High Energy Transient Explorer

High Energy Transient Explorer 1
Names HETE-1
Mission type High-energy astronomy
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 1996-061A
SATCAT № 24645a
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer AeroAstro, Inc
Launch mass 128 kilograms (282 lb)
End of mission
Disposal Launch failure
Destroyed November 4, 1996 (1996-11-04)
Decay date April 7, 2002
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Eccentricity 0.0
Perigee 487 kilometres (303 mi)
Apogee 555 kilometres (345 mi)
Inclination 38.0°
Epoch November 4, 1996
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)

HETE 2
Mission type Astronomy
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 2000-061A
SATCAT № 26561
Spacecraft properties
Bus HETE
Manufacturer Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Launch mass 124 kilograms (273 lb)
Power 4 deployable fixed solar arrays
Start of mission
Launch date October 9, 2000, 05:38:00 (2000-10-09UTC05:38Z) UTC
Rocket Pegasus-H
Launch site Kwajalein
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime LEO
Semi-major axis 6,932 kilometers (4,307 mi)
Eccentricity 0.0018587
Perigee 534 kilometers (332 mi)
Apogee 559 kilometers (347 mi)
Inclination 1.9485°
Period 95.7 minutes
RAAN 207.197 degrees
Argument of perigee 13.7551 degrees
Mean anomaly 346.2996 degrees
Mean motion 85387
Epoch May 9, 2016 at 15:49:27 UTC

The High Energy Transient Explorer (abbreviated HETE; also known as Explorer 79) was an American astronomical satellite with international participation (mainly Japan and France). The prime objective of HETE was to carry out the first multiwavelength study of gamma-ray bursts with UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray instruments mounted on a single, compact spacecraft. A unique feature of the HETE mission was its capability to localize GRBs with ~10 arc second accuracy in near real time aboard the spacecraft, and to transmit these positions directly to a network of receivers at existing ground-based observatories enabling rapid, sensitive follow-up studies in the radio, IR, and optical bands. The satellite bus for the first HETE was designed and built by AeroAstro, Inc. of Herndon, VA; the replacement satellite, HETE-2, was built by MIT based on the original HETE design.

Launch attempts

The first HETE was lost during the launch on Nov.4, 1996. The Pegasus rocket achieved a good orbit, but explosive bolts releasing HETE from another satellite (Argentina's SAC-B) and from its DPAF envelope failed to charge, dooming both satellites. A battery on the third stage of the rocket and responsible for these bolts cracked during the ascent.

HETE is launched by a rocket airborne Pegasus such as photographed from the B-52 bomber.

A second HETE satellite, HETE-2, was launched on October 9, 2000 in a follow-up mission. It was similar to the first HETE, but replaced the UV camera with an additional X-ray camera (Soft X-ray Camera or SXC) capable of higher localization accuracy than the original X-ray instrument (Wide-Field X-ray Monitor or WXM).

HETE-2 was placed in a 625 km altitude Earth orbit with an inclination of 0-2 degrees.[1]

Achievements

Among the achievements of the HETE-2 mission are:

  1. The discovery of GRB 030329, a widely observed, nearby gamma ray burst, firmly connecting GRBs with supernovas.
  2. The discovery of GRB 050709, which was the first short/hard GRB to be found with an optical counterpart, leading to a firm establishment of the cosmological origin of this subclass of GRBs.
  3. Dark bursts, or GRBs previously thought to have no optical counterparts, are not completely optically dark. Some of these dark GRBs fade in the optical very rapidly, others are dimmer but detectable with large (meter class) telescopes.
  4. The establishment of another subclass of GRBs, the less energetic X-Ray Flashes (XRF), and its first optical counterpart.
  5. The first to send out arcminute positions of GRBs to the observation community within tens of seconds of the onset of GRB (and in a few instances, while the burst was ongoing).

Burst alert summary

The HETE website [2] lists 6 in 2001, 19 in 2002, 25 in 2003, 19 in 2004, 12 in 2005, 3 in 2006 - the last reported being in March 2006.

The trigger summaries[3] lists 2 GRBs in May 2006 and an XRB in Jan 2007.

Latest status

As of March 2007 "The operational efficiency of the HETE spacecraft and instruments has decreased due to the advanced age of the NiCd batteries on board."[4]

References

  1. ↑ HETE-2 Spacecraft
  2. ↑ HETE Bursts
  3. ↑ HETE Trigger Summaries: H40xx (from 15 Jan 2006)
  4. ↑ HETE Mission Status
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