Hurricane Debbie (1961)

Hurricane Debbie
Category 3 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Debbie on September 11
Formed September 6, 1961
Dissipated September 19, 1961
(Extratropical after September 16)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 120 mph (195 km/h)
Lowest pressure 961 mbar (hPa); 28.38 inHg
Fatalities 78 total
Damage $50 million (1961 USD)
(Estimated)
Areas affected Cape Verde Islands, Azores, Britain and Ireland, Norway, Russia
Part of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Debbie is the most powerful cyclone on record to strike Ireland in September, and possibly the only tropical cyclone on record to ever strike Britain and Ireland while still tropical. The fourth named storm of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season, Debbie originated from a well-defined tropical disturbance that was first identified in late August over Central Africa. Tracking generally westward, the system moved off the coast of Senegal on September 5 into the Atlantic Ocean. By this time, it was estimated to have become a tropical storm, but forecasters did not issue advisories on the system until two days later. Late on September 6, Debbie passed through the southern Cape Verde Islands as a strong tropical storm or minimal hurricane, resulting in a plane crash that killed 60 people in the islands. Once clear of the islands, data on the storm became sparse, and the status of Debbie was uncertain over the following several days as it tracked west-northwestward and later northward. It was not until a commercial airliner intercepted the storm on September 10 that its location became certain. The following day, Debbie intensified and reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, with maximum winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).

Maintaining its peak intensity for over a day, the hurricane gradually slowed its forward motion and weakened. By September 13, Debbie's motion became influenced by the Westerlies, causing the system to accelerate east-northeastward. The system passed over the western Azores as a minimal hurricane on September 15. At this point, there is uncertainty as to the structure of Debbie, whether it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone or maintained its identity as a tropical system. Regardless of which took place, the system deepened as it neared Ireland, skirting the coast of Western Ireland on September 16. Shortly thereafter, the system was confirmed to have become extratropical as it continued towards the northeast. The remnants of the storm later turned eastward, striking Norway and Russia, before dissipating on September 19.

Striking Ireland as a powerful storm, Debbie brought record winds to much of the island, with a peak gust of 114 mph (183 km/h) measured just offshore. These winds caused widespread damage and disruption, downing tens of thousands of trees and power lines. Countless structures sustained varying degrees of damage, with many smaller buildings destroyed. Agriculture experienced extensive losses to barley, corn and wheat crops. Throughout Ireland, Debbie killed 18 people (12 in the Republic of Ireland and six in Northern Ireland). It caused US$40–50 million in damage in the Republic[nb 1] and at least £1.5 million (US$4 million) in Northern Ireland. The storm also battered parts of Great Britain with winds in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h).

Meteorological history

Path of a hurricane, with colored dots representing the storm's intensity at different positions in six-hour intervals. The storm begins in the lower-center of the image near a landmass, moves left, up, and then generally moves towards the upper-right corner of the image. The colored dots reflect a gradual increase and then decrease in intensity.
Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

During late August and into early September 1961, an unusual series of low-level disturbances developed over Central and West Africa and into the eastern Atlantic Ocean. One of these systems, that probably formed over Central Africa at the end of August, became increasingly organized as it moved over Nigeria on September 1. As the disturbance travelled steadily westward, its mid-level circulation became well defined, and the accompanying low-level centre gradually followed suit. An upper-level anticyclone accompanied the storm during this entire period, providing a favorable upper-air regime for strengthening. According to a post-storm study in 1962, all the necessary environmental ingredients were available to the disturbance while it was over land; the only factor inhibiting earlier development was a lack of access to the warm waters. Around 1200 UTC on September 5, the low emerged off the coast of Senegal as a strong tropical depression or tropical storm. By this time, the system had a central pressure below 1006 mbar (hPa; 29.71 inHg), and sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) were reported in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. As the system neared Cape Verde, it continued to intensify and by the evening of September 6, reports from the nearby Danish tanker Charlotte Maersk indicated that the system was already at or near hurricane intensity.[1]

