List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

The following is a List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe and the extratropical Northern Atlantic (it does not include localised events, such as those that occur in tornados).

Land-based observations in Europe

Met Office daily weather report supplementary chart of barometer over Europe on 24 January 1907, for 8am 23 January with a high of 31.5 inches of mercury (1,070 hPa) over Latvia

Land-based records for Europe:

• Highest observed air pressure record:

• 22–23 January 1907 in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar reported in peer-reviewed literature.^[1]

Other high values have been reported:

• 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa, this value is from a student generated report from the Free University of Berlin Adopt a Vortex scheme.^[2]
• 17 February 1954 in northern Russia >1060 hPa,^[3] This high is claimed to have a pressure over 1070 hPa by a Free University of Berlin student generated report.^[4]
• 16 February 1956, northern Urals 1070 hPa mentioned in student generated reports from FUB.^[4] 1067 hPa in another student report from FUB.^[2] Others give a figure for this high of 1065 mslp.^[5] isobar of 1072 over Russia on Met Office Daily Weather Report 16 February 1956 centred about the town of Vorkuta, Komi Republic.^[6]
• 31 January 2012 Khoseda-Khardsky directly west of Urals a value reported by SMHI of 1068.3 hPa (mslp?),^[7] from a high pressure area named "Cooper/Dieter" by the Free University of Berlin in January 2012^[4] which brought the Early 2012 European cold wave.

Pressure is thought to have risen above 1060 hPa in Europe on only 12 occasions between 1871–2010, in the years 1893, 1899, 1907, 1915, 1920, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1956, 1972, 1995 and 2008.^[8] To this list might also be included high pressure anticyclones in 1954 and 2012 (see above), and 1869.^[9] The most notable high in Europe peaked in January 1907. This was an unusual development that brought high pressure to the west,^[8] and holds the record across multiple countries in northeast Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Germany, Slovakia).

• Lowest air pressure:

• 2 December 1929 at Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey southwest Iceland 923.6 hPa.^[10]

Another value reported:

• 6–7 January 1839, recorded at Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa) this value is from non-standardised equipment, and is not fully supported by values at neighbouring stations (unknown if corrected for MSLP).^[11] The conversion to hPa above assumes an Inch of mercury at 0 °F = 3376.85 Pa, if value assumes inHg at 60 °F = 3376.38 Pa the value could be as low as 920.2 hPa.

Iceland

• Highest air pressure: 3 January 1841, Reykjavik 1058.0 hPa.^[12]
• Lowest air pressure: 2 December 1929 at Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey 923.6 hPa.^[10]

Iceland list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa

High pressure in Iceland has exceeded 1050 hPa 4 times in the twentieth century and five times in the nineteenth century.^[12]

Table of atmospheric pressure in Iceland exceeding 1050 hPa.^[12]

Date	Location	pressure hPa
23 December 1836	Reykjavik	1050.9
3 January 1841	Reykjavik	1058.0
11 December 1846	Reykjavik	1051.7
6 March 1883	Stykkishólmur	1050.7
26 February 1890	Stykkishólmur	1050.0
16 December 1917	Stykkishólmur	1054.2
26 February 1962	Akureyri	1051.7
17 January 1977	Galtarviti, Keflavik	1051.1
14—15 April 1991	Several stations	1050

Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002, also gives values on 10 March 1887 at Stykkishólmur 1052.43 hPa and also 9 January 1977 at the same location 1050.47 hPa.^[13]

In July the pressure in Iceland has only dropped below 975 hPa or lower three times over the entire record extending back to the 1820s. These cases were 974.1 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 18 July 1901, 974.3 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 19 July 1923 and 975.0 hPa in Reykjavík 11 July 1912.^[14]—to which can be added 22 July 2012, with 972.4 hPa reported on the Westman Isles, becoming the new national record for the month.^[15]

A recent low pressure on 30 December 2015 was recorded at Kirkjubaejarklaustur (associated with an area of low pressure known as Eckard/Frank) at 930.2 hPa, the lowest pressure recorded on land in Iceland since 1989.^[16]

Faroe Islands

METEOSAT satellite image of the Braer Storm of January 1993 near peak intensity on January 10, 1993

The Danish Meteorological Institute report record atmospheric pressure for the Faroe Islands (since 1961) as:

• Highest air pressure: 13 December 1995, Tórshavn 1048.9 hPa.^[17]

• Lowest air pressure: 11 January 1993, Vágar Airport during the Braer Storm 930.3 hPa.^[17]

Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002 give 3 dates when pressure exceeded 1050 hPa in Tórshavn.^[18]

Table of atmospheric pressure in Tórshavn exceeding 1050 hPa.

