Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

Overhead Water Tank Capacity 3 million litres, at Barat Nagar BHEL under Bhopal Municipal Corporation
Country India
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Launched 3 December 2005 (2005-12-03)
Closed 2014
Status: Unknown

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of Urban Development. It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years. Named after Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, the scheme was officially inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 December 2005[1] as a programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. It was launched in 2005 for a seven-year period (up to March 2012) to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased improvements in their civic service levels. The government had extended the tenure of the mission for two years, i.e., from April 2012 to March 31, 2014.

JnNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. JnNURM aims at creating ‘economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities’ by a strategy of upgrading the social and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP)[2] and wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.

Backdrop

JnNURM is a unique project dedicated to the redevelopment of India's cities, as India has traditionally primarily focused on the development of rural areas, especially its underdeveloped villages.

As per the 2011 census, India is home to about 1.21 billion people, making it one of the most densely populated areas of the world. However, it was also estimated that 68.9% of India's population lies in rural areas. Urban India is fast growing but sometimes in unplanned ways.

India is benchmarked to be the next superpower that held a steady growth rate during the recent recession. But unplanned growth has taken a toll on urban India, especially due to problems in the rural agricultural sector. The rising urban population due to transformation of rural areas into urban areas (not migration) and other factors have contributed to the decrease of living standards in urban areas.

Inadequate infrastructure, rising population rates as well as rising urban poverty are major causes to the degradation of the cities. Hence, the government of India has taken up the initiative to redevelop urban towns and cities by developing infrastructure, municipal reforms and providing aid to the state governments and the urban local bodies (ULBs). As per the information in the JnNURM mission brochure as launched by the authorities, cities and towns account for 30 percent of the country's population, contributing 50–55 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The degrading conditions in cities have forced the government to rethink their strategies to adhere to the socio-economic objectives of the country.Hence, this had been proposed

Structure

Sub-missions

JnNURM primarily incorporates two sub-missions into its program:

Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) under JNNRUM for slum improvement and rehabilitation

In addition to this, it has two further components:[4]

Objectives

Duration

The duration of the mission is seven years beginning from December 2005. During this period, the mission sought to ensure sustainable development of participating cities. An evaluation of the experience of implementation of the mission would be undertaken before the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012.

The duration of the mission was extended by two more years: until 31 March 2014.

Implementation mechanism

The funds are channelled through state-level agencies, where grants from the central and state governments are pooled and passed on as grants or soft loans to cities provided that they have prepared development strategies and that the investments identified fit within these strategies. The mission emphasises transparency and accountability. It supports public-private partnerships and cost recovery to make service providers financially self-sustaining.[3] The share of grant funding by the central government can vary from 35% in the largest cities to up to 90% in cities in the Northeast. Most cities receive grants covering 50% or 80% of costs depending on size.[8] Capacity building is also included in the mission to assist urban local bodies to prepare strategies and projects.

Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds pertaining to road network, storm water drains, bus rapid transit system, water supply, solid waste management, sewage treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and rehabilitation, all fall under its scope.

Coverage

As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001 Census have been chosen for the implementation of the programme as per norms/criteria mentioned below:[7]

A Cities/UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census 07
B Cities/UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census 28
C Selected cities/UAs (state capitals and other cities/UAs of religious/historic and touristic importance) 28

Eligibility

A total of 67 cities are eligible (up from 63 initially), provided that they have elected bodies in position. 13 specific reforms are mandatory f or states and municipalities before funds can be accessed. At the state level, they include decentralisation of urban planning, water supply and sanitation from the states to cities, as well as the enactment of laws for community participation and public disclosure. At the municipal level, they include the adoption of modern accounting systems, e-government, improvements in property tax collection, better cost recovery for water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, and targeting of investments to the poor.

Implementation

JNNURM city bus in Vijayawada
Interior of Low Floor Buses
Low floor bus from JNNURM for Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) city, capital of Kerala
Low floor bus from JNNURM for Coimbatore city
A commuter bus in Hyderabad that is procured as a part of JNNURM

State level reforms

As of 2012 Gujarat led the tally for the state level reforms, being the only state to have achieved all 10 reforms required by the mission. Five states have achieved 9 out of 10 reforms: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.[9] Public disclosure and community participation laws have initially progressed slowly, with only five states managing to enact them as part of the reform agenda as of 2009.[10] However, as of 2012 community participation laws have been enacted by 22 out of 31 states, and public disclosure laws were enacted by 27 states. 20 states had decentralised the responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the state level to ULBs, and 19 had done so for city planning functions.[9]

A bus by JNNURM scheme used by West Bengal Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited, in the capital city of Kolkata

City level reforms

As of 2012, Visakhapatnam, Surat and Pune had the distinction of having accomplished all 8 city level reforms. Chennai, Greater Mumbai and Hyderabad had achieved 7 out of 8 reforms. Out of 67 cities, 30 had achieved the 90% target for property tax collection, 20 had achieved full operation and maintenance cost recovery for water supply and sanitation, but only 8 had achieved cost recovery for solid waste.[11]

Sanctioning of projects

As of 2009, 415 projects requiring an investment of 440 billion (US$6.5 billion), equivalent to half the total envisaged program amount, were approved. Among the states, Maharashtra has been sanctioned the maximum number of projects under the mission. Among cities, Bangalore has had the highest number of approved projects.[10]

