Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union

Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
Category Sovereign states
Location Eurasian Economic Union
Created 2015
Number 5 (as of 2015)
Possible types Republics (5)
Populations 182,519,270
Areas 20,260,431 km²
Government Presidential republic (2)
Semi-presidential republic (1)
Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic (1)
Unitary parliamentary republic (1)

The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) comprises 5 member states, which are party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. The constituent states of the EEU are placed under binding laws and have equal representation within the union's executive and judicial bodies. They do however retain considerable autonomy, and must be unanimous for the union to adopt policies or new member states. Consensus is a founding principle of the union.[1][2][3][4][5]

In 2000 six states created the EEU's predecessor, the Eurasian Economic Community. In 2010 three core states (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) pursued integration and founded the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. The three states are the founding members of the Eurasian Economic Union. The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. On 9 October 2014 Armenia signed the treaty and became the newest member state of the EEU on accession on 2 January 2015.[6] Kyrgyzstan signed an accession treaty on 23 December 2014, which came into on August 6 2015.[7][8][9]

In order to accede, a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements. Enlargement of the Union is also subject to the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EEU law and implementing previous decisions made by the Eurasian Commission, which become part of the union's regulatory framework.

The customs union is a principal task of the Eurasian Economic Community, established in 2000, and now succeeded by the Eurasian Economic Union. No customs are levied on goods travelling within the customs union and—unlike a free trade area—members of the customs union impose a common external tariff on all goods entering the union. One of the consequences of the customs union is that the Eurasian Union negotiates as a single entity in international trade deals such as the World Trade Organisation, instead of individual member states negotiating for themselves.

It came into existence on 1 January 2010. Its founding states were Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[10] On 2 January 2015 it was enlarged to include Armenia. Kyrgyzstan acceded to the EEU on 6 August 2015.[11] The original treaty establishing the Customs Union was terminated by the agreement establishing the Eurasian Economic Union, signed in 2014, which incorporated the Customs Union into the EEU's legal framework.

The member states continued with economic integration and removed all customs borders between each other after July 2011. On 19 November 2011, the member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties, planning to create a Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.[12][13] On 1 January 2012, the three states formed a single economic space to promote further economic integration.[13][14] The Eurasian Economic Commission is the regulatory agency for the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Community.[13]

The creation of the Eurasian Customs Union was guaranteed by 3 different treaties signed in 1995, 1999 and 2007. The first treaty in 1995 guaranteeing its creation, the second in 1999 guaranteeing its formation, and the third in 2007 announced the establishment of a common customs territory and the formation of the customs union.

Overview

Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow, Russia. Passengers from Kazakhstan are no longer subject to customs inspections.

Export

Imports

87.95% of customs import duties come from Russia's budget, 4.7% from Belarus and the remainder from Kazakhstan.[16]

Market access to Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) - CU EAC Approval

*this article has been updated in November 2016*
Nominal World GDP and GDP of Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in 2011.
  European Union: $17.1 trillion (25%)
  United States: $14.8 trillion (22%)
  China: $7.2 trillion (10%)
  Japan: $5.8 trillion (8%)
  Other countries: $22.2 trillion (32%)
  Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan
 and Russia: $2.1 trillion (3%)

Access of products to the single territory of the Eurasian Economic Union - EAEU (Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan) - formerly Customs Union is granted after products have proved to be compliant with the requirements of Customs Union Technical Regulations which are applicable to the product. As of September 2016, 36 Customs Union Technical Regulations have been developed covering different types of products. Some Technical Regulations are being still developed. Here you can see the list of developed CU TRs.


There are two types of conformity assessment procedures - Certification (CoC) and Declaration (DoC). List of products which are subject to Certification and Declaration is provided in the relevant CU Technical Regulations. The customer can always choose to order CU Certificate instead of CU Declaration.

For Declaration of Conformity the Applicant must be a local entity registered at the territory of a EAEU Member Country. The range of Applicants for Certification is defined in the relevant Technical Regulations (e.g. for CU TR 004/2011 Safety of low voltage equipment and CU TR 020/2011 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) the Applicant can be either a Manufacturer including a Foreign Manufacturer of local EAEU entity).

