List of First Ladies of the United States

First Lady of the United States
Incumbent Michelle Obama since January 20, 2009
Style	Mrs. Obama
Residence	White House
Inaugural holder	Martha Washington
Formation	April 30, 1789
Website	First Ladies

The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.^[1] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been 45 First Ladies and 46 First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and the 24th president; his wife Frances Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's first inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife, Michelle Obama, became the 46th official First Lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.

There are four living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Hillary Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton, wife of Thomas Jefferson;^[2][3] Rachel Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson;^[4][5] Hannah Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren;^[6][7] and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur.^[8][9] One woman who was not married to a President but who is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies' Library.

In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.^[10] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.^[11]

List of First Ladies

This list included all persons who served as First Ladies, regardless of whether they were married to the incumbent President or not, as well as persons who are considered to have acted as first lady by the official White House website and the White House Historical Association.

POTUS No.	Portrait	First Lady (Maiden name)	Tenure	Age at tenure start	President (Husband, unless noted)
1		Martha Dandridge June 13, 1731 – May 22, 1802 (aged 70) [12][13]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	57 years, 321 days	Washington m. January 6, 1759
2		Abigail Smith November 22, 1744 – October 28, 1818 (aged 73) [14][15]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	52 years, 102 days	John Adams m. October 25, 1764
3		Martha Wayles October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782 (aged 33) [2][3]	Died nearly nineteen years prior to his presidency		Jefferson m. January 1, 1772
		Martha Jefferson September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836 (aged 64) [2][3]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	28 years, 158 days	Jefferson Daughter [16]
4		Dolley Payne May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849 (aged 81) [17][18]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	40 years, 288 days	Madison m. September 14, 1794
5		Elizabeth Kortright June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830 (aged 62) [19][20]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	48 years, 247 days	Monroe m. February 16, 1786
6		Louisa Catherine Johnson Birth country:  Great Britain February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852 (aged 77) [21][22]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	50 years, 20 days	J. Q. Adams m. July 26, 1797
7		Rachel Donelson June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828 (aged 61) [4][5]	Died after election, prior to husband's inauguration; the duties fell to her niece, Emily Donelson[5]		Jackson m. January 7, 1794
8		Hannah Hoes March 8, 1783 – February 5, 1819 (aged 35) [6][23]	Died eighteen years prior to his presidency		Van Buren m. February 21, 1807
		Angelica Van Buren February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877 (aged 59) [6][7]	January 1, 1839 – March 4, 1841	20 years, 322 days	Van Buren Daughter-in-law
9		Anna Tuthill Symmes July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864 (aged 88) [24][25]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841	65 years, 222 days	W. H. Harrison m. November 22, 1795
10		Letitia Christian November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842 (aged 51) [26][27]	April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842 †	50 years, 143 days	Tyler m. March 29, 1813
		Julia Gardiner May 4, 1820 – July 10, 1889 (aged 69) [28][29]	June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845	24 years, 53 days	Tyler m. June 26, 1844
11		Sarah Childress September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891 (aged 87) [30][31]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	41 years, 181 days	Polk m. January 1, 1824
12		Margaret Mackall Smith September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852 (aged 63) [32][33]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850	60 years, 164 days	Taylor m. June 21, 1810
13		Abigail Powers March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853 (aged 55) [34][35]	July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853	52 years, 118 days	Fillmore m. February 5, 1826
14		Jane Means Appleton March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863 (aged 57) [36][37]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	46 years, 357 days	Pierce m. November 19, 1834
15		Harriet Rebecca Lane May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903 (aged 73) [38][39]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	26 years, 299 days	Buchanan Niece
16		Mary Ann Todd December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882 (aged 63) [40][41]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865	42 years, 81 days	Lincoln m. November 4, 1842
17		Eliza McCardle October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876 (Aged 65)[42][43]	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	54 years, 193 days	A. Johnson m. May 17, 1827
18		Julia Boggs Dent January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902 (aged 76) [44][45]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	43 years, 37 days	Grant m. August 22, 1848
19		Lucy Ware Webb August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889 (aged 57) [46][47]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	45 years, 188 days	Hayes m. December 30, 1852
20		Lucretia Rudolph April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918 (aged 85) [48][49]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881	48 years, 319 days	Garfield m. November 11, 1858
21		Ellen Lewis Herndon August 30, 1837 – January 12, 1880 (aged 42) [8][9]	Died nineteen months prior to his presidency		Arthur m. October 25, 1859
22		Frances Clara Folsom July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947 (aged 83) [50][51]	June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889	21 years, 316 days	Cleveland m. June 2, 1886 Married in the White House
23		Caroline Lavinia Scott October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892 (aged 60) [52][53]	March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892 †	56 years, 154 days	B. Harrison m. October 20, 1853
24		Frances Clara Folsom July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947 (aged 83) [50][51]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	28 years, 226 days	Cleveland m. June 2, 1886
25		Ida Saxton June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907 (aged 59) [54][55]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901	49 years, 269 days	McKinley m. January 25, 1871
26		Edith Kermit Carow August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948 (aged 87) [56][57]	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909	40 years, 39 days	T. Roosevelt m. December 2, 1886
27		Helen Louise Herron June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943 (aged 81) [58][59]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	47 years, 275 days	Taft m. June 19, 1886
28		Ellen Louise Axson May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914 (aged 54) [60][61]	March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914 †	52 years, 293 days	Wilson m. June 24, 1885
		Edith Bolling October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961 (aged 89) [62][63]	December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921	43 years, 64 days	Wilson m. December 18, 1915 President Wilson remarried during first term
29		Florence Mabel Kling August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924 (aged 64) [64][65]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923	60 years, 201 days	Harding m. July 8, 1891
30		Grace Anna Goodhue January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957 (aged 78) [66][67]	August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929	44 years, 211 days	Coolidge m. October 4, 1905
31		Lou Henry March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944 (aged 69) [68][69]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	54 years, 340 days	Hoover m. February 10, 1899
32		Anna Eleanor Roosevelt October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962 (aged 78) [70][71]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945	48 years, 144 days	F. D. Roosevelt m. March 17, 1905
33		Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Wallace February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982 (aged 97) [72][73]	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	60 years, 58 days	Truman m. June 28, 1919
34		Mamie Geneva Doud November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979 (aged 82) [74][75]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	56 years, 67 days	Eisenhower m. July 1, 1916
35		Jacqueline "Jackie" Lee Bouvier July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994 (aged 64) [76][77]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963	31 years, 176 days	Kennedy m. September 12, 1953
36		Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007 (aged 94) [78][79]	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	50 years, 335 days	L. B. Johnson m. November 17, 1934
37		Thelma "Pat" Catherine Ryan March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993 (aged 81) [80][81]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974	56 years, 310 days	Nixon m. June 21, 1940
38		Elizabeth "Betty" Ann Bloomer April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011 (aged 93) [82][83]	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977	56 years, 123 days	Ford m. October 15, 1948
39		Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Born August 18, 1927 [84][85]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	49 years, 155 days	Carter m. July 7, 1946
40		Nancy Davis July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016 (aged 94) [86][87]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	59 years, 203 days	Reagan m. March 4, 1952
41		Barbara Pierce Born June 8, 1925 [88][89]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	63 years, 226 days	G. H. W. Bush m. January 6, 1945
42		Hillary Diane Rodham Born October 26, 1947 [90][91]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	45 years, 86 days	Clinton m. October 11, 1975
43		Laura Lane Welch Born November 4, 1946 [92][93]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	54 years, 77 days	G. W. Bush m. November 5, 1977
44		Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Born January 17, 1964 [94][95]	January 20, 2009 – Incumbent	45 years, 3 days	Obama m. October 3, 1992
45		Melanija Knavs (Designate) Birth country:  Yugoslavia Born April 26, 1970 [96]	January 20, 2017 (45 days from now)	(46 years, 269 days)	Trump m. January 22, 2005