Date	pressure hPa
8 January 1896	1052.64
1 February 1902	1052.43
21 February 1944	1050.33

Ireland

Met Éireann list the following national records for atmospheric pressure:

• Highest air pressure: 28 January 1905, Valentia Island, Co.Kerry 1051.9 hPa.
• Lowest air pressure: 28 November 1838, Limerick 931.2 hPa.§

(§ note the lowest recorded pressure value for the island of Ireland is 8 December 1886, in Belfast 927.2 hPa.)

Ireland monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure in Ireland Met Éireann.^[19]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa
January	28 January 1905	Valentia, Co. Kerry	1051.9
February	7 February 1964	Kilkenny and Mullingar[1]	1049.1
March			1047.1
April			1042.8
May	16 May 1943	Dublin Airport	1042.2	An alternate value on 12 May 2012 at Valentia observatory of 1043.0 hPa has also been reported.[20]
June	14 June 1959	Clones, Co Monaghan	1043.1
July			1037.9
August			1035.6
September	10–11 September 2009	Malin Head[21]	1041.3
October			1043.0
November	10 November 1999	Belmullet[22]	1044.9
December	24 December 1926	Malin Head[1]	1049.5

Ireland monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure in Ireland Met Éireann.^[19][23]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa
January	26 January 1884	Markree Castle, Sligo	936.6
February	4 February 1951	Midleton, Co. Cork	942.3
March	10 March 2008	Shannon Airport	950.1
April	1 April 1948	Malin Head, Co. Donegal	952.9
May	10 May 1983	Belmullet, Co. Mayo	970.3
June	8 June 1843	Phoenix Park, Dublin	975.3
July	25 July 1988	Belmullet, Co. Mayo	978.0
August	14 August 1954	Belmullet, Co. Mayo	967.7
September	21 September 1953	Claremorris, Co. Mayo	957.1
October	28 October 2004	Valentia	957.5
November	28 November 1838	Limerick	931.2
December	16–17 December 1989	Cork Airport[24]	942.8	*8 December 1886, in Belfast 927.2 hPa.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Graph of minimum and maximum monthly air pressure values in the UK.

For the United Kingdom, the Met Office record the record figures for atmospheric pressure (which are nominally since 1870) as:

• Highest air pressure: 31 January 1902, Aberdeen Scotland 1053.6 hPa.
• Lowest air pressure: 26 January 1884, Ochtertyre Scotland 925.6 hPa.

Though the lowest pressure may be second to the Night of the big wind low, which saw a value of 27.25 inches of mercury (923 hPa) at Sumburgh Head, Shetland on non-calibrated, non-standard equipment 6–7 January 1839, with the mainland at Cape Wrath reporting an observed pressure of 27.32 inches of mercury (925 hPa).^[11]

A low pressure of 914.0mb affected the UK during the Braer Storm on 10 January 1993, however this figure is discounted as this reading was not recorded in the UK.

United Kingdom monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure UK and Ireland Met Office.^[25]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	Alternative and UK only records
January	31 January 1902	Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire	1053.6†
February	1 February 1902	Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire	1052.9
March	9 March 1953 (3 March 1990[26])	St Mary's Airport, Isles of Scilly	1047.9	An alternative value is reported 9 March 1953, Tynemouth 1048.6 hPa.[1][27]
April	11 April 1938	Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire	1044.5
May	16 May 1943	Dublin Airport, Ireland	1042.2	UK value: 1881, Aberdeen, Glasgow and Armagh 1042 hPa.[27]
June	14 June 1959	Clones Co. Monaghan	1043.1	UK value: 14 June 1959, "Northern Ireland" 1043 hPa (Irish record is within 1 km of UK border).[27] 15 June 1874 Scotland >1040 hPa.[28]
July	16 July 1996	Aboyne, Aberdeenshire	1039.2
August	25 August 1968	Kirkwall, Orkney	1037.4
September	11 September 2009	Ballykelly, Co. Londonderry	1042.0	*Previously 19 September 1986 Shawbury, Shropshire 1041.2 hPa.[1]
October	31 October 1956	Dyce, Aberdeenshire	1045.6
November	10 November 1999	Aviemore, Invernessshire	1046.7
December	24 December 1926	Wick, Caithness	1051.9

