List of ethnic riots

This is a list of ethnic riots, sectarian riots, and race riots, by country.

Africa

Angola

• Anti-Chinese riot(s) (mentioned 2008)^[1]

Congo

• Anti-Chinese riot(s) (mentioned 2008)^[1]

Côte d’Ivoire

• Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire caused by the 2004 French–Ivorian clashes (2004) - Anti-white riots^[2][3]

Egypt

• Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt (1945)

Lesotho

• Maseru (2007) - Anti-Chinese riot^[4]

Libya

• Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania (1945)
• Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania (1948)

Mauritania

• Mauritania (1989) - Mauritania–Senegal Border War. Race riots erupt in Mauritania between Arabs and black Mauritanians^[5]

Rhodesia

• Kananga (1925) - Kananga Riot of 1925

South Africa

• Durban (1949) - Anti-Indian riots, an inter-racial conflict between Zulus and Indians in Durban.^[6]
• Durban (1985) - Anti-Indian riots^[7]
• Port Elizabeth, South Africa (2007) - Anti-Somali riot^[8]

Tanzania

• Zanzibar (1964) - The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964 put an end to the local Arab dynasty. Thousands of Arabs were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island^[9][10]

Zambia

• Anti-Chinese riot(s) (mentioned 2008)^[1]

America

Brazil

• Rio de Janeiro (1823) - Anti-Portuguese riots^[11]
• Salvador (1831) - Anti-Portuguese riots

Canada

• Toronto (August 2–5, 1918) - 1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
• Toronto (August 16, 1933) - Christie Pits riot
• Vancouver (September 7, 1907) - anti-Asian riot

Mexico

• Torreón massacre (1911) - over 300 Chinese immigrants are killed by the a mob including the forces of the Mexican Revolution.

United States

Nativist Period 1700s–1860

• 1824: Providence, Rhode Island Hard Scrabble Riots
• 1829: Cincinnati riots of 1829 Rioting against African Americans results in over a thousand leaving for Canada.
• 1829: Charlestown Anti-Catholic Riots
• 1831: Providence, Rhode Island
• 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
• 1834: Philadelphia pro-slavery riots^[12]
• 1834: New York City pro-slavery riots
• 1835: Boston pro-slavery riots
• 1835: Five Points Riot
• 1835: Washington, D.C.^[13][14]
• 1836: Cincinnati riots of 1836 - Several anti-abolitionist riots
• 1841: Cincinnati, Ohio White Irish-descendant and Irish immigrant dock workers rioted against Black dock workers. When the Black dock workers banded together to defend their community from the approaching Whites, the White rioters retreated and then commandeered a 6-pound cannon and shot it through the streets of Cincinnati.
• 1844: Philadelphia Nativist Riots (May 6–8, July 5–8)
• 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
• 1855: Louisville Anti-German Riots

Civil War Period 1861–1865

• 1863: New York City Draft Riot
• 1863: Detroit Race Riot

Reconstruction Period: 1865–1877

• 1866: New Orleans Riot
• 1866: Memphis, Tennessee
• 1868: Pulaski Riot
• 1868: Opelousas, Louisiana
• 1868: Camilla, Georgia
• 1870: Eutaw, Alabama
• 1870: Laurens, South Carolina
• 1870: New York City Orange Riot
• 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
• 1871: Los Angeles Anti-Chinese Riot
• 1871: Meridian, Mississippi
• 1891: New Orleans Anti-Italian Riot
• 1873: Colfax massacre
• 1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
• 1874: New Orleans, Louisiana {Liberty place riot see^[15]}
• 1874: Coushatta, Louisiana
• 1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
• 1875: Clinton, Mississippi
• 1876: Hamburg Massacre
• 1876: Ellenton, South Carolina

Jim Crow Period: 1878–1914

• 1885: Anti-Chinese riot in Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory
• 1886: Seattle riot of 1886^[16]
• 1898: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898^[17]
• 1898: Lake City, South Carolina
• 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
• 1900: Robert Charles Riots
• 1900: New York City
• 1904: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot^[18]
• 1906: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot^[18]
• 1906: Atlanta Race Riot^[19]
• 1906: Brownsville, Texas
• 1907: Onancock, Virginia
• 1907: Pacific Coast Race Riots of 1907
• 1908: Springfield Race Riot of 1908^[20]
• 1909: Omaha, Nebraska anti-Greek riot
• 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4