Late on September 6, Debbie passed over the southern Cape Verde Islands as a strong tropical storm or low-end hurricane.[1] Continuing on a west-northwest path, mainly in response to a large area of high pressure over the eastern Atlantic, the system continued to intensify.[2] Sea surface temperatures in the region averaged 80 °F (27 °C), supportive of tropical development.[3] At 1913 UTC on September 7, a picture from TIROS-3 showed that an eye had already developed and banding features covered an area more than 300 mi (480 km) from the centre.[1] Debbie was not classified operationally as a tropical storm until 2200 UTC on September 7, at which time the centre was estimated to be about 550 mi (890 km) west-southwest of Sal Island. Over the following three days, virtually no data was available on the hurricane and no reliable estimates on its intensity could be made. During this time, the storm was estimated to have taken a more north-westerly course over the open ocean. It was not until a KLM flight encountered the storm on September 10 that an accurate positioning of the hurricane could be made.[4]

Black and white satellite image of a hurricane with an eye and well organized structure. Due to the storm's position near the edge of the image, most of the hurricane is not visible. The curvature of the Earth is visible on the right, and a coordinate grid with labels has been superimposed on the image.
By September 7, Hurricane Debbie (lower left corner) already featured a clear, well-defined eye.

After maintaining a nearly steady course for three days, Hurricane Debbie turned northward and slowed as it neared a break in the ridge previously steering it west-northwestward.[5] During the evening of September 11, a United States Navy Aircraft reconnaissance mission into the storm found sustained winds of 110 – 120 mph (175 – 195 km/h) and a central pressure of 976 mbar (hPa; 28.82 inHg),[4] reaching its peak intensity as a modern-day Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). After maintaining its windspeeds for over 24 hours, the system weakened and turned sharply towards the east-northeast in response to the upper-level westerlies.[4][6] By the afternoon of September 13, Debbie was again a Category 1 storm as it quickly accelerated towards the Azores. Early on September 15, the storm passed over the easternmost Azores with winds estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h) before turning more northeasterly.[6] Once past the Azores, there is an uncertainty over the structural changes that took place with Debbie. According to the United States Weather Bureau's preliminary report, the system acquired characteristics of an extratropical cyclone on September 15, though remained a strong system.[4] This conflicts with the best track supplied by the Bureau and the National Hurricane Center's hurricane database maintains the system as a tropical cyclone until the afternoon of September 16.[6][7]

The system moved towards Ireland and began to deepen. Debbie eventually brushed the coast of Western Ireland near Achill Island during the morning of September 16 with sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[6] Around this time, a pressure of 961.4 hPa (28.39 inHg) was measured as it passed near Belmullet. If the system maintained tropical characteristics at this time, it would have been the first such storm on record to strike Ireland.[8] Shortly after striking Ireland, the system was confirmed to have transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it re-emerged into the northeast Atlantic Ocean.[4] While passing between Ireland and Scotland, the system continued to deepen, achieving an estimated central pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg). According to a study by Hickey and Connolly-Johnston, this ranked Debbie as the most intense post-hurricane from 1960 to 2012 to move through the Britain and Ireland.[8] After clearing the United Kingdom, the hurricane's remnants turned more easterly, later impacting Norway and Russia before dissipating on September 19.[4]

Impact

Republic of Ireland

Notable wind measurements[8][9][nb 2]
Location Maximum Gust 10-Minute Sustained
Belmullet 92 mph (148 km/h) 66 mph (106 km/h)
Birr 93 mph (150 km/h) 45 mph (72 km/h)
Claremorris 105 mph (169 km/h) 69 mph (111 km/h) dagger
Clones 100 mph (160 km/h) dagger 58 mph (93 km/h)
Dublin Airport 74 mph (119 km/h) 39 mph (63 km/h)
Kilkenny 75 mph (121 km/h) 46 mph (74 km/h)
Malin Head 113 mph (182 km/h) dagger 78 mph (126 km/h)
Mullingar 91 mph (146 km/h) dagger 52 mph (84 km/h) dagger
Roche's Point 82 mph (132 km/h) 60 mph (97 km/h)
Rosslare 83 mph (134 km/h) 54 mph (87 km/h)
Shannon Airport 107 mph (172 km/h) dagger 69 mph (111 km/h) dagger
Valentia Observatory 101 mph (163 km/h) dagger 67 mph (108 km/h)

