Chicago Freedom Movement

Chicago Freedom Movement
Part of the Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King at Soldier Field during the Freedom Sunday rally in 1966
Date	1965–67 (3 years)
Location	Chicago, Illinois
Causes	Watts riots in Los Angeles during August 1965 De facto racial segregation in education, housing, and employment Attempt by SCLC to establish a campaign in the Northern United States
Result	Freedom Sunday rally and Chicago City Hall march led by Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1966 Chicago branch of Operation Breadbasket established in 1966 Chicago West Side Riots of 1966 Summit Agreement produced on August 26, 1966 March in Cicero during September 1966 Formation of the Leadership Council for Metropolitan Open Communities (LCMOC) Book Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? written by Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1967 Catalyst for the enactment of Fair Housing Act of 1968
Parties to the civil conflict
Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Chicago City Hall Chicago School Board Chicago Housing Authority Chicago Real Estate Board Chicago Mortgage Bankers Association
Lead figures
CCCO member Al Raby AFSC members Kale Williams Bernard Lafayette David Jehnsen Bill Moyer SCLC members Martin Luther King, Jr. James Bevel Jesse Jackson City of Chicago Richard J. Daley, mayor Benjamin Willis, school superintendent

The Chicago Freedom Movement, also known as the Chicago open housing movement, was led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel^[1][2] and Al Raby. The movement included a large rally, marches, and demands to the City of Chicago. These specific demands covered a wide range of areas besides open housing, and included quality education, transportation and job access, income and employment, health, wealth generation, crime and the criminal justice system, community development, tenants rights, and quality of life. The Chicago Freedom Movement was the most ambitious civil rights campaign in the North of the United States, lasted from mid-1965 to early 1967, and is largely credited with inspiring the 1968 Fair Housing Act.^[3][4]

History

The Chicago Freedom Movement represented the alliance of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), and the Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO). In 1965 SCLC was looking for a site to prove that nonviolence and nonviolent direct action could bring about social change outside of the South. Since 1962, the CCCO had harnessed anger over racial inequality, especially in the public schools, in the city of Chicago to build the most sustained local civil rights movement in the North. The activism of the CCCO pulled SCLC to Chicago, as did the work of the AFSC's Kale Williams, Bernard Lafayette, David Jehnsen and others, owing to the decision by SCLC's Director of Direct Action, James Bevel, to come to Chicago to work with the AFSC project on the city's West Side.

The Chicago Freedom Movement declared its intention to end slums in the city. It organized tenants' unions, assumed control of a slum tenement, founded action groups like Operation Breadbasket, and rallied black and white Chicagoans to support its goals. In the early summer of 1966, it and Bevel focused their attention on housing discrimination, an issue Bevel attributed to the work and idea of AFSC activist Bill Moyer.^[5] A large rally was held by Martin Luther King at Soldier Field on July 10, 1966. According to a UPI news story that ran the next day, "About 35,000 persons jammed Chicago's Soldier Field for Dr. King's first giant 'freedom rally' since bringing his civil rights organizing tactics to the city.…"^[6] Other guests included Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Peter, Paul and Mary. By late July the Chicago Freedom Movement was staging regular rallies outside of Real Estate offices and marches into all-white neighborhoods on the city's southwest and northwest sides. The hostile and sometimes violent response of local whites,^[7] and the determination of civil rights activists to continue to crusade for an open housing law, alarmed City Hall and attracted the attention of the national press. During one demonstration King said that even in Alabama and Mississippi he had not encountered mobs as hostile to Blacks' civil rights as those in Chicago.^[8]

In mid-August, high-level negotiations began between city leaders, movement activists, and representatives of the Chicago Real Estate Board. On August 26, after the Chicago Freedom Movement had declared that it would march into Cicero, site of a fierce race riot in 1951, an agreement, consisting of positive steps to open up housing opportunities in metropolitan Chicago, was reached.^[9] The Summit Agreement was the culmination of months of organizing and direct action. It did not, however, satisfy all activists, some of whom, in early September 1966, marched on Cicero over the objection of James Bevel, who had directed the movement for SCLC.^[10]

After the open-housing marches and Summit agreements, the overall Chicago Freedom Movement lost much of its focus and momentum when, by early 1967, Martin Luther King, James Bevel, and SCLC had trained their energies on other projects, mainly – for King and Bevel – the anti-Vietnam war movement.