War and inter-war period: 1914–1945

• 1917: East St. Louis Riot^[21]
• 1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
• 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 1917: Houston Riot
• Red Summer of 1919
• *1919: Washington, D.C.
• *1919: Chicago Race Riot of 1919^[22]
• *1919: Omaha Race Riot of 1919
• *1919: Charleston, South Carolina
• *1919: Longview, Texas
• *1919: Knoxville Riot of 1919
• *1919: Elaine Race Riot
• 1920: Ocoee Massacre
• 1921: Tulsa race riot (Tulsa, Oklahoma)^[23]
• 1921: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot^[18]
• 1923: Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)^[24]
• 1927: Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot^[25]
• 1928: Wenatchee Valley Anti-Filipino Riot^[25]
• 1929: Exeter Anti-Filipino Riot^[26]
• 1930: Watsonville Anti-Filipino Riots, which inspired race riots in San Francisco, Salinas and San Jose and attacks elsewhere.^[26]
• 1935: Harlem Riot of 1935
• 1943: Detroit Race Riot^[27]
• 1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
• 1943: Harlem Riot of 1943
• 1943: Zoot Suit Riots

Postwar era: 1946–1954

• 1946: Columbia, Tennessee Riot
• 1949: Peekskill Riots
• 1951: Cicero Race Riot in Illinois

Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955–1977

• 1958: Battle of Hayes Pond (Maxton, North Carolina)
• 1962: Ole Miss riot, Oxford, Mississippi
• 1963: Birmingham Riot of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama
• 1963: Cambridge riot of 1963 (Cambridge, Maryland)
• 1963: Lexington Riot, Lexington, North Carolina ^[28]
• 1964: Harlem Riot of 1964 (Harlem neighborhood, Manhattan, New York City)
• 1964: Rochester riot (Rochester, New York)
• 1964: Philadelphia 1964 race riot (North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
• 1965: Watts Riots (Watts neighborhood, Los Angeles, California)
• 1966: Division Street Riots (Humboldt Park neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois)
• 1966: Hough Riots (Hough community, Cleveland, Ohio)
• 1966: North Omaha, Nebraska (North Omaha community, Omaha, Nebraska)
• Long Hot Summer of 1967
  • 1967: Roxbury riots, (Boston, Massachusetts)
  • 1967: Tampa riots, (Tampa, Florida)
  • 1967: Texas Southern University Riot (Houston, Texas)
  • 1967: 1967 Detroit riot (Detroit, Michigan)
  • 1967: Buffalo riot (Buffalo, New York)
  • 1967: Milwaukee Riot (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
  • 1967: Minneapolis North Side Riots (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
  • 1967: 1967 Newark riots (Newark, New Jersey)
  • 1967: Plainfield riots (Plainfield, New Jersey)
  • 1967: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio)
• Protests of 1968
  • 1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
• 1968: King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • 1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
  • 1968: Chicago West Side riots (Chicago, Illinois)
  • 1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
  • 1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
  • 1968: 1968 Wilmington riots (Wilmington, Delaware)
• 1968: Glenville shootout and riot (Cleveland, Ohio)
• 1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania)
• 1970: May 11 Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
• 1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
• 1971: Camden riots (Camden, New Jersey)
• 1972-1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
• 1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local sniper (Ontario, California)