Midterm appraisal

A midterm appraisal carried out in 2009 by the consulting firm Grant Thornton recommended to establish a single directorate for the ministries in charge of the mission; more involvement of city administrations in the preparation of city development plans that were prepared by consultants; broader stakeholder consultation during environmental and social impact assessments; the development of a national procurement manual; separation of the approval process for projects in two stages; financial support and capacity development for the implementation of reforms in addition to funding for infrastructure; the use of policies for public-private partnerships and pooled funding mechanisms at the state level, such as urban development funds that exist in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.[12]

Funding shares by city categories

Percentage of Funding[7]
Category of Cities/Towns/UAs Grant ULB or Para-Statal

Share/Loan from
Financial Institutions

Centre State
Cities/UAs with 4 million plus

population as per 2001 census

35% 15% 50%
Cities/UAs with million plus but less

than 4 million population as per 2001 census

50% 20% 30%
Cities/towns/UAs in North Eastern

States and Jammu & Kashmir

90% 10%
Cities/UAs other

than those mentioned above

80% 10% 10%
For setting up de-salination plants within 20 km.

From sea-shore and other urban areas predominantly
facing water scarcity due to brackish water and
non-availability of surface source.

80% 10% 10%

List of identified cities

The following table provides for a list of the cities/urban agglomerations (UAs) identified to receive the benefits of JNNURM. They include data pertaining to the state they belong to; the population in these cities given in lakhs as per the census of 2001.[13]

List of identified cities/urban agglomerations (UA) as per 2001 Census[7][14][15]
Mega Cities
No. City/UA Name of the State Population (in lakh)
1 Delhi Delhi 128.77
2 Greater Mumbai Maharashtra 164.34
3 Hyderabad Telangana 57.72
4 Bangalore Karnataka 57.01
5 Chennai Tamil Nadu 65.60
6 Kolkata West Bengal 132.06
7 Ahmedabad Gujarat 45.25
Million-plus Cities/UAs
No. City/UA Name of the State Population (in lakh)
1 Patna Bihar 16.98
2 Faridabad Haryana 10.56
3 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 14.58
4 Ludhiana Punjab 13.98
5 Jaipur Rajasthan 23.27
6 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 22.46
7 Madurai Tamil Nadu 12.03
8 Nashik Maharashtra 16.52
9 Pune Maharashtra 37.60
10 Kochi Kerala 13.55
11 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 12.04
12 Agra Uttar Pradesh 13.31
13 Amritsar Punjab 10.03
14 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 13.45
15 Vadodara Gujarat 14.91
16 Surat Gujarat 28.11
17 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 27.15
18 Nagpur Maharashtra 21.29
19 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 14.61
20 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 11.61
21 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 10.98
22 Jamshedpur Jharkhand 11.04
23 Asansol West Bengal 10.67
24 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 10.42
25 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 10.39
26 Rajkot Gujarat 10.03
27 Dhanbad Jharkhand 10.65
28 Indore Madhya Pradesh 16.40
Identified cities/UAs with less than 1 million population
No. City/UA Name of the State Population (in lakh)
1 Guwahati Assam 8.19
2 Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh 0.35
3 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir 6.12
4 Raipur Chhattisgarh 7.00
5 Panaji Goa 0.99
6 Shimla Himachal Pradesh 1.45
7 Ranchi Jharkhand 8.63
8 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 8.90
9 Imphal Manipur 2.50
10 Shillong Meghalaya 2.68
11 Aizawl Mizoram 2.28
12 Kohima Nagaland 0.77
13 Bhubaneshwar Odisha 6.58
14 Gangtok Sikkim 0.29
15 Agartala Tripura 1.90
16 Dehradun Uttaranchal 5.30
17 Bodh Gaya Bihar 3.94
18 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 4.31
19 Puri Odisha 1.57
20 Pushkar Rajasthan 5.04
21 Nainital Uttaranchal 2.20
22 Mysore Karnataka 7.99
23 Mangalore Karnataka 6.23
24 Udupi Karnataka 1.65
25 Pondicherry Puducherry 5.05
26 Chandigarh Punjab, Haryana 8.08
27 Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 9.88
28 Mathura Uttar Pradesh 3.23
29 Haridwar Uttaranchal 2.21
30 Kolhapur Maharashtra 5.50
31 Guntur Andhra Pradesh 7.43
32 Kollam Kerala 3.49
33 Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 7.52
34 Cuttack Odisha 5.35

Note: National Steering Group may choose to add or delete cities/UAs/towns under Category-C (other than state capitals) based on the suggestions received from state governments. However, the number of cities under the mission shall remain around 60.

See also

References

  1. http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Prime-Ministers-Office.htm
  2. 1 2 Sub-missions:JnNURM Sub-Missions
  3. 1 2 Government of India:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, ca. 2005
  4. "JNNURM Directorate" (PDF).
  5. "UIDSSMT Guidelines".
  6. "Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP)".
  7. 1 2 3 4 Guidelines:JNNURM Guidelines, February 2009
  8. Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (ILFS) India:IL&FS IDC Services offered for JNNURM and UIDSSMT Schemes, undated presentation
  9. 1 2 JnNURM. "UIG – State Level Reform Status, March 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  10. 1 2 Indian Infrastructure:JNNURM Progress Report, February 2009
  11. JnNURM UIG. "ULB Level Reforms Status, March 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  12. JNNURM. "Annual Update 2010–2011" (PDF). pp. 4–5. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  13. Census of India, 2001:2001 Census of India
  14. The Hindu, 2013:All districts to get low-floor buses
  15. EAI, 2012:All districts to get low-floor buses
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