Demands

On July 10, 1966, King placed a list of demands on the door of the Chicago City Hall to gain leverage with city leaders.^[11]

Real estate boards and brokers

1. Public statements that all listings will be available on a nondiscriminatory basis.

Banks and savings institutions

1. Public statements of a nondiscriminatory mortgage policy so that loans will be available to any qualified borrower without regard to the racial composition of the area.

Mayor and city council

1. Publication of headcounts of whites, Negroes and Latin Americans for all city departments and for all firms from which city purchases are made.
2. Revocation of contracts with firms that do not have a full scale fair employment practice.
3. Creation of a citizens review board for grievances against police brutality and false arrests or stops and seizures.
4. Ordinance giving ready access to the names of owners and investors for all slum properties.
5. A saturation program of increased garbage collection, street cleaning, and building inspection services in the slum properties.

Political parties

1. The requirement that precinct captains be residents of their precincts.

Chicago Housing Authority and the Chicago Dwelling Association

1. Program to rehabilitate present public housing including such items as locked lobbies, restrooms in recreation areas, increased police protection and child care centers on every third floor.
2. Program to increase vastly the supply of low-cost housing on a scattered basis for both low- and middle-income families.

Business

1. Basic headcounts, including white, Negro and Latin American, by job classification and income level, made public.
2. Racial steps to upgrade and to integrate all departments, all levels of employments.

1968 Fair Housing Act

The 1968 Fair Housing Act was passed by Congress as a direct result of both the 1966 Chicago open housing movement and as a response to the assassination of King.^[4]

Popular culture

The dark mystery that detective V. I. Warshawski unveils in the 2009 novel Hardball by Sara Paretsky is directly related to the Chicago Freedom Movement (and to racist violence against that movement). In the preface Paretsky recounts that she was at the time a student in the University of Chicago and that her deep support for the movement had a key role in her decision to stay permanently in Chicago and not go back to her native Kansas.

See also

• 1966 White House Conference on Civil Rights

References

1. "James L. Bevel The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement" by Randy Kryn, a paper in David Garrow's 1989 book We Shall Overcome, Volume II, Carlson Publishing Company
2. "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel" by Randy Kryn, October 2005 published by Middlebury College
3. "Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985". PBS Online / WGBH. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
4. Kotz, Nick (2005). "14. Another Martyr". Judgment days : Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 417. ISBN 0-618-08825-3.
5. Kryn in Middlebury
6. "Dr. King Urges Unity With Non-violence". Pittsburgh Press. July 11, 1966. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
7. Associated Press (August 24, 1966). "Whites Stone Marchers in Suburb of Chicago". Miami News. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRpoFDznjyw
9. "King Makes Housing Agreement". Lodi News-Sentinel. August 27, 1966. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
10. United Press International (September 3, 1966). "Guard Called Out in Cicero March". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
11. "Dr. Kings Demands of the City of Chicago (1966)". Center for Urban Research and Learning, Loyola University Chicago. July 23, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2010.

Further reading

• Branch, Taylor (2007). At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416558712.
• Danns, Dionne (2003). Something Better for Our Children: Black Organizing in Chicago Public Schools, 1963–1971. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415935753.
• Danns, Dionne (2014). Desegregating Chicago's Public Schools: Policy Implementation, Politics, and Protest, 1965–1985. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137357588.
• Finley, Mary Lou; LaFayette, Bernard, Jr.; Ralph, James R., Jr.; Smith, Pam, eds. (2016). The Chicago Freedom Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. and Civil Rights Activism in the North. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813166506.
• Garrow, David J. (1989). Chicago 1966: Open Housing Marches, Summit Negotiations, and Operation Breadbasket. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publisher. ISBN 9780926019072.
• Helgeson, Jeffrey (2014). Crucibles of Black Empowerment: Chicago's Neighborhood Politics from the New Deal to Harold Washington. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226130729.
• McKersie, Robert B. (2013). A Decisive Decade: An Insider's View of the Chicago Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780809332458.
• Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). Chicago: A Biography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226644325.
• Ralph, James (1993). Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674626874.

External links

• Chicago Freedom Movement