1978 to today

• 1978: Houston's Moody Park on the first anniversary of Joe Campos Torres death.
• 1979: Great Brook Valley Projects Riots Worcester, Massachusetts, Puerto Ricans rioted
• 1980: Miami Riots (Miami, Florida): Reactions following the acquittal of four Miami-Dade Police officers in the death of Arthur McDuffie.
• 1980: Chattanooga Riot (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
• 1984: Lawrence, Massachusetts Race Riot: A small scale riot centered at the intersection of Haverhill and railroad streets between working class whites and Hispanics; several buildings were destroyed by Molotov cocktails; August 8, 1984.^[29]
• 1989: Overtown Riot (Miami, FL) In a reaction to the shooting of a black motorcyclist by a Hispanic police officer in the predominantly black community of Overtown in Miami, residents rioted for two nights. The officer was later found guilty of manslaughter.
• 1990: Wynwood Riot (Miami, FL) Puerto Ricans rioted after a jury decided not to convict six officers accused of beating a Puerto Rican drug dealer to death
• 1991: Crown Heights riot (Crown Heights neighborhood, Brooklyn, New York City)
• 1992: Los Angeles Riots (Los Angeles, California): In a reaction to the acquittal of all four LAPD officers involved in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, in addition to the Korean involved in the murder of Latasha Harlins; riots broke out mainly involving black and Latino youths in the black neighborhoods of South Central Los Angeles and Korean-American neighborhood of Koreatown before spreading to the rest of the city including Downtown Los Angeles, Hollywood, Central Los Angeles, South Bay and the Westside, as well as neighboring cities including Compton, Long Beach, Inglewood, Lynwood, Huntington Park, Carson, Lawndale, Pasadena and Gardena, with minor situations in East Los Angeles and San Fernando Valley regions, but overall rioting was mainly to get out the frustrations of the racial groups over the racial tensions that were building in the South Central neighborhoods for years. The riots have also influenced similar situations in San Bernardino, Atlanta, Las Vegas, Seattle, San Francisco, Oakland, Chicago and Toronto.
• 1996: St. Petersburg Riots (St. Petersburg, Florida): After Officer Jim Knight stopped 18 yr. old Tyron Lewis for speeding, his car lurched forward and Knight fired his weapon, fatally wounding the black teenager. Riots broke out and lasted for about 2 days.
• 2001: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio): In a reaction to the fatal shooting of an unarmed young black male, Timothy Thomas by Cincinnati police officer Steven Roach, during a foot pursuit, riots broke out over the span of a few days.
• 2003: Benton Harbor riots (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
• 2005: 2005 Toledo Riot (Toledo, Ohio): A race riot that broke out after a planned Neo-Nazi protest march through a black neighborhood.
• 2006: Fontana High School riot (Fontana, California): Riot involving about 500 Latino and black students^[30]
• 2006: Prison Race Riots (California): A war between Latino and black prison gangs set off a series of riots across California^[31][32]
• 2008: Locke High School riot^[33] (Los Angeles, California)
• 2009: 2009 Oakland Riots (Oakland, California): Peaceful protests turned into rioting after the fatal shooting of an unarmed black man, Oscar Grant, by a BART transit policeman.
• 2014-2015: The Ferguson unrest, a series of riots break out in Ferguson, Missouri over the shooting of Michael Brown.
  • August 2014: riots for two weeks after the initial shooting of Michael Brown.
  • Late November and early December 2014: riots for one week after the police officer who shot Michael Brown was not indicted.
  • August 2015: riots for two days during the anniversary of the shooting of Michael Brown.
• 2015: The Death of Freddie Gray was an incident in which a suspect died in police custody and later protests turned into riots in Baltimore.
• 2016: The Shooting of Abdullahi Omar Mohamed sparked riots on the night of the shooting.

Asia

Bangladesh

• Noakhali riot
• 1950 Barisal Riots
• 1964 East-Pakistan riots
• Bangladesh (1990) - 1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
• Hathazari (2012) - 2012 Hathazari violence
• Ramu (2012) - 2012 Ramu violence
• Bangladesh (2013) - 2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
• Bangladesh - 2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence

Burma

• Burma (1930) - Anti-Indian riots
• Mandalay (1997) - Anti-Muslim Riots
• Taungoo (2001) - Anti-Muslim Riots

China

• Nanjing anti-African protests (1988) - Nanjing
• Ghulja Incident, Xinjiang, China (1997)^[34]
• 2008 Tibetan unrest (2008) - Tibet, China
• 2008 Uyghur unrest
• June 2009 Shaoguan incident - Guangdong, China
• July 2009 Ürümqi riots - Xinjiang, China

Indonesia

• Indonesia (1965) - Anti-Chinese riots^[35]
• Jakarta, Surakarta (1998) - Anti-Chinese riots^[36]

