List of active separatist movements in Asia
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with current, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities
- Ethnic/Ethno-religious/Racial/Regional/Religious group (s): for information on what group of people calls for change for each individual movement listed
Afghanistan
Badakhshan (Near the Wakhan Corridor)
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
- Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political parties: Lail Badakhshan
Pashtunistan movement: Tarin sub-tribe of the Hazara district in the Frontier
Azerbaijan
Further information: List of active separatist movements in Europe
Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Azerbaijan is geographically in Asia, but politically in Europe
Burma/Myanmar
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Ethnic group: Chin
- Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Kachin
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Ethnic group: Kokang people
- Proposed state: unification with
People's Republic of China
- Proposed state: unification with
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon State
Northern Arakan
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization
- Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[2]
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Ethnic group: Kuki (Judaism)
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army,
- Advocacy group: Global Zomi Alliance
- Government in exile: Republic of Zogam
- Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
Cyprus
Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Cyprus is geographic in Asia but politically in Europe
China
Further information: Autonomous administrative divisions of China; Special administrative regions of China; One country, Two systems; One-China policy; and 1992 consensus
Ethno-linguistic based administrative division map of China
The People's Republic of China (China, PRC) insists itself being the sole legitimate state representing China. The PRC's territory consists of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. The PRC also claims the ROC-controlled area to be its territory. The PRC established the Special Administrative Region in Hong Kong and Macau under one country, two systems policy.
The Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC) insists itself being the sole legitimate state representing China. The ROC's territory consists of the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and nearby islands. The ROC also formerly claimed the PRC-controlled area to be its territory.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement
- Ethnic group: Mongolian
- Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol
or unification with Mongolia 
- Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,[3] Mongolian Liberal Union Party[4]
- Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol
Main article: Tibetan independence movement
- Ethnic group: Tibetan
- Proposed state:
Tibet
- Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Central Tibetan Administration[5] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet[6]
- Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
- Proposed state:
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group: Uyghur
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan
- Political parties: East Turkestan independence movement
- Militant organisations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government in exile: East Turkistan Government in Exile
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Manchu
- Proposed state:
Manchukuo
- Government in exile : Manchukuo Temporary Government
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region[7][8]
Main articles: Localism in Hong Kong, Hong Kong independence movement, and Hong Kong autonomy movement
- People: Hong Kongers
- Pro-independence
- Proposed state:
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Republic of Hong Kong, British Overseas Territory of Hong Kong, or Commonwealth realm of Hong Kong - Political parties and advocacy groups: Independence-leaning localist groups including Demosisto, Hong Kong National Party, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong Independence Party, Hong Konger Front,[9] Youngspiration
- Proposed state:
- Pro-autonomy
- Proposed autonomous area: Hong Kong city-state under Commonwealth of Chinese States
- Advocacy groups: Hong Kong Resurgence Order
In perspective of the laws of the Republic of China, the Taiwan independence movement is considered as secessionism, but practically, the movement seeks to replace the ROC with the Republic of Taiwan because Taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the ROC. In perspective of the laws of the People's Republic of China, the Taiwan independence movement is considered as secessionism, too because the PRC considers the Taiwan area as its integral part.