Living former First Ladies

Obama, L. Bush, Clinton, B. Bush, and Carter in 2013.

As of December 2016, there are four living former First Ladies, as seen below.

• 

  Rosalynn Carter
  served 1977–81
  born 1927 (age 89)
  wife of Jimmy Carter

• 

  Barbara Bush
  served 1989–93
  born 1925 (age 91)
  wife of George H. W. Bush

• 

  Hillary Clinton
  served 1993–2001
  born 1947 (age 69)
  wife of Bill Clinton

• 

  Laura Bush
  served 2001–09
  born 1946 (age 70)
  wife of George W. Bush

The most recent First Lady to die was Nancy Reagan (1981–1989) on March 6, 2016.

See also

• Second Lady of the United States
• First Family of the United States
• List of children of the Presidents of the United States
• List of current United States first spouses
• List of Presidents of the United States
• List of United States First Lady firsts
• Spouse of the Prime Minister of Canada
• Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

References

1. Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
2. "Biography of Martha Jefferson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
3. "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
4. "Biography of Rachel Jackson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
5. "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
6. "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
7. "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
8. "Biography of Ellen Arthur". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
9. "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
10. "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
11. 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
12. "Biography of Martha Washington". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
13. "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
14. "Biography of Abigail Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
15. "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
16. Jefferson's wife, Martha Jefferson, died before he became President. Their daughter, Martha, is considered de facto First Lady by the White House Historical Association.
17. "Biography of Dolley Madison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
18. "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
19. "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
20. "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
21. "Biography of Louisa Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
22. "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
23. "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
24. "Biography of Anna Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
25. "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
26. "Biography of Letitia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
27. "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
28. "Biography of Julia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
29. "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
30. "Biography of Sarah Polk". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
31. "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
32. "Biography of Margaret Taylor". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
33. "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
34. "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
35. "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
36. "Biography of Jane Pierce". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
37. "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
38. "Biography of Harriet Lane". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
39. "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
40. "Biography of Mary Lincoln". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
41. "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
42. "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
43. "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
44. "Biography of Julia Grant". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
45. "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
46. "Biography of Lucy Hayes". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
47. "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
48. "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
49. "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
50. "Biography of Frances Cleveland". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
51. "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
52. "Biography of Caroline Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
53. "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
54. "Biography of Ida McKinley". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
55. "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
56. "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
57. "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
58. "Biography of Helen Taft". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
59. "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
60. "Biography of Ellen Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
61. "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
62. "Biography of Edith Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
63. "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
64. "Biography of Florence Harding". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
65. "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
66. "Biography of Grace Coolidge". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
67. "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
68. "Biography of Lou Hoover". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
69. "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
70. "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
71. "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
72. "Biography of Bess Truman". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
73. "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
74. "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
75. "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
76. "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
77. "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
78. "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
79. "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
80. "Biography of Pat Nixon". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
81. "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
82. "Biography of Betty Ford". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
83. "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
84. "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
85. "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
86. "Biography of Nancy Reagan". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
87. "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
88. "Biography of Barbara Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
89. "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
90. "Biography of Hillary Clinton". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
91. "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
92. "Biography of Laura Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
93. "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
94. "Biography of Michelle Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
95. "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
96. "Who Is Melania Trump?". New York, N.Y.: The New Yorker. Retrieved May 9, 2016.

External links

• The First Ladies – White House
• Biographies of the First Ladies of the United States of America – National First Ladies' Library
• First Ladies National Historic Site