(† note the value of 1054.7 reported in some literature is an incorrect conversion.^[29])

United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa

List of atmospheric pressures over 1050 hPa in UK and Ireland^[1] (likely incomplete)

Date	Location	pressure hPa
24 February 1808	Gordon Castle, Moray Scotland	1050.0
8—9 January 1820	Kinfauns Castle, Perth Scotland	1051.7
9 January 1896	Ochtertyre, Perth Scotland	1053.4
31 January 1902	Aberdeen, Scotland (UK record)	1053.6
28 January 1905	Falmouth, Cornwall	1053.1
23 January 1907	Aberdeen, Scotland	1051.8
24 December 1926	Wick, Scotland	1051.9
26 January 1932	Stonyhurst, Sheffield and Meltham, West Yorshire	1051.0
16 January 1957	Belmullet, Co Mayo Ireland	1050.9

In the period of instrumental measurement the atmospheric pressure has exceeded 1048 hPa somewhere over the United Kingdom and Ireland on 17 occasions.^[1] On nine of these times, the pressure exceeded 1050 hPa—a value not exceeded since 1957 in Ireland, and since 26 January 1932 over the UK.^[1] Intense high pressure is usually seen during midwinter with 7 of the 9 occasions where 1050 hPa has been exceeded occurring in January.^[1]

Pressure values have been recorded to have exceeded 1050 hPa in all areas of the UK and Ireland except south east England, though values close to this are documented from January 1882 and January 1905.^[1]

United Kingdom monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure UK and Ireland Met Office.^[25]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	Alternative and UK only records
January	26 January 1884	Ochtertyre, Perthshire	925.6	Alternative: 6–7 January 1839, Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa), (value from non-standardised equipment).[11]
February	4 February 1951	Midleton, Co. Cork	942.3	UK value: 9 February 1988, Benbecula 944.0 hPa.[27]
March	9 March 1876	Wick, Caithness	946.2
April	1 April 1948	Malin Head, Co. Donegal	952.9	UK value: 1 April 1948, The Hebrides 953 hPa.[27]
May	8 May 1943	Sealand, Flintshire (listed as Cheshire)	968.0
June	28 June 1938	Lerwick, Shetland	968.4
July	8 July 1964	Sule Skerry, Northern Isles	967.9
August	14 August 1954	Belmullet, Co. Mayo	967.7	UK value: 26 August 1912, Great Yarmouth 978 hPa.[27]
September	21 September 1953	Claremorris, Co. Mayo	957.1	UK value: 16–17 September 1935, "Central England" 960 hPa.[27]
October	14 October 1981	Cawdor Castle, Highland (listed as Nairnshire)	946.8	**Cyclone Oratia
November	11 November 1877	Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides	939.2
December	8 December 1866	Belfast, Antrim	927.2	On the morning of 8 December 1886, the barometer may have fallen as low as 924 mbar over northern Ireland, although the lowest authenticated value was 927.2 mbar at Belfast at 1330h, close to the centre of the depression.[30]

Cyclone Oratia is estimated to have reached a low of 941 hPa in peer reviewed literature, though the lowest pressure occurred between Aberdeen and Norway over the North Sea and is not a land-based observation. The lowest land-based reported UK pressure during this storm was recorded from RAF Fylingdales at 951.2 hPa.^[31]

On 7 September 1995, Scilly Isles, reported a low pressure of 966 hPa.^[32] The lowest minimum recorded values for the months May to August lie within 0.5 of 968 hPa.

The 20th Century low pressure record in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry it may have dropped as low as 936 mbar.^[33]

United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure below 950 hPa (incomplete)

• 1821 December 25, London 27.93 inches of mercury (946 hPa).^[34]
• 1839 January 7, Night of the big wind, pressure below 28 inches of mercury (950 hPa) at Inchkeith, Peterhead and Aberdeen.^[34]
• 1865 December 31, Butt of Lewis Lighthouse 27.69 inches of mercury (938 hPa), with a report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy that is not supported by observation from Cantick head lighthouse on South Walls.^[34]
• 1884 January 26, Ochtertyre, record lowest pressure value for the UK.
• 2013 December 24, Cyclone Dirk

Norway

Yr.no the joint venture between the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute give the national pressure records as:

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Dalen, Telemark 1 061 hPa.^[35]
• Lowest air pressure: 20 February 1907, at Skudenes on the island of Karmøy, Rogaland 938.5 hPa.^[35]

(formerly listed as 27 January 1907, Bergen 936 hPa.)^[36][37]

A value of 702.0 mm Hg at Bergen Lungegård Hospital on January 27, 1884 (935.8 hPa) is also reported,^[38][39] which is likely to be from the same low as the UK record from Ochtertyre the previous day. Other sources give a pressure value of 939.8 hPa or 939.7 hPa in Bergen on 27 January 1884.^[40][41][42]

Both records in same winter as each other and those of Denmark.

