Guanaco

Guanaco
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Camelidae
Tribe:	Lamini
Genus:	Lama
Species:	L. guanicoe
Binomial name
Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776)
Guanaco range

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe), a camelid native to South America, stands between 1.0 and 1.2 m (3 ft 3 in and 3 ft 11 in) at the shoulder^[2] and weighs 90 to 140 kg (200 to 310 lb).^[3] Its colour varies very little (unlike the domestic llama), ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath. Guanacos have grey faces and small, straight ears.

The name guanaco comes from the South American Quechua word huanaco^[4] (modern spelling: wanaku). Young guanacos are called chulengos.^[5]

Population and distribution

Herd of guanacos

The guanaco is an animal native to the mountainous regions of South America. They are found in the altiplano of Peru, Bolivia and Chile . In Argentina and Chile, they are more numerous in Patagonian regions, as well as in places such as the Torres del Paine National Park, and Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. In these areas, they have more robust populations, since grazing competition from livestock is limited. Estimates, as of 2011, place their numbers at 400,000 to 600,000.^[6] A small introduced population exists on Staats Island in the Falkand Islands, with a population of around 400 as of 2003.^[7]

Guanacos live in herds composed of females, their young, and a dominant male. Bachelor males form separate herds. While reproductive groups tend to remain small, often containing no more than 10 adults, bachelor herds may contain as many as 50 males. When they feel threatened, guanacos alert the herd to flee with a high-pitched, bleating call. The male usually runs behind the herd to defend them. They can run at 56 km (35 mi) per hour, often over steep and rocky terrain.^[8] They are also excellent swimmers. A guanaco's typical lifespan is 20 to 25 years.

Guanacos are one of the largest wild mammal species found in South America (along with the manatee, the Amazon river dolphin, the tapir, and the jaguar). Natural predators include cougars, jaguars, and foxes.^[9] Guanacos often spit when threatened.^[10]

The guanaco has thicker skin on its neck, a trait also found in its domestic counterpart, the llama and in its relatives, the wild vicuña and domesticated alpaca. This protects its neck from predator attacks. Bolivians use the neck-skin of these animals to make shoes, flattening and pounding the skin to be used for the soles. In Chile, hunting is allowed only in Tierra del Fuego, where the only population not classified as endangered in the country resides. Between 2007 and 2012, 13,200 guanacos were legally hunted in Tierra del Fuego.^[11]

Mating season

Guanacos in Torres del Paine National Park in Patagonia

Mating season occurs between November and February, during which males often fight violently to establish dominance and breeding rights. Eleven-and-a-half months later, a single chulengo is born.^[12] Chulengos are able to walk immediately after birth. Male chulengos are chased off from the herd by the dominant male around one year of age.

Domestication

Although the species is still considered wild, around 300 guanacos are in US zoos and around 200 are registered in private herds.^[13] Guanacos are the parent species of the domesticated llama.

Hemoglobin levels

Guanacos near the La Silla Observatory, 2400 meters above sea level.^[14]

Guanacos are often found at high altitudes, up to 4,000 meters above sea level, except in Patagonia, where the southerly latitude means ice covers the vegetation at these altitudes. For guanacos to survive in the low oxygen levels found at these high altitudes, their blood is rich in red blood cells. A teaspoon of guanaco blood contains about 68 billion red blood cells – four times that of a human.^[15]

Guanaco fiber

Guanaco fiber is particularly prized for its soft, warm feel and is found in luxury fabric. The guanaco's soft wool is valued second only to that of the vicuña. The pelts, particularly from the calves, are sometimes used as a substitute for red fox pelts, because the texture is difficult to differentiate. Like their domestic descendant, the llama, the guanaco is double-coated with coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat, the hairs of which are about 16-18 µ in diameter and comparable to the best cashmere.^[16]

Atacama Desert

The remains of a guanaco scattered in the Atacama Desert, southwest of Cerro Paranal: The only intact section of skin is the thicker skin around the neck

Some guanacos live in the Atacama Desert, where in some areas it has not rained for over 50 years. A coastline running parallel to the desert enables them to survive. Where the cool water touches the hot land, the air above the desert is cooled, creating a fog and thus, water vapor. Winds carry the fog across the desert, where cacti catch the water droplets and lichens that cling to the cacti soak it in like a sponge. When the guanacos eat the cacti flowers and the lichens, the water is transferred to them.^[17]

Guanacos near Torres del Paine, Chile

References

1. González, B.; Funes, M.; Cuéllar, E.; Villalba, L.; Hoces, D. & Puig, S. (2008). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
2. Stahl, Peter W. (4 April 2008). "Animal Domestication in South America". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William. Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer. pp. 121–130. ISBN 9780387752280.
3. "Lama guanicoe". Animal Diversity Web. 18 July 2016.
4. "Guanaco – LAMA GUANICOE". America Zoo. Lesley Fountain. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009.
5. "Species Profile: Guanaco". Concervación Patagonia.
6. C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Guanaco: Lama guanicoe, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
7. Franklin, William L.; Grigione, Melissa M. (10 March 2005). "The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton". Journal of Biogeography. 32 (4): 661–675. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01220.x.
8. Discovery Animal Guides - Guanacos
9. San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes.
10. National Geographic
11. Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, 2012. Plan de Manejo para a población de guanacos en el área agropecuaria de Tierra del Fuego (Chile). Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Gobierno de Chile. Punta Arenas, 47pp.+Annexes.
12. "Guanaco: Lama guanicoe". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
13. "ROYAL FIBERS - Guanacos Facts". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
14. "The Guanacos of Atacama". Retrieved 4 January 2016.
15. "Visit Englands Finest Safari Park & Zoo near Liverpool & Manchester". Knowsleysafariexperience.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
16. Beula Williams (2007-04-17). "Llama Fiber". International Llama Association.
17. Produced by Huw Cordey (2006-04-02). "Deserts". Planet Earth. BBC. BBC One.

External links