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 July 2007)
• Map of Silesia in 1763
• Old postcards from Silesian towns
• Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946
• What is Silesia?