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Norway

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
October	5 October 2016	Otta	1054.3	[43][44]	*Previously 14 October 1896, Dalen, Telemark, 1044.0 hPa.[45]

Denmark

The Danish Meteorological Institute report record barometric pressure for the Denmark (since 1874) as:

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Skagen 1062.5 hPa.^[46]
• Lowest air pressure: 20 February 1907, Skagen 943.9 hPa.^[47]

Danish records both occurred within a month during the same winter, and same winter as Norwegian records.^[48]

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Denmark>

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
September	29 September 2015	Østerbro	1042.2	[49][50]	*Previously 18 September 1904, Hammer Odde Lighthouse 1038.8 hPa.
October	5 October 2016	Skagen	1045.5	[51][52]	*Previously 6 October 1877, Hammer Odde Lighthouse 1044.7 hPa.

Denmark list of barometric pressure over 1050 hPa

Above 1050 hPa^[53]

Date	Location	pressure hPa
7 February 2012	Thyborøn	1050.3	8 February 2012 north jutland >1050 hPa.[54]
18 November 1985[55]	Thyborøn	1050.3
1962	Denmark	1052
23 January 1907	Skagen	1062.5

Sweden

The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute give the nation's barometric records as:

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907 in Kalmar and Visby 1063.7 hPa.^[56]
• Lowest air pressure: 6 December 1895 Härnösand 938.4 hPa.^[56]

Sweden monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Sweden^[57]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
January	23 January 1907	Kalmar and Visby	1063.7	[58]
February	1 February 2012	Haparanda	1058.0	[59]
March	1 March 1971	Svartbyn-Överkalix	1055.7	[60]
April	15 April 1860	Uppsala	1047.1	[61]
May	7 May 1893	Umeå	1048.0	[62]
June	3 June 1979	Sveg	1044.8	[63]
July	28 July 1963	Sveg and Särna	1035.6	[64]
August	25 August 1968	Riksgränsen	1038.8	[65]
September	29 September 2015	Hagshult (Småland)	1042.9	[66]	*Previously 16 September 1903, Sveg 1042.0 hPa.[67]
October	4 October 2016	Sveg	1050.7 (provisional)	[68][69]	*Previously 14 October 1896, Stockholm 1048.6 hPa.[70]
November	18 November 1985	Malung and Rännberg-Östmark, Värmland.	1056.0	[71]
December	15 December 1946	Sveg	1059.2	[72]

Sweden monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Sweden^[57]

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
January	30 January 2000	Krångede, Jämtland	946.2	[73]
February	27 February 1990	Understen, Uppland	940.5	[74]
March	8 March 1920	Abisko, Lapland	948.3	[75]
April	6 April 1943	Gäddede, Jämtland	960.3	[76]
May	12 May 1898	Karlstad	971.3	[77]
June	29 June 1938	Storlien	976.2	[78]
July	9 July 1931	Ulricehamn	977.1	[79]
August	6 August 1941	Måseskär	975.7	[80]
September	29 September 1956	Klutmark, Västerbotten	960.9	[81]
October	19 October 1970	Edsbyn	954.1	[82]
November	1 November 1921	Holmögadd, .	948.3	[83]
December	6 December 1895	Härnösand	938.4	[84]

Finland

According to the Finnish Meteorological Institute:

• Highest air pressure: 22 January 1907, Helsinki 1066 hPa.^[85]
• Lowest air pressure: 27 February 1990 Kuuskajaskari, Rauma 940 hPa.^[85][86]

Though a reported low value by Weather Underground weather historian Christopher Burt on 1 March 1990 at an unknown location is reported at 939.7 hPa.^[86]

Baltics

Deutsche Seewarte atmospheric pressure map 23 January 1907

Maximum pressure in Europe 22–23 January 1907 recorded in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.^[1] The Free University of Berlin state the European air pressure record is 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa.^[2]

Estonia

As reported by the Estonian Weather Service

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Tallinn 1060.3 hPa.‡^[87]
• Lowest air pressure: 16 December 1982 Väike-Maarja 936.0 hPa.^[87]