Israel

• Acre, Israel (2008) - Sectarian violence erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an Arab Israeli citizen drove through a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood during Yom Kippur.^[37][38][39]
• Tel Aviv (2012) - Race riots by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the rape of an elderly woman, and an under age Israeli girl by South Sudanese men in front of her boyfriend.^{[40][41][42][43]}
• Tel Aviv (2015) - After an Ethiopian-born IDF officer was beaten by an Israeli police officer and police volunteer, protests in Tel Aviv against racism and police brutality turned violent, with injuries among protesters and police.^[44]

Malaysia

• Kuala Lumpur (1969) - May 13 Incident
• 2001 Kampung Medan riots
• Bersih Riot 3.0 (2013)

Pakistan

• Sectarian violence in Pakistan

Palestine (British Mandate)

• Nebi Musa riots (1920) - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem
• Jaffa riots (1921) - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jaffa
• 1929 Palestine riots - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Hebron, Safed, Jerusalem and Jaffa
• 1933 Palestine riots - Anti-Jewish riots due to Jewish immigration
• 1947 Jerusalem riots - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem

Singapore

• Singapore (1950) - Maria Hertogh riots
• Singapore (1964) - 1964 race riots in Singapore
• Singapore (1969) - 1969 Race Riots of Singapore
• Singapore (2013) - 2013 Little India Riot

Sri Lanka

• 1915 Sinhalese Muslim riots - Nationwide
• Gal Oya riots - 1956, Ampara District
• 1958 riots in Ceylon - Nationwide
• 1977 riots in Sri Lanka - Nationwide
• Burning of Jaffna library - 1981, Jaffna
• Black July - 1983, nationwide
• 2000 Bundarawela riots — Mawanella
• 2006 riots — Trincomalee, Galle

Europe

Azerbaijan

• Sumgait pogrom (1988), anti-Armenian pogrom
• Kirovabad pogrom (1988), anti-Armenian pogrom
• Baku pogrom (1990), anti-Armenian pogrom

Belgium

• Brussels (2006) - 2006 Brussels riots

Bulgaria

• Sofia (2007) - Romani riots^[45]

Denmark

• St. Croix riot (1873) - St. Croix Agricultural labor rioted against landlords and labor laws.
• Jewish skirmishes (1820–22) - Various Danish and German cities and towns.

France

• 2005 civil unrest in France – mainly Paris far suburbs, but also in other high-immigrant areas.
• Perpignan (2005) – Perpignan Riots^[46] between Maghrebi and Romani communities after a man of Maghrebi descent was shot dead.
• Avignon (September 2009) – between Turkish and Moroccan youths (one youth of African descent was dead)
• Ajaccio, Corsica (December 2015) - 2015 Corsican protests between locals and immigrants.

Germany

• The Neo-Nazi marches in Dresden have sparked many riots as recently as August 2015.^[47]

Italy

• Milan (2007) - Milan Chinese riot^[48][49]
• Rosarno (2010) - African immigrants riots ^[50]
• Bari (2011) - African immigrants ^[51][52]
• Lampedusa (2011) - African immigrants (mostly Tunisians) riots ^[53]
• Sassari (2015) - Refugees refuse to reside in provided buildings ^[54]
• Sesto Fiorentino (2016) - Chinese riot ^[55]

Netherlands

• Utrecht (2007) - Utrecht Riots^[56]
• Amsterdam (2007) - Moroccan-Dutch youth sectarian violence^[57]
• The Hague (2015) - Immigrants riot after Caribbean man dies resisting arrest^[58]

Poland

• Przytyk pogrom (1936) - anti-Jewish riots in Przytyk, on March 9, 1936
• Kraków pogrom (1945) - anti-Jewish riots that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the city of Kraków
• Kielce pogrom (1946) - an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community of Kielce, Poland on July 4, 1946
• Mława pogrom (1991) - a series of violent incidents in June 1991, when a crowd attacked Roma residents of the Polish town of Mława

Russia

• Anti-Jewish pogroms
• Kondopoga (2006) - Anti-immigrant riots in Kondopoga, Karelia, Russia
• Moscow (2010) - Anti-immigrant riots on the Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, Russia
• Moscow (2013) - Anti-immigrant riots in Biryulyovo district of Moscow