As early as September 13, residents were made aware that a storm might strike parts of Ireland with hurricane-force winds. Two days later, forecasters believed the storm would take a more southerly course towards France. This forecast was later withdrawn as the storm failed to turn eastward.[10] Consequently, gale warnings were issued for much of western Ireland on the morning of September 16, hours before the brunt of the storm arrived.[11] Fearing building collapses, officials in County Galway closed markets for the duration of the storm.[12]

A powerful tropical or extratropical cyclone, on September 16 Hurricane Debbie became one of the most intense storms on record to strike Ireland. The storm brought hurricane-force winds to a large part of the country,[9] with wind gusts peaking at 114 mph (183 km/h) off the coast of Arranmore.[12] At several locations, all-time wind gusts and ten-minute sustained wind records were broken.[9] Sustained winds at Malin Head stayed at or above 62 mph (100 km/h) for approximately six hours.[8] Debbie was the strongest storm, in terms of atmospheric pressure, to strike Ireland during the month of September, with a pressure of 961.4 mbar (hPa; 28.39 inHg) measured in Belmullet.[9] Rainfall from the storm was relatively minor, with rainfall rates peaking at 0.35 in (9 mm) per hour at the Valentia Observatory. Though limited, the rain did cause some lakes in the west to flood.[8]

The greatest damage occurred in a swath stretching from Kerry to Limerick as well as the counties of Sligo and Donegal. In these areas, the hurricane's powerful winds damaged or destroyed many buildings and downed trees and power lines.[13] In the hardest hit areas, communication was not restored for over four days.[10] Many roads were blocked by debris for up to two days. Crops and trees were badly damaged.[13] Approximately two percent of the trees in the forestry industry were snapped or uprooted, with some areas losing up to twenty-four percent.[8] In general, corn and wheat crops fared better than expected, with only 25–30 percent being lost; however, some farmers reported barley losses greater than 50 percent.[14] Downed trees from the storm wreaked havoc, leaving considerable damage and loss of life behind.[15] All told, Hurricane Debbie was responsible for 12 deaths in the Republic of Ireland.[8][16] Four people were killed in County Cavan – a widow, her two daughters and granddaughter – after a tree fell on their car.[15] Five deaths resulted from fallen trees and three others were from building collapses.[16] At least 50 people were injured, few of which were serious.[17][18] A study in 2012 estimated that damage from the storm was at least US$40–50 million across Ireland.[8]

Satellite picture of Hurricane Debbie on September 13 over the open Atlantic

Newspapers reported that the city of Galway "resembled a bombed area," referring to the scale of damage caused by the winds.[19] In nearby Ballygar, two barns were destroyed, one of which had debris strewn over a wide area.[20] Hurricane-force winds battered Tuam for several hours, leaving most buildings damaged.[20] Nearly every structure in Connemara was damaged and many homes lost their roofs.[21] At Cork Airport, windows at the control tower were blown out and a construction crane was knocked over.[16] Residents in Loughrea dubbed Saturday, September 16, 1961 as "The Day Of The Big Wind" in light of the extensive damage.[12] Damage in Roscommon was "impossible to calculate," as all power and communication around the town was lost.[21] In Limerick, 15 people were injured.[19] Across County Cavan, thousands of trees were snapped or uprooted, leaving many towns temporarily cut off as roads were blocked and communications lost. Many structures sustained damage, which ranged from broken slate roofing to flattened barns. Most towns across the county were left without power and telephone service. Residents described the storm as "the worst in living memory."[22]