All conformity assessment works (testing/inspection/certification) can only be done by local Certification Bodies/Testing Laboratories accredited in the EAEU Member countries by their National Accrediting Authorities. However where the EAEU countries are Members of International Organizations (such as IECEE), competent national Certification Bodies in EAEU accredited in the same International Organizations (if we speak about IECEE, the list of EAEU Certification Bodies accredited in IECEE you can check via the following link) have the legal right to recognize the works results of the National Certification Bodies from the other Member countries of these International Organizations.

For products which successfully passed the CU EAC conformity assessment procedure - a CU EAC Certificate is issued (see example of CU EAC Certificate) . All Certificates/Declarations are officially registered (by the Certification Bodies) in the Registers for CU EAC Certificates/Declarations maintained by each Member Country. The term of validity is defined in the Certificate (it can be up to 5 years). For series manufacturing Certificates -there's mandatory annual surveillance procedure (performed via sample test or factory inspection).

Products complying with all applicable CU Technical Regulations shall be marked with mandatory EAC Mark.


The EAEU Member countries managed to agree on unification of requirments for most of categories of products/services (that is CU Technical Regulations). However:

a) There are areas where national requirements are valid in each member country. E.g. for RF (radiotelecommunication) appliances/modules. It is not currently planned to develop unified requirements in the EAEU for this type of products, but things may change someday. As of today, it is not expected that unified requirements in EAEU for radio-telecom appliances/modules would appear earlier than the year 2020.

b) Due to uneasy process of development of Technical Regulation System in EAEU, the national member countries are starting to implement national requirements in the areas strategically important for these countries in the absence of proper quality unified EAEU Technical Regulations. e.g. Belarus introduces mandatory national energy efficiency requirements for electrical products on its territory from 01.02.2017.


Before Technical Regulations came into force, the following approvals were the basis for access to the Eurasian Economic Union (Customs Union) Member Countries:

The growth rate of the total turnover of foreign and mutual trade of the Customs Union (growth of the quarter compared to the corresponding period of the previous year). The Common Customs Code was established on July 1, 2010 (blue vertical line). Data source: Eurasian Economic Commission, Department of Statistics[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Opinion polling

Beginning in 2012, the Eurasian Development Bank (established by Russia and Kazakhstan) conducts regular opinion polling of selected states with regards to Eurasian integration projects. The following question was asked to the residents of the selected countries, translated from Russian to their native language:

The results for the sum of answers "Favorably" and "Very favorably" are below:[24][25][26]

Country 2012 2013 2014
 Russia 72% 67% 79%
 Belarus 60% 65% 68%
 Kazakhstan 80% 73% 84%
 Armenia 61% 67% 64%
 Kyrgyzstan 67% 72% 50%
 Azerbaijan 38% 37% 22%
 Moldova 65% 54% 49%
 Tajikistan 76% 75% 72%
 Uzbekistan 67% 77% 68%
 Ukraine 57% 50% 31%
 Turkmenistan No data 50% No data
 Georgia 30% 59% 53%

Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia are current members of the Customs Union, noted in blue. Georgia is a non-CIS member state which participated in polling, noted in red. Turkmenistan opted out of polling in 2012 and 2014, but participated in 2013.

According to opinion polls by Razumkov Centre and Sociological group "RATING" Eurasian Customs Union membership in Ukraine was favoured by 22% (Razumkov Centre in June 2014) and 17% ("RATING" in November 2014).[27][28] A February 2015 opinion poll by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology stated that 12% of the polled (Ukrainians) supported joining the Eurasian Customs Union.[29]

Criticism

The United States opposes the Customs Union, claiming it as an attempt to "reestablish a Russian-dominated USSR-type union among the Post-Soviet states".[30]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurasian Economic Community.