‡The Estonian Weather Service report on their website the record maximum observed air pressure in the country as 1060.3 hPa recorded 23 January 1907 in Tallinn.^[87] This figure is not supported by NOAA reanalysis charts^[88] and the values reported from neighbouring Finland and Latvia probably make this figure an underestimation or error. A possible maximum pressure value for the whole of Europe is thought to have occurred during the 22–23 January 1907 high pressure event with a record set in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.^[1] Though this value is exceeded by the value on 23 January 1907 in Riga reported at 1068.7 hPa by the Free University of Berlin's student generated reports,^[2] at which time the pressure is estimated to have reached around 1070 hPa by Yr.no in the Gulf of Riga.^[89]

Latvia

• Highest air pressure: 22–23 January 1907 Liepāja 1065.9 hPa

In the period 1960 to 2014, 16 December 1997 Daugavpils a value of 1055.8 hPa recorded.^[90]

• Lowest air pressure: 13 February 1962 Vidzeme Upland 932.9 hPa

Lithuania

• Highest air pressure: December 1889 Vilnius 1058.5 hPa
• Lowest air pressure: January 1931 Ukmergė and Dotnuva 951.6 hPa.

23 January 1907 1065.1 hPa.^[8]

Kaliningrad/Königsberg

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907 1064.7 hPa^[8]

Channel Islands

Jersey

1862–2005

• Highest air pressure: 29 January 1905, Jersey 1051.7 hPa.^[1]
• Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Jersey 953.8 hPa.^[24]

Guernsey

Guernsey Airport 1960–2005.^[1]

• Highest air pressure: 3 March 1990, 1047.7 hPa.
• Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, 952.5 hPa.

France

Météo-France figures from 1951-2012.^[91]

• Highest air pressure: 3 March 1990, Pointe de Chémoulin, Saint-Nazaire Loire-Atlantique 1048.9 hPa.^[92]
• Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Cap de La Hague, Cherbourg 951.8 hPa.^[92]

though other listed figures predate Météo-France's records.

• Highest air pressure: 6 February 1821 Paris 1050.4 hPa.^[93]
• Lowest air pressure: 25 December 1821 Boulogne sur mer 947.1 hPa.

29 January 1905, a powerful anticyclone covers all of Europe and the atmospheric pressure reached a record value of 1049.3 hPa in Paris.^[94][95]

Belgium

The Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute gives the national record values as:

• Highest air pressure: 27 January 1932, Uccle 1048 hPa.^[96]
• Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Blankenberge 954 hPa.^[96]

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Belgium (since 20 century)

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
January	27 January 1932	Uccle	1048	[96]
June	6 June 1962	Uccle	1034.9	[97]
September	27 September 1906	Uccle	1037.9	[97]
October	23 October 1958	Uccle	1039.5	[97]

Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Belgium (since 20 century)

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
February	25 February 1989	Uccle	956.8	[97]	*Alt On 25 February 1989 a value reported at Blankenberge of 954 hPa.[96][97]
August	24 August 1956	Uccle	980	[97]
September	11 September 1903	Uccle	976.8	[97]
October	10 October 1964	Uccle	971.0	[97]
November	29 November 1965	Uccle	967	[97]

Netherlands

The Dutch Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute lists the following as national records:

• Highest air pressure: 26 January 1932, De Bilt, Utrecht 1050.0 hPa.^[98][99]

• weergegevens.nl give a value on 23 January 1907 at Eelde of 1053.0 hPa.^[100]

• Lowest air pressure: 27 November 1983, Eelde, Drenthe 954.2 hPa.^[98]

Netherlands monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Netherlands

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
January	26 January 1932	De Bilt	1050.0	[101]	*Alt: 23 January 1907, Eelde 1053.0 hPa.[100]
February	2 February 1993	De Bilt	1042	[101]	*Alt: 16 February 2008, Eelde 1048.1 hPa.[100]
March	6 March 1852	Utrecht	1046.9	[102]
April	10 April 1938, Vlissingen 1041.6 hPa.	Vlissingen	1041.6	[100]	*Alt: 7 April 2015, 1036.7 hPa.[103]
May	16 May 1943	Eelde, De Bilt and De Kooy	1040.2	[100]
June	7 June 1962	De Bilt?	1036.9	[102]	*Alt: 6–7 June 1962, De Kooy 1038.3 hPa.[100]
July	8 July 2013 and 10 July 1911	Hoorn and De Kooy	1034.6	[100]
August			1034	[102]	*Alt: 13 August 1949, Maastricht 1034.1 hPa.[100]
September	29 September 2015	Hoorn	1039.8	[100]	*Alt: 29 September 2015, 1039.5 hPa.[103]
October	22 October 1983	Rotterdam and Soesterberg	1041.7	[100]
November		De Bilt	1044.2	[101]	*Alt: 20 November 1915, Eelde 1044.7 hPa.[100]
December		De Bilt	1047.0	[101]	*Alt: 23 December 1962, Eelde 1050.2 hPa.[100]

