National Anthem of the Republic of China

National Anthem of the Republic of China

Sheet music
National anthem of the  Republic of China
Lyrics	From a speech by Sun Yat-sen, 1924
Music	Cheng Maoyun, 1928
Adopted	1928 (de facto) 1943 (de jure)
Music sample
National Anthem of the Republic of China

The latest National Anthem of the Republic of China was adopted in 1937; previously, Song to the Auspicious Cloud was used as the official anthem of the Republic of China (ROC). it remains the national anthem of the ROC government of Taiwan which remains there; but in mainland China, the anthem serves a historical role. The national anthem of the People's Republic of China is the "March of the Volunteers".

The anthem's words are adapted from a 1924 speech by Sun Yat-sen, via the anthem of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) in 1937. The lyrics relate to how the vision and hopes of a new nation and its people can be achieved and maintained. Informally, the song is sometimes known as San Min Chu-i from its opening line which references the Three Principles of the People (Sanmin Zhuyi), but this name is never used in formal or official occasions.

History

The text of was the collaboration between several Kuomintang (KMT) party members: Hu Hanmin, Dai Jitao, Liao Zhongkai, and Shao Yuanchong. The text debuted on July 16, 1924, as the opening of a speech by Sun Yat-sen at the opening ceremony of the Whampoa Military Academy. After the success of the Northern Expedition, the Kuomintang party chose the text to be its party anthem and publicly solicited for accompanying music. Cheng Maoyun won in a contest of 139 participants.

On March 24, 1930, numerous Kuomintang party members proposed to use the speech by Sun as the lyrics to the national anthem. The national anthem of the republic was the Song to the Auspicious Cloud. Due to opposition over using a symbol of a political party to represent the entire nation, the National Anthem Editing and Research Committee (國歌編製研究委員會) was set up, which endorsed the KMT party song. On June 3, 1937, the Central Standing Committee (中央常務委員會) approved the proposal, and in 1943, the song officially became the national anthem of the Republic of China.

Lyrics

National Anthem of the Republic of China
The original Whampoa Military Academy speech in Sun's handwriting.
Traditional Chinese	中華民國國歌
Simplified Chinese	中华民国国歌
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄜ Wade–Giles Chung^1-hua^2 Min^2-kuo^2 kuo^2-ke^1 Yale Romanization Jung1 hwa2 Min2 gwo2 gwo2 ke1 other Mandarin Xiao'erjing ﺟْﻮ ﺧُﻮَ مٍ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع قْ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3 gwok3 go1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok Kok-koa
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	三民主義
Simplified Chinese	三民主义
Hanyu Pinyin	Sānmín Zhǔyì
Literal meaning	Three Principles of the People
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sānmín Zhǔyì Wade–Giles San^1-min Chu^3-i^4

Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese
三（ㄙㄢ）民（ㄇㄧㄣˊ）主（ㄓㄨˇ）義（ㄧˋ），吾（ㄨˊ）黨（ㄉㄤˇ）所（ㄙㄨㄛˇ）宗（ㄗㄨㄥ）； 以（ㄧˇ）建（ㄐㄧㄢˋ）民（ㄇㄧㄣˊ）國（ㄍㄨㄛˊ），以（ㄧˇ）進（ㄐㄧㄣˋ）大（ㄉㄚˋ）同（ㄊㄨㄥˊ）。 咨（ㄗ）爾（ㄦˇ）多（ㄉㄨㄛ）士（ㄕˋ），為（ㄨㄟˋ）民（ㄇㄧㄣˊ）前（ㄑㄧㄢˊ）鋒（ㄈㄥ）； 夙（ㄙㄨˋ）夜（ㄧㄝˋ）匪（ㄈㄟˇ）懈（ㄒㄧㄝˋ），主（ㄓㄨˇ）義（ㄧˋ）是（ㄕˋ）從（ㄘㄨㄥˊ）。 矢（ㄕˇ）勤（ㄑㄧㄣˊ）矢（ㄕˇ）勇（ㄩㄥˇ），必（ㄅㄧˋ）信（ㄒㄧㄣ）必（ㄅㄧˋ）忠（ㄓㄨㄥ）； 一（ㄧˋ）心（ㄒㄧㄣ）一（ㄧˋ）德（ㄉㄜˊ），貫（ㄍㄨㄢˋ）徹（ㄔㄜˋ）始（ㄕˇ）終（ㄓㄨㄥ）。	三民(Sānmín)主义(zhǔyì)，吾(wú)党(dǎng)所(suǒ)宗(zōng)； 以(Yǐ)建(jiàn)民国(Mínguó)，以(yǐ)进(jìn)大同(dàtóng)。 咨(Zī)尔(ěr)多士(duōshì)，为(wèi)民(mín)前锋(qiánfēng)； 夙夜(Sùyè)匪(fěi)懈(xiè)，主义(zhǔyì)是(shì)从(cóng)。 矢(Shǐ)勤(qín)矢(shǐ)勇(yǒng)，必(bì)信(xìn)必(bì)忠(zhōng)； 一(Yì)心(xīn)一(yì)德(dé)，贯彻(guànchè)始(shǐ)终(zhōng)。

The lyrics are in classical literary Chinese. For example,

• ěr (爾) is a literary equivalent of both singular and plural "you" (which are differentiated in modern Chinese) depending on the context. In this case, it is plural "you".
• fěi (匪) is a classical synonym of "not" (非 fēi). And
• zī (咨) is a classical, archaic interjection, and is not used in this sense in the modern vernacular language.

In this respect, the national anthem of the Republic of China stands in contrast to the People's Republic of China's "The March of the Volunteers", which was written a few years later entirely in modern vernacular Chinese.

As well as being written in classical Chinese, the national anthem follows classical poetic conventions. The ancient Fu style follows that of a four-character poem, where the last character of each line rhymes in -ong or -eng, which are equivalent in ancient Chinese.

English translations

The official translation by Du Tingxiu (Theodore B. Tu) ^[1] appears in English-language guides to the ROC published by the government.

Official

Literal

San Min Chu-i, Our aim shall be: To found a free land, World peace, be our stand. Lead on, comrades, Vanguards ye are. Hold fast your aim, By sun and star. Be earnest and brave, Your country to save, One heart, one soul, One mind, one goal...

Three Principles of the People, The foundation of our party. Using [this], [we] establish the Republic; Using [this], [we] advance into a state of total peace. Oh, you, righteous men, For the people, [be] the vanguard. Without resting day or night, Follow the Principles. Swear [to be] diligent; swear [to be] courageous. Obliged to be trustworthy; obliged to be loyal. [With] one heart and one virtue, [We] carry through until the very end.

References

1. Cassel, Susie Lan (2002). The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium. Rowman Altamira. p. 279. ISBN 9780759100015. Retrieved 30 August 2016.

• Reed W. L. and Bristow M. J. (eds.) (2002) "National Anthems of the World", 10 ed., London
• Cassell, p. 526. ISBN 0-304-36382-0

External links

• Taiwan, ROC: National Anthem of the Republic of China - Audio of the national anthem of Taiwan, with information and lyrics
• The National Anthem of the ROC (4 Versions)
• (traditional Chinese) National Anthem page at the official website of the president