Soviet Union

• Sumgait Massacre (1988) - anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan SSR during February 1988
• Uzbek SSR (1989) - After bloody riots against the Meskhetian Turks in Central Asia's Fergana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan^[59]
• Dushanbe riots (1990) - anti-Armenian unrest in Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik SSR, from February 12–14, 1990.
• Osh riots (1990) - an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks that took place in June 1990 in the Kyrgyz SSR

Spain

• Almería (Poniente Almeriense) (2000) - Spain's race riots ^[60]
• Madrid (2007) - Madrid Riots^[61]
• Roquetas de Mar, Almeria (2008) - Riot between Senegalese and Roma (Gypsy) families^[62]
• Salou (2015) - African Riot^[63]

Turkey

• Eastern Thrace - 1934 Thrace pogroms, anti-Jewish pogrom.
• Istanbul (1955) - Istanbul Riots, also known as Istanbul Pogrom.

United Kingdom

• South Shields (February 1919) - South Shields
• Cardiff (June 1919) - Cardiff riots 1919
• Liverpool (June 1919) - Liverpool riot 1919
• London (April 1919) - Stepney
• London (May 1919) - St Anne Street
• London (June 1919) - Cable Street
• London (June 1919) - Poplar
• Birkenhead (1947) - Anti-Jewish riots^[64]
• Liverpool (August 1948) - Liverpool riot 1948
• Nottingham (August 1958) - Nottingham riot 1958
• London (1958) - 1958 Notting Hill race riots
• Leeds (1975) - 1975 Chapeltown riot
• London (1976) - Notting Hill
• London (23 April 1979) - Southall race riot
• Bristol (1980) - 1980 St. Pauls riot
• London (April 1981) - 1981 Brixton riot
• Liverpool (July 1981) - 1981 Toxteth riots
• Birmingham (July 1981, 1985) - 1985 Handsworth riots
• Leeds (1981) - 1981 Chapeltown Caribbean riot
• Manchester (1981) - Moss Side
• London (1985) - Peckham riot
• London (September 1985) - 1985 Brixton riot
• London (October 1985) - Broadwater Farm riot
• Leeds (1987) - 1987 Chapeltown riot
• Dewsbury (1989) - 1989 Dewsbury riot
• North Shields (1991) - Benwell and The Meadow Well riots
• Oldham (May 2001) - 2001 Oldham riots
• Burnley (June 2001) - Burnley Riots
• Bradford (July 2001) - 2001 Bradford riots
• Stoke-on-Trent (July 2001)
• Birmingham (2005) - 2005 Birmingham riots
• Windsor (2006) - 2006 Windsor ethnic violence^[65]
• London (2011) - 2011 London riots

Oceania

Australia

• Buckland Valley (1857) - Buckland Riot
• Burrangong (1860–1861) - Lambing Flat riots
• Broome (1905,1914,1920) - Broome riots
• Anti-Greek riots in Perth in 1915 and in Kalgoorlie in 1916
• Redfern (2004) - Redfern riots
• Palm Island (2004) - Palm Island death in custody riot
• Sydney (2005) - 2005 Cronulla riots

New Zealand

• Wellington (1943) - Battle of Manners Street was a conflict involving American servicemen versus New Zealand servicemen and civilians outside the Allied Services Club in Manners Street.

Solomon Islands

• Honiara (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots^[66]

Tonga

• Nukuʻalofa (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots^[67]

See also

• List of riots
• Ethnic cleansing
• Pogrom
• Violence
• Genocide
• Hep-Hep riots
• Anti-Semitism
• Sinophobia
• Indophobia
• Anti-Armenianism
• Xenophobia in South Africa
• Riots and pogroms in Sri Lanka