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu
Main articles: Political status of Taiwan and Taiwan independence movement
- People: Taiwanese People
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan or 
State of Taiwan - Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party
- Advocacy groups: World United Formosans for Independence
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Taiwanese aborigines
- Political parties: Taiwan First Nations Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Aborigines of Taiwan's Autonomy
- Advocacy groups: Council of Indigenous Peoples
Georgia
Breakaway states:
- Ethnic group: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition: Republic of Abkhazia
- Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Russia[10] - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Proposed autonomous movements:
Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk
- Advocacy groups: Javakhk, United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Virk[11][12]
- Ethnic group: Azerbaijanis
- Proposed autonomous area: Borchali
- Advocacy groups: Gürcüstan Türkləri Konfederasiyası, Borçalı Gənc Türklər İttifaqı
India
Main article: Separatist movements of India
- Ethnic group: Kashmiris
- Proposed state: Jammu and Kashmir
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad
- Proposed state: Jammu and Kashmir
- Kashmir
- North East India
- Indian Punjab
- [South India]
Sikkim: Trilochan Pokhrel movement
Central India : Maoists further can be seen Separatist movements of India
Indonesia
- Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
- Proposed state: Riau
- Proposed state: South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state: unification with
Papua New Guinea
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Government-in-exile: West Papuan Government in exile[16][17]
Iran
- Ethnic group: Azerbaijani
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan
or 
Azerbaijan - Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement), a Baku-based separatist organisation that advocates for the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan from Iran and unification with the Republic of Azerbaijan.[18]
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan
- Ethnic group Turkmen
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan
or 
Turkmenistan - Political party: Turkmen-Sahra Liberation Organization
- Pan-Turkism party
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan
Further information: Politics of Khūzestān Province
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish,
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[20]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[20]
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan
with region including Balochistan province of 
Pakistan - Political party: Balochistan People's Party
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)
- Proposed state: Balochistan
Iraq
See: Minorities in Iraq
Proposed states:
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish,
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- De facto autonomous state: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
Main articles: Assyrian nationalism and Assyrian struggle for independence
- Ethnoreligious group: Assyrian
- Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Turkmen
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli
or Turkey - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli
- Ethnoreligious group: Yazidi
- Proposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in
Iraq or unification with Kurdistan - Political organisation: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Yazidis Community
- Proposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed state: Sunnistan
Israel
Proposed states:
- Ethno-political group: Israeli settlers
- Proposed state: State of Judea
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Occupied territories:
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
- De facto/De jure state:
State of Palestine - Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organisation[21][22]
- Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Japan
- Ethnic group: Ainu
- Proposed state: Republic of Ainu
- Political parties: Ainu Party (アイヌ民族党, Ainu minzoku tō)
- Political group: Ainu independence movement
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party, 琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.
Laos
Hmong ChaoFa
- Ethnic group: Hmong
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Malaysia
- Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak Association of People’s Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[25][27]
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[25][27]
Nepal
- Ethnic Group: Madhesi
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[28]
Pakistan
Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan or
Iran - Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Political party: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
- Militant organizations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Palestine
See: International recognition of Palestine/currently mostly occupied by Israel as part of the Palestinian territories
- Ethnic group: Israelis
- Proposed state: State of Judea
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Philippines
Bangsamoro Region/Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, Visayas, Palawan, Romblon, Masbate
- Ethnic group: Moro, Lumad, Visayans, Palawan
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
- Militant organisation:
Moro Islamic Liberation Front - Political party: United Bangsamoro Justice Party[31]
- Militant organisation:
- Proposed state:
United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik
- Militant organization: Moro National Liberation Front
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement
- Proposed state:
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Militant organization: Abu Sayyaf,[32][33][34] Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters,[34][35][36] Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
- Advocacy group:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement[36]
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
Cordillera Administrative Region
Russia
- Ethnic group: Yakuts
- Proposed state:
Sakha Republic - Political party: Sakha-Amuk
- Proposed state:
Siberia (North Asia)
See also: Siberian regionalism
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state: Siberian Republic
- Political party: Party of Siberian Liberation
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state:
Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group: Tamil
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka)
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan military in 2009)
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[38]
Syria
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War and Federalization of Syria
- Ethnic and ethno-religious group: Kurdish, Yazidis
- De facto state:
Western Kurdistan - Political party: Democratic Union Party
- Militant organisation: People's Defence Units
- Political Movement: Democratic Confederlism, Democratic Socialism, Socialist Feminism, Ecosocialism
- De facto state:
Proposed states:
- Etlno-religious group: Alawite
- Proposed state:
Alawite State - Political Movement: Government of Syria: if Damascus should fall, it has been proposed that the government retreats to Latakia and the surrounding area to form a possible Alawite State.