Netherlands monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Netherlands

Month	Date	Location	pressure hPa	ref
January	23 January 2009	Hoek van Holland	961.0	[104]
February	25 February 1989	Vlissingen	954.4	[104]
March	24 March 1986	Leeuwarden	963.5	[100]
April	1 April 1994	De Kooy	972.6	[100]	*Alt: 1 April 1994, 978.0 hPa.[103]
May	5 May 2000	De Bilt	983.5	[105]	*Alt: 5 May 2004, Vlieland 982.3 hPa.[100]
June	27 June 1958	Vlissingen	988.0	[100]
July	10 July 2000	De Bilt	987.5	[106]	*Alt: 10 July 2000, Hoorn (Terschelling) 984.0 hPa.[100]
August	27 August 1912	De Bilt	973.0	[100]
September	24 September 1927	De Kooy	974.8	[100]	*Alt: 24 September 2012, 985.6 hPa.[103]
October	27 October 1959	De Kooy	968.8	[100]
November	27 November 1983	Eelde, Drenthe	954.2
December	10 December 1965	Leeuwarden	961.5	[100]

Germany

The German weather service (DWD) give the

• Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907,Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1060.8 hPa.^[107]
• Lowest air pressure: 27 November 1983 in Emden, Lower Saxony at 954.4 hPa.^[107]

Other record figures and locations are also presented:

• 23 January 1907 Dahlem (Berlin) 1057.8 hPa.^[108][109] It is claimed this is an incorrect correction to mslp and correct value is 1056.7 hPa.^[110] (neither figure is higher than the DWD value)
• 27 November 1983 Bremen 955.4 hPa.^[108][109] (which is also not lower than the DWD value).
• 26 February 1989 in Osnabrück 949.5 hPa.^[111][112]

Poland

• In Poland the record high pressure is listed on 16 December 1997 with 1054.4 hPa recorded in Suwalki.

It is likely 23 January 1907 saw a pressure of 1064.8 ± 0.5 mbar over polish territory.^[8] Other high pressures are reported as 1051.1 hPa January 22, 2006, 1050 hPa January 3, 1993 and 1048 hPa 10 December 1991.

• The lowest post WWII value of 965.2 hPa is reported from February 26, 1989 in Szczecin and Lodz.^[113]

Reanalysis data show a low record likely occurred on 17 January 1931 when a below 960 hPa low moved over the Baltic skirting the very north of today's Polish territory.^[114]

Hungary

The Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) gives the following values:

• Highest air pressure: 24 January 1907 Budapest 1055.9 hPa.^[115]
• Lowest air pressure: 2 December 1976 Nagykanizsa 968.6 hPa.^[115]

Iberia

Synoptic chart of high pressure Iberia 2015

Spain

• A provisional highest atmospheric pressure: 9 January 2015 Castile and León ~1050 hPa.^[116][117] Benavente, Zamora reached 1050.6 hPa breaking the previous record from 10 December 1980 at L'Estartit north eastern Spain at 1045 hPa.^[118]
• A low air pressure: February 1941, Santander 950 hPa.^[119]

Balearic islands

• Highest air pressure: 9 January 2015, Ibiza Airport 1041.1 hPa.^[120] The 9 January 2015 air pressure was 0.3 hPa more than the previous record from January 1983.^[120]

Portugal

• Highest air pressure: 9 January 2015 Chaves and Bragança, Portugal 1050.3 hPa.^[121][122] The first time values over 1050 hPa had been recorded in continental Portugal.^[123]
• A low air pressure: 15 February 1941 in Évora at 931 hPa is reported by one source, which also reports a minimum value of 937 hPa in Coimbra and 950 hPa in Lisbon during the passage of this low pressure.^[124] Other sources only give minimum values of around 950 hPa in Lisbon as the minimum during the passage of this low.^[125][126]

Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic

Deep low SW of Iceland 14 December 1986, which, according to the German Weather Service, possibly reached a nadir of 912–913 hPa over the North Atlantic

Notable atmospheric pressure reports from offshore and in the North Atlantic are:

• High pressure, 28 January 2003 saw high of 1057 centred at 51° N, 27° W (approx. 1000km north of Azores).^[1]

A lower value is reported from 27–28 February 1988 at 1053 hPa centred at approximately 53.5° N, 25.6° W.^[1]

• Low pressure, Two or three (possibly four) non-tropical areas of low pressure with central low pressure over the North Atlantic below 920 hPa have been reported, with a further unverified instance during the Night of the Big Wind (see above), these represent globally the lowest non-tropical large-scale synoptic values.

• 13 January 1993 Braer Storm dropped 78 hPa in 24 hours,^[24][127] to a central pressure out in the Atlantic at 62° N, 15° W of 914.0 hPa, and was likely the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude.^[128]

• 14–15 1986 December, The British Meteorological Office assessed the centre of a depression at about 916 hPa, the West German Meteorological Service enclosed the depression with a 915 hPa isobar, indicating a pressure possibly as low as 912-913 hPa.^[129]

For comparison, the lowest Atlantic basin tropical cyclone low pressure is Hurricane Wilma in 2005, which holds the record at 882 hPa.^[130]

Similarly low extra-tropical values elsewhere have only been documented near Antarctica, with 919 hPa observed at Casey Station on the Windmill Islands (just outside the Antarctic Circle) on August 8–9, 1976 at Vincennes Bay (66°17’S 110°31’E).^[131] Though this value is considerably lower than any other on record and could conceivably be a fault with the recording instrument, though values are internally consistent with readings below 940 mb at this time.^[86]

The two lowest extra-tropical pressures reported from the Pacific basin are the 8 November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone at 924 hPa (warnings for the low to reach 920 hPa were released by the Japan Meteorological Agency^[132]),^[133] and the 13 December 2015 North Pacific low at 924 hPa.^[134]

North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa

The frequency of very deep depressions (central pressure below about 940 hPa) in the North Atlantic is thought to have increased significantly since the winter of 1982/83 to 1993.^[128]