Revolution '67 - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967

References

1. How China's taking over Africa, and why the West should be VERY worried
2. Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast
3. France's 'Little Iraq'
4. LESOTHO: Anti-Chinese resentment flares
5. Timeline: Mauritania
6. The Durban Riot 1949
7. Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister, TheIndianStar.com
8. 27 held after anti-Somali riot: South Africa
9. Country Histories - Empire's Children
10. Heartman, Adam (2006-09-26). "A Homemade Genocide". Who's Fault Is It?.
11. Rebelions in Bahia
12. Evan Carton, Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America, at 59 (Free Press 2006); see also http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/policing.cfm
13. August 'Snow-Storm' Brought Devastation To D.C.. NPR. July 5, 2012.
14. Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key, and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. 2012 book by Jefferson Morley.
16. No deaths were reported, but all Chinese and most other Asians were expelled from Seattle and Tacoma. Schwantes, Carlos A. "Protest in a Promised Land: Unemployment, Disinheritance, and the Origin of Labor Militancy in the Pacific Northwest, 1885-1886." Western Historical Quarterly. 13:4 (October 1982).
17. Thirty African Americans died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
18. Carter, Darnell (1993). "The 1904, 1906, and 1921 Race Riots in Springfield, Ohio and the Hoodlum Theory". Retrieved 23 April 2016.
19. Ten African Americans and two Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
20. Two African Americans and four Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979; Roberta Senechal, "Springfield Race Riot of 1908," Illinois History Teacher, Summer/Fall 1996.
21. According to federal, state and local government investigators, only 39 African Americans died. But civilian investigations shortly after the riot indicate that between 100 and 200 African Americans died. The riot was notable for its brutality, including scalping, gouging out of eyes, and children acting as murderers. Elliott M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.
22. Twenty-three African Americans and 15 Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
23. Officially, only 39 African Americans died. But more recent estimates are that between 150 and 200 African Americans and 50 Caucasians died, and some sources put the number of black dead at 300. James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: America's Worst Race Riot and Its Legacy, Mariner Books, 2003. ISBN 0-618-34076-9; Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
24. Officially, six African Americans and two Caucasians died. However, there is disagreement about the number of dead, and some estimates place the number of black dead between 40 and 150. Michael D'Orso, Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Putnam Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-256-4.
25. "IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
26. "Racial Riots". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
27. Twenty-five African Americans and nine Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
28. The Dispatch (North Carolina), December 28, 1963
29. http://openvault.wgbh.org/ton/mla000400/index.html
30. San Bernardino County Sun - Fontana students blame riot on simmering racial tension
31. More Injuries as Race Riots Disrupt Jails in Los Angeles
32. Race riot put down at California state prison
33. Locke High School locked down after huge brawl, Los Angeles Times
34. Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest
35. Indonesia Turns Its Chinese Into Scapegoats, New York Times
36. Anti-Chinese riots continue in Indonesia, CNN
37. Acre faces fourth night of riots, Al Jazeera English
38. Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence, New York Times, October 12, 2008
39. Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver, Jpost, October 12, 2008
40. http://forward.com/articles/168576/anti-african-riots-erupt-over-tel-aviv-rape/
41. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/tel-aviv-race-riots-shock-israel/story-e6frg6so-1226366536966
42. http://www.jpost.com/National-News/South-Tel-Aviv-simmers-as-racial-tensions-linger
43. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/24/deport-the-sudanese-violent-israeli-race-riots-draw-condemnation-empathy/
44. Anti-Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent The New York Times, 3 May 2015
45. Roma riots stir unease in Bulgaria
46. 'Race killing' sparks French riot
47. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dresden-riots-protesters-in-germany-attack-refugee-buses-shouting-foreigners-out-10467287.html
48. Milan police in Chinatown clash
49. Milan Chinese riot over traffic fine
50. "Immigrants Riot In Rosarno, Italy". Huffington Post. January 8, 2010.
51. Bari police and african immigrants clash
52. video Bari African riots
53. Tunisians riots
54. Refugees refuse to reside in provided buildings
55. After a hygiene inspection around 400 Chinese from nearby communities gather and fight the police
56. Ethnic Riots after Dutchman is Killed by Police
57. Moroccan-Dutch youth riot in Amsterdam following fatal incident
59. Focus on Mesketian Turks
60. Spain struggles with race riots
61. Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs
62. African immigrants riot in Spain, BBC NEWS
65. Race clashes hit Windsor
66. "The Pacific Proxy: China vs Taiwan", Graeme Dobell, ABC Radio Australia, February 7, 2007
67. "Chinese stores looted in Tonga riots", People's Daily, November 17, 2006

External links

• Revolution '67 Film website - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967