- Proposed state:
- Ethno-religious group: Druze
- Proposed state:
Jabal Druze State - Political parties: Progressive Socialist Party (Syria)
- Militant organisations: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
- Proposed state:
- Ethno-religious group: Arameans
- Proposed state: Aram
- Political parties: Aramean Democratic Organisation
- Advocacy group: World Council of Arameans (Syriacs)
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Syrian Turkmen
- Proposed state:
Autonomous or free Bayırbucak (Western Turkmeneli) or Turkey - Political parties: Syrian Turkmen Assembly (official governing umbrella for Syrian Turkmen National Bloc and Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement)
- Militant organizations: Syrian Turkmen Brigades
- Proposed state:
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed state: Sunnistan
Occupied territories:
Golan Heights (occupied by Israel)
- Ethnic group: Israeli settlers
- De facto state:
Israel - Political organisation: Government of Israel
- Militant organisations: Israeli Defence Force
- De facto state:
Taiwan
Tajikistan
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
Thailand
- Ethnic group: Malays
Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
Uzbekistan
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan - Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[44]
- Proposed state:
Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Vietnam overseas people, a few people in the country Vietnam
- Proposed state:
Republic of Vietnam - Advocacy group: The Republic of Vietnam is returning[45]
- Proposed state:
Yemen
- Proposed state:
State of Aden
- Ethnic group: Adeni Arabs, Hadhrami Arabs, Mehri people
- Proposed state:
South Arabia[47] - Political party: South Yemen Movement
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra[48][49][50] - Proposed autonomous area: Al Mahrah and Socotra[48]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 "Roots of the Conflict". El Gringo. Archived from the original on 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑
- ↑ ""Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ↑ "モンゴル自由連盟党". Retrieved 2010-11-22.(JP)
- ↑ "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2001-10-14. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ↑ "INTERNATIONAL TIBET INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT". International Tibet Independence Movement. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ↑ "HK 'Independence' party slammed, could cause trouble in the region". Global Times. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Determined". The Economist. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑
- ↑ "South Ossetia, former part of Georgia, to hold 'special' referendum to join Russia". RT. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
- ↑ "Russia's Javakhk Diaspora demands autonomous region status for Samtskhe-Javakhk". Times.am. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
- ↑ "US State Department and Javakhk: The WikiLeaks Cables Part I". Asbarez. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ↑ http://www.indonesiamatters.com/758/minahasa-nationalism/
- ↑ http://www.nasty-bali.org/sulawesi-separatists.html
- ↑ The Jakarta Post (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. , accessed July 2, 2009.
- ↑ Saha, Santosh C. (2006). Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Lexington Books. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2055. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ↑ http://southazerbaijan.info/en/nizam.php
- ↑ http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz
- ↑ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ↑ Madiha Rashid al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
- ↑ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-521-40268-2. ISBN 0-521-40268-9.
- ↑ http://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/peace_freedom/patriots_and_protesters/news.php?q=1239483589
- ↑ http://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ainu-claim-independence-to-prime.html
- 1 2 3 4 "Group draws up self determination petition for Sarawak and Sabah". The Borneo Post. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- 1 2 "Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst". The Rakyat Post. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- 1 2 "Sabahan secession instigator unfazed by impending probe". The Star. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ↑ "Madhesis in Nepal to continue protests till next election, says separatist leader". Catch News. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ http://www.balochvoice.com/
- ↑ Bansal, Alok. "Violent Sindhi nationalism raises its head again". South Asia Monitor. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ↑ Regelado, Edith (4 November 2014). "MILF organizing political party for 2016 and beyond". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- ↑ Pike, John. "Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)". FAS Intelligence Resource Program. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Chido, Diane. "Intel Brief: The Abu Sayyaf model". International Relations and Security Network. International Relations and Security Network. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- 1 2 "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm
- 1 2 Sabillo, Kristine Angeli (20 February 2015). "BIFF only wants Islamic state". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy". National Economic and Development Authority - Cordillera Administrative Region. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ↑ Peacehalle.com
- ↑ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ G Vinod (4 September 2012). "Thai insurgents raise Malaysian flag". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ↑ Aulia Akbar (31 August 2012). "Pemberontak Thailand Kibarkan Bendera Malaysia" (in Indonesian). Okezone. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ↑ "Phiến quân đốt cờ Thái ở miền Nam bất ổn" (in Vietnamese). Bao Binh Dinh. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ↑ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ↑ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe. 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ↑ http://vietnamconghoa.us/
- ↑ http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/upd-hmong-protest-05-06-11-05062011120606.html
- ↑ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
- 1 2 http://www.geocurrents.info/geopolitics/autonomous-zones/yemens-beleaguered-al-mahrah-seeks-autonomy
- ↑ http://www.merip.org/mer/mer263/revolution-socotra
- ↑ http://www.yementimes.com/en/1716/intreview/2950/%E2%80%9CIt%E2%80%99s-a-political-sham-to-set-geographical-regions-based-on-vague-standards-without-any-legal-constitutional-or-political-authority%E2%80%9D.htm
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