Table of North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa (incomplete)
Date	Location	Notes	pressure hPa	ref
1824, 4 January	Reykjavik, Iceland	Onshore reading	924	[129]
1838, 28 November	Limerick, Ireland	Onshore reading	931.2	[129]
1839, 6 January	Northwest of Scotland	During the Night of the Big Wind low pressure may have reached a low of 914 hPa, though a value of 918 hPa is generally accepted. Though analysis of the land-based observed pressures indicate higher minima, around 931 hPa, and subsequently the depression's nadir at sea could be higher than proposed.[135]	918	[136]
1865, 31 December	Butt of Lewis Lighthouse, Scotland	A report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy, Orkney, which is not supported by observation from Cantick Head Lighthouse on South Walls.	937.7	[34]
1870, 5 February	49° N, 26° W	The ship Neier (49° N, 26° W) reported and observation of 921.1 hPa, supported by an observation on the HMS Tarifa (51° N, 26° W) of 925.5 hPa.	921.1	[129]
1877, 11 November	Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides	Onshore observation	939.2	[25]
1884, 26 January	Ochtertyre, Perthshire	Lowest land based observation in the UK. 26 January record observed low pressure Ireland for that month at Markree Castle, Sligo 936.6 hPa.[19][23] On 27 January 1884 Bergen in Norway reported an onshore observation of 939.7 hPa.[137]	925.6	[129]
1886, 8 December	Belfast	Land observation, the low probably reached values of around 924 hPa over Northern Ireland, lowest value reported on the island of Ireland.	927.2	[129]
1895, 6 December	Härnösand, Sweden	939.5 hPa was reported at Lungö Lighthouse (62° N, 18° E) on 6 December 1895.[138]	938.4	[56]
1907, 27 January	Bergen	Onshore observation	936	[35]
1907, 20 February	East of the Shetland Islands	Low brought record observed low pressure to Denmark and Norway.[35] (nadir ~934)	934	[139]
1914, 27 December	Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland		929.0	[140]
1929, 2 December	Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey	Onshore observation (could be same system as 4 December 1929)[141] The reading could have been as low as 919.7 hPa.[140]	923.6	[10]
1929, 4 December	Unknown	Reported by the ship SS Westpool in an unknown location in the North Atlantic (could be same system as 2 December 1929).[141]	925.5	[129]
1933, 3 January	Reykjavik, Iceland	Onshore reading of a low thought to be filling. 931.4 hPa recorded at Akureyri, the lowest pressure measured there.[140]	927.2	[129]
1945, 19 December	Between Iceland and Ireland	Lowest onshore measurement reported from Valentia, Ireland at 948.6 hPa, estimated central minimum of 927 hPa.	927	[129]
1949, 25 January	Dalatangi lighthouse, Mjóifjörður, east Iceland	Onshore report of 941 hPa with a central pressure offshore thought to be 940 hPa.	940	[142]
1952, 27 October	53° N, 18.5° W	A vigorous development deepened around to a proposed low of 922 hPa, though the contemporary reports suggest 935–936 hPa as a more probable value.	935.5	[129]
1962, 16 January	56° N, 19° W Ocean Weather ship 'Lima'		931.1	[129]
1962, 13 February	Vidzeme Upland, Latvia		932.9
1974, 10–11 January	56° N, 22.5° W	North west of Ireland, Met Éireann estimated the low deepened to a low of 936 hPa at 57° N, 21° W.[143]	934	[129]
1982, 16 December	Väike-Maarja, Estonia	16 December an extreme low airpressure was identified in Sweden, centred on Sundsvall where recording instuments showed 939 hPa, nearly equalling the Swedish national record.[144] 940.1 according to SMHI.[138]	936.0	[87]
1982, 19–20 December	58.5° N, 15° W	The 20th Century low pressure record onshore in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry dropping as low as 936 hPa. 937.6 hPa was recorded at Stornoway on 20 December 1982 as the lowest barometric pressure observed anywhere in the British Isles since 1886.	931	[33]
1983, 5 January	South of Iceland	929.9 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[140]	930	[129]
1983, 26 December	South east of Greenland		936	[129]
1986, 14–15 December	61° N, 32° W	The ship Uyir measured a pressure of 920.2 hPa south east of Greenland on December 15, 1986. The Met Office estimated a central pressure of 916 hPa. The West German weather Service estimated the low could have reached as low as 912–913 hPa.	916	[129][145][146]
1989, 4–5 January	Offshore Nova Scotia	Post-analysis suggested that the pressure fell to a possible low of to 928 hPa. This was the lowest pressure ever observed in an Atlantic extratropical cyclone south of 40 degrees latitude in the 20th century.	936	[147]
1989, 15 February	Ocean weather station Mike, Norwegian sea 66° N, 2° E	Pressure likely to have dropped to 935.5 hPa, as the recorder was not able to print the lowest pressure.	937.1	[137][148]
1989, 24 December	South west of Iceland	Estimated at a little below 920 hPa. 929.5 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[140]	920	[24]
1990, 1 March	Finland	This value is not reported by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.	939.7	[141]
1992, 2 March	Offshore of Newfoundland		926	[24]
1993, 10 January	62° N, 15° W North Atlantic west of Faroe Islands	Braer storm was the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude 912–915 hPa. Low claimed to have reached a nadir of 913, with 916 confirmed.[149] 914 [150][151]	914	[128]
1999, 15–16 January	South of Iceland	Ship Dettifoss (P3BK4) reported 928 hPa.	926	[152][153][154]
2003, 8 March	Central Atlantic	Named "Gordian" by the Free University of Berlin, analysed by them to have deepened below 940 hPa.[155]	924	[156]
2006, 10 December	62° N, 37° W	Named "Xynthia" by the Free University of Berlin, who estimated central pressure below 930 hPa.[157]	928	[158]
2013, 26 January		Named "Jolle" by Free University of Berlin	932	[159][160][161]
2013, 24 December		Cyclone Dirk, this was the lowest barometric pressure observed at any site in the British Isles, and the deepest depression to pass close to the British Isles, since 8 December 1886, 936.4 hPa at Stornoway was reported on minute observations at 12:29, with 936.8 hPa recorded at the 13:00 hourly observation.[162] At the southernmost tip of the Faroe Islands a low air pressure of 932.2 hPa was recorded on Christmas Eve at Akraberg lighthouse.[163]	927	[164][165]
2015, 5 December	South of Iceland	Desmond	939	[166][167]
2015, 29 December	South east of Iceland	Frank/Eckhardt.[168]	928

See also

• Climate of Europe
• Climate of the United Kingdom
• United Kingdom weather records
• List of weather records
• List of atmospheric pressure records in North America and the North Pacific

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