Along the coast, rough seas spurred by the winds damaged docks and flooded some coastal regions.[15] Offshore, waves reached heights of 45 ft (14 m) near Arranmore.[12] Dozens of ships were torn from their moorings and run aground at various ports,[15] some of which were found 200 yd (180 m) inland. In Salthill, three marinas were damaged with forty vessels damaged or sunk.[23] Between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. local time, onshore winds from the storm caused the River Shannon to flow backwards and rise 4 ft (1.2 m).[21] Hundreds of acres of land, including potato and cabbage plots, were left several feet underwater. Many roads were submerged, making travel impossible in the area.[22] The combination of strong winds and sea spray from the storm caused extensive defoliation of vegetation up to 10 mi (16 km) inland.[12] Spray from the River Foyle reportedly travelled 100 yd (91 m).[24]

In the wake of the storm, more than 1,000 Electricity Supply Board (ESB) personnel were deployed to restore power.[18] In some areas, locals worked together to provide others with fresh food after electricity was lost. Fire brigades were sent on patrol to quell any looting.[20] In Galway, ESB repair crews worked through labor and supply shortages to restore power and telephone service despite recent strikes in the company. By September 23, officials in the city appealed to the Government for funding to deal with the aftermath of the hurricane. Uncertainty over whether some of the cost could be footed by landowners themselves resulted in disagreement over how much aid to request.[23] Due to the severity of damage to the electrical grid, there were numerous requests made to the ESB to build underground power cables, especially in Galway.[25]

United Kingdom

Surface weather analysis of Hurricane Debbie over northwestern Europe on 16 September

Exceptionally strong winds from the storm buffeted parts of Northern Ireland, with gusts of 106 mph (171 km/h) and 104 mph (167 km/h) measured in Ballykelly and Tiree respectively.[8] The winds downed tens of thousands of trees and more than 1,000 telephone lines across the region.[26] In the Baronscourt Forest in County Tyrone, 30,000 trees were blown down.[8] Countless roads across Northern Ireland were blocked by debris and major rail lines had to suspend service.[27] There was severe damage in the city of Derry where a newly built school was destroyed. Losses in the city alone amounted to £500,000 (US$1.4 million ). In Lagan Valley, a brick community hall was destroyed.[13] An estimated 200 homes and two churches in Strabane were damaged. The town's labour exchange building was severely damaged as well. In a local cemetery, many tombstones were uprooted from concrete foundations and destroyed.[28] A newly built fire station in Clogher collapsed after its roof was blown off.[27] Several people were injured in Belfast after a glass ceiling collapsed in a bus station and a piece of corrugated roofing blew in from a nearby building.[18]

Six people were killed in Northern Ireland, mostly due to fallen trees: two in County Fermanagh and one each in Cookstown, Dungannon, Omagh, and elsewhere in Tyrone.[16][29] The cereal crop in Northern Ireland suffered greatly due to Debbie, with half of the yield being lost. Losses from the crop were estimated at £1 million (US$2.8 million).[13] In the wake of the storm, military ambulances from the Royal Army Medical Corps were dispatched to parts of West Tyrone.[30] Power repair crews were dispatched for nearly a week repairing downed wires across Northern Ireland. Many public authorities paid tribute to the workers for their tireless work.[26] After passing through Ireland, the storm brought strong winds and heavy rain to parts of Scotland and Wales, resulting in some damage and flooding in the region.[17] On the coast of Lancashire and the Isle of Man, sand storms were reported, with significant sand deposits found inland.[8]