References

  1. ↑ "Discussion of the draft EEU Treaty was the key topic of the EEC Council's regular session". eurasiancommission.org. Eurasian Economic Commission. 17 April 2014.
  2. ↑ "Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union". www.alta.ru. Alta. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  3. ↑ "Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)". http://sps.yurclub.ru/. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  4. ↑ "Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)". http://www.zhgtu.kz/. Zhambyl Humanitarian-Technical University. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  5. ↑ "Draft Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)". http://online.zakon.kz/. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  6. ↑ ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА
  7. ↑ "Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC" (in Russian). Life News. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015.
  8. ↑ "Member States of the EEU". Eurasian Commission. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "Kyrgyzstan becomes 5th member of Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union". Russia Today. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Agree on Customs Union Saturday, 5 December 2009
  11. ↑ Kyrgyzstan and Armenia will officially enter the Eurasian Customs Union that was created by Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, on the January 1, 2015., Kyrgyzstan, Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union, 24.kg. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  12. ↑ "Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan sign pact". UPI. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2013)
  14. ↑ Barron, Lisa (1 October 2013). "Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space". Cistran Finance. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  15. ↑ "Доклад «Итоги деятельности Минэкономразвития России в 2009 году и задачи на 2010 год»" (PDF). 23 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Белоруссия может выйти из ТС, если Россия не отменит пошлины на нефтепродукты". Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  17. ↑ "Статистика внешней торговли и статистика взаимной торговли". Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики. Archived from the original on 2013-08-29.
  18. ↑ Объемы, темпы и пропорции развития взаимной торговли государств — членов ТС и ЕЭП (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  19. ↑ Объемы, темпы и пропорции развития взаимной торговли государств — членов ТС и ЕЭП (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  20. ↑ Объем внешней торговли Таможенного союза (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  21. ↑ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  22. ↑ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  23. ↑ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  24. ↑ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2012". Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  25. ↑ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2013" (PDF). Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  26. ↑ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2014" (PDF). Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  27. ↑ http://censor.net.ua/news/291636/bolee_60_ukraintsev_gotovy_podderjat_vstuplenie_v_evrosoyuz_i_svyshe_40_v_nato_opros
  28. ↑ Assessment of the situation in the East. Foreign policy orientations of the population, Rating (2014/11/20)
  29. ↑ Support for joining EU rises one year after Revolution of Dignity – poll, Interfax-Ukraine (19 March 2015)
  30. ↑ Failed reset?: United States decries “sovietization” of former USSR states


List

Members

Prospective members

Representation

Each state has representation in the institutions of the Eurasian Economic Union. Full membership gives the government of a member state one seat in the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council. All major decisions are taken by consensus, although decisions taken by the Eurasian Commission require a qualified majority vote. Votes in the commission are weighted so that every country has 3 votes. The Presidency of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Union rotates between each of the member states, allowing each state one year to help direct the agenda of the EEU.[6][7]

The national governments appoint 3 members each to the Eurasian Commission (in accord with all the heads of state of the EEU), 2 members each to the Eurasian Court (in accord with other members) and the Eurasian Development Bank. Representation is therefore designed to prevent larger states from carrying more weight in negotiations.[6][7]

Ratification status of treaties

Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union

Signatory Date Institution AB Deposited Reference
Belarus Belarus 9 Oct 2014 Council of the Republic 64 0 0 1 Jan 2015 [8]
9 Oct 2014 House of Representatives Approved [9]
9 Oct 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [10]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 9 Oct 2014 Senate Approved [11]
1 Oct 2014 Majilis 101 0 3 [12]
14 Oct 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [13]
Russia Russia 1 Oct 2014 Federation Council 140 0 0 [14]
26 Sep 2014 State Duma 441 0 1 [15]
3 Oct 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [16]

Treaty on the accession of the Republic of Armenia to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union

Signatory Date Institution AB Deposited Reference
Armenia Armenia 4 Dec 2014 National Assembly 103 7 1 2 Jan 2015 [17]
30 Dec 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [18]
Belarus Belarus 19 Dec 2014 Council of the Republic Approved [19]
19 Dec 2014 House of Representatives Approved [20]
29 Dec 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [21]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 19 Dec 2014 Senate Approved [22]
18 Dec 2014 Majilis Approved [23]
24 Dec 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [24]
Russia Russia 17 Dec 2014 Federation Council 149 0 0 [25]
10 Dec 2014 State Duma 441 1 0 [26]
22 Dec 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [27]

Treaty on the accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union

Signatory Date Institution AB Deposited Reference
Armenia Armenia 16 Jun 2015 National Assembly 91 4 0 12 Aug 2015 [28]
18 Jun 2015 Presidential Assent Granted
Belarus Belarus 26 Jun 2015 Council of the Republic Approved [29]
30 Jun 2015 House of Representatives Approved [30]
24 Jul 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [31]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1 Jul 2015 Majilis Approved [32]
9 Jul 2015 Senate Approved [33]
5 Aug 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [34]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 20 May 2015 Supreme Council 96 2 0 [35]
21 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [36]
Russia Russia 01 Jul 2015 State Duma 437 0 2 [37]
08 Jul 2015 Federation Council Approved [38]
13 Jul 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [39]