Elsewhere

Unsettled weather in the Cape Verde Islands brought about by Tropical Storm Debbie was blamed for a plane crash on September 6 that killed 60 people.[9] Although the storm passed over the Azores as a hurricane, no reports of damage were received. Strong winds were also reported from the Bay of Biscay to locations in northern Norway.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ All damage totals are in 1961 values.
  2. ↑ Values marked with dagger represent all-time record measurements as of 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 3 C. O. Erickson (February 1963). "An Incipient Hurricane Near The West African Coast" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 91 (2): 61–68. Bibcode:1963MWRv...91...61E. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0061:AIHNTW>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  2. ↑ Clifton F. Tisdale (December 1961). "The Weather and Circulation of September 1961" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 89 (12): 560–566. Bibcode:1961MWRv...89..560T. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1961)089<0560:TWACOS>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  3. ↑ Irving Perlroth (April 1969). "Effects of oceanographic media on Equatorial Atlantic hurricanes" (PDF). Tellus. 21 (2): 242. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00435.x. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Hurricane Debbie — September 7–15, 1961 Preliminary Report" (PDF). National Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1961. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  5. ↑ Ralph L. Higgs (14 September 1961). "Report on Hurricane Debbie — September 7–11, 1961" (Report). Weather Bureau Airport Station in San Juan, Puerto Rico. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Hurricane Debbie 1961 Easy-to-Read Best Track". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  7. ↑ "Hurricane Debbie 1961 Operational Best Track". National Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1961. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kieran R. Hickey; Christina Connolly-Johnston (2012). "The Impact of Hurricane Debbie (1961) and Hurricane Charley (1986) on Ireland". Advances in Hurricane Research — Modelling, Meteorology, Preparedness and Impacts. InTech. pp. 183–198. doi:10.5772/54039. ISBN 978-953-51-0867-2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Exceptional Weather Events - "Hurricane Debbie"" (PDF). Met Éireann. 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Hurricane Esther, a new alert". Irish Press. 20 September 1961. p. 8.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  11. ↑ "Maasdam Serviced In Teeth Of Strong Gale". Connacht Tribune. 16 September 1961. p. 9.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Repairing Hurricane Damage". Connacht Sentinel. 19 September 1961. p. 3.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  13. 1 2 3 4 J. G. Gruickshank; N. Stephens; L. J. Symons (January 1962). "Report of the Hurricane in Ireland on Saturday, 16th September, 1961". The Irish Naturalists' Journal. 14 (1): 4–12. JSTOR 25534822.
  14. ↑ "Crop Losses". Irish Farmers Journal. 23 September 1961. p. 1.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Fifteen Perished In Gale". Irish Independent. 18 September 1961. p. 1.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Gale Killed Fifteen". Irish Independent. 18 September 1961. p. 3.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  17. 1 2 3 Gordon E. Dunn (March 1962). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1961" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 90 (3): 113–114. Bibcode:1962MWRv...90..107D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0107:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  18. 1 2 3 "Unparalleled havoc in wake of freak gale". Irish Press. 18 September 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  19. 1 2 "Trail Of Havoc". Irish Independent. 18 September 1961. p. 3.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  20. 1 2 3 "Repairing Hurricane Damage". Connacht Sentinel. 19 September 1961. p. 10.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  21. 1 2 3 "Corporation Appeal To Government". Connacht Tribune. 23 September 1961. p. 12.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  22. 1 2 "Storm Reports From The Areas". Anglo-Celt. 23 September 1961. p. 9.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  23. 1 2 "Corporation Government: Grants For Storm Repair". Connacht Tribune. 23 September 1961. p. 9.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  24. ↑ Kate Heaney (16 September 2011). "Recalling the day Donegal was rattled to the core". Donegal News. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  25. ↑ "Supper For Underground Cables Plea". Connacht Tribune. 7 October 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  26. 1 2 "The Storm Made Much Work". Ulster Herald. 23 September 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  27. 1 2 "Farmer and boys killed by falling trees". Ulster Herald. 23 September 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  28. ↑ "Damage To Strabane Railway Station". Ulster Herald. 23 September 1961. p. 8.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  29. ↑ "Man Hurt In Storm Dies". Irish Press. 2 October 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  30. ↑ "Omagh Notes". Ulster Herald. 23 September 1961. p. 12.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)

External links

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