References

  1. ↑ "Agreement on Accession of the Republic of Armenia to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, dated May 29, 2014". Eurasian Economic Union. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  2. 1 2 3 "Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union". Eurasian Economic Union. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  3. ↑ "On Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, dated May 29, 2014". Eurasian Economic Union. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  4. ↑ http://m.eng.belta.by/economics/view/mongolia-considering-joining-eurasian-economic-union-93949-2016/
  5. ↑ Druzhinin, Aleksei (10 October 2014). "Armenia Joins Eurasian Economic Union". http://en.ria.ru/ (RIA Novosti). Retrieved 10 October 2014. Leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union signed an agreement on Friday on Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty.
  6. 1 2
  7. 1 2
  8. ↑ Члены Совета Республики одобрили проект Закона Республики Беларусь «О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе»
  9. ↑ 9 октября 2014 года состоялось очередное заседание пятой сессии Палаты представителей пятого созыва, в ходе которого парламентарии рассмотрели пять вопросов
  10. ↑ Belarusian president signs law on ratification of Eurasian Economic Union Treaty
  11. ↑ Сенаторы ратифицировали Договор о Евразийском Экономическом Союзе
  12. ↑ МАЖИЛИС ОДОБРИЛ ПРОЕКТ ЗАКОНА О РАТИФИКАЦИИ ДОГОВОРА О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ
  13. ↑ Главой государства подписан Закон Республики Казахстан «О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе»
  14. ↑ Информация о результатах рассмотрения вопросов на 359 заседании Совета Федерации 1 октября 2014 года
  15. ↑ Справка о голосовании по вопросу:О проекте федерального закона № 596865-6 "О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе"
  16. ↑ Подписан закон о ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе
  17. ↑ Парламент завершил работу последних четырехдневных заседаний осенней сессии
  18. ↑ http://www.president.am/en/signed-laws/item/2014/12/30/President-Serzh-Sargsyan-signed-laws-December-30-2
  19. ↑ Шестая сессия Совета Республики завершила работу
  20. ↑ 19 декабря 2014 года состоялось заседание Палаты представителей, на котором были рассмотрены восемь вопросов. Пятая сессия Палаты представителей Национального собрания Республики Беларусь пятого созыва завершила свою работу
  21. ↑ Закон Республики Беларусь от 29 декабря 2014 г. № 218-З О ратификации Договора о присоединении Республики Армения к Договору о Евразийском экономическом союзе от 29 мая 2014 года
  22. ↑ Сенат ратифицировал Договор о присоединении Армении к Договору о ЕАЭС и принял поправки в законодательство по вопросам кардинального улучшения условий для предпринимательства
  23. ↑ МАЖИЛИС ОДОБРИЛ РАТИФИКАЦИЮ ДОГОВОРА О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ АРМЕНИИ К ЕАЭС
  24. ↑ Казахстан ратифицировал договор о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС
  25. ↑ Информация о результатах рассмотрения вопросов на 364 заседании Совета Федерации 17 декабря 2014 года
  26. ↑ Справка о голосовании по вопросу: О проекте федерального закона № 666644-6 "О ратификации Договора о присоединении Республики Армения к Договору о Евразийском экономическом союзе от 29 мая 2014 года"
  27. ↑ Подписан закон о ратификации Договора о присоединении Армении к Договору о Евразийском экономическом союзе
  28. ↑ http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1933853.html
  29. ↑ http://www.rosbalt.ru/exussr/2015/06/26/1412801.html
  30. ↑ http://vz.ru/news/2015/6/30/753674.html
  31. ↑ http://www.24kg.org/sng/16748_prezident_belarusi_ratifitsiroval_dogovor_o_vstuplenii_kyirgyizstana_v_eaes/
  32. ↑ http://m.tengrinews.kz/ru/kazakhstan_news/277052
  33. ↑ http://m.inform.kz/ru/article/2795153
  34. ↑ http://ria.ru/politics/20150805/1162874254.html
  35. ↑ http://www.kenesh.kg/lawprojects/lps.aspx?view=projectinfo&id=203775
  36. ↑ http://www.interfax.ru/world/442855
  37. ↑ http://api.duma.gov.ru/api/transcript/823290-6
  38. ↑ http://council.gov.ru/press-center/news/57317
  39. ↑ http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/49945
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