Nestlé

"Nestle" redirects here. For other uses, see Nestle (disambiguation).

Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.
Société Anonyme
Traded as SIX: NESN
OTC Pink: NSRGY
BSE: 500790
NSE: NESTLEIND
Industry Food processing
Founded 1866 (1866) (as Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company)
1867 (1867) (as Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé)
1905 (1905) (as Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company)
Founder Henri Nestlé, Charles Page, George Page
Headquarters Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (chairman)
Paul Bulcke (CEO)
François-Xavier Roger (CFO)
Products Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods (list...)
Revenue Decrease CHF 88.8 billion (2015)[1]
Decrease CHF 13.4 billion (2015)[1]
Profit Decrease CHF 9.0 billion (2015)[1]
Total assets Increase CHF 133.45 billion (2014)[2]
Total equity Increase CHF 71.88 billion (2014)[2]
Number of employees
 335,000 (2015)[1][3]
Website Official website

Nestlé S.A. (French pronunciation: ​[nɛsle]; English /ˈnɛsleɪ/, /ˈnɛsəl/, /ˈnɛsli/) is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. It has been the largest food company in the world, measured by revenues and other metrics, for 2014, 2015 and 2016.[4][5][6][7] It ranked No. 72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014[8] and No. 33 on the 2016 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies.[9]

Nestlé's products include baby food, medical food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, frozen food, pet foods, and snack s. Twenty-nine of Nestlé's brands have annual sales of over CHF1 billion (about US$1.1 billion),[10] including Nespresso, Nescafé, Kit Kat, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffer's, Vittel, and Maggi. Nestlé has 447 factories, operates in 194 countries, and employs around 339,000 people.[11] It is one of the main shareholders of L'Oreal, the world's largest cosmetics company.[12]

Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle). The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007.

Nestlé has a primary listing on the SIX Swiss Exchange and is a constituent of the Swiss Market Index. It has a secondary listing on Euronext. In 2011, Nestlé was listed No. 1 in the Fortune Global 500 as the world's most profitable corporation.[13] With a market capitalisation of US$239.6 billion, Nestlé ranked No. 11 in the FT Global 500 2014.[14]

History

Founding and early years (1866–1900)

Henri Nestlé, a Swiss confectioner, was the founder of Nestlé and one of the main creators of condensed milk.
The logo that Nestlé used until 1966

Nestlé's origins date back to 1866, when two separate Swiss enterprises were founded that would later form the core of Nestlé. In the succeeding decades, the two competing enterprises aggressively expanded their businesses throughout Europe and the United States.

In August 1867 Charles (US consul in Switzerland) and George Page, two brothers from Lee County, Illinois, USA, established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham, Switzerland. Their first British operation was opened at Chippenham, Wiltshire, in 1873.[15]

In September 1866 in Vevey, Henri Nestlé developed milk-based baby food, and soon began marketing it. The following year saw Daniel Peter begin seven years of work perfecting his invention, the milk chocolate manufacturing process. Nestlé was the crucial co-operation that Peter needed to solve the problem of removing all the water from the milk added to his chocolate and thus preventing the product from developing mildew. Henri Nestlé retired in 1875 but the company, under new ownership, retained his name as Société Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé.

In 1877 Anglo-Swiss added milk-based baby foods to their products; in the following year, the Nestlé Company added condensed milk to their portfolio, which made the firms direct and fierce rivals.

In 1879 Nestle merged with milk chocolate inventor Daniel Peter.

Mergers (1901–1989)

Aleppo Nestle building Tilal street 1920s.

In 1904 François-Louis Cailler, Charles Amédée Kohler, Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé participated in the creation and development of Swiss chocolate, marketing the first chocolate – milk Nestlé.[16]

In 1905 the companies merged to become the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947, when the name 'Nestlé Alimentana SA' was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (founded 1884) and its holding company, Alimentana SA, of Kempttal, Switzerland. Maggi was a major manufacturer of soup mixes and related foodstuffs. The company's current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain. The First World War created demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts, and, by the end of the war, Nestlé's production had more than doubled.

A 1915 advertisement for "Nestlés Food", an early infant formula

In January 1919, Nestlé bought two condensed milk plants in Oregon from the company Geibisch and Joplin for $250,000. One was in Bandon, and the other was in Milwaukee. They expanded them considerably, processing 250,000 pounds of condensed milk daily in the Bandon plant.[17]

Nestlé felt the effects of the Second World War immediately. Profits dropped from US$20 million in 1938, to US$6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly in Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the company's newest product, Nescafé ("Nestlé's Coffee"), which became a staple drink of the US military. Nestlé's production and sales rose in the wartime economy.

After the war, government contracts dried up, and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlé's management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlé's first expansion into new products, with chocolate-manufacture becoming the company's second most important activity. Louis Dapples was CEO till 1937, when succeeded by Édouard Muller till his death in 1948.

The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlé. Growth accelerated and numerous companies were acquired. In 1947 Nestlé merged with Maggi, a manufacturer of seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oreal in 1974. In 1977, Nestlé made its second venture outside the food industry, by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.

In the 1980s, Nestlé's improved bottom line which allowed the company to launch a new round of acquisitions. Carnation was acquired for $3 billion in 1984 and brought the evaporated milk brand, as well as Coffee-Mate and Friskies to Nestlé. The confectionery company Rowntree Mackintosh was acquired in 1988 for $4.5 billion, which brought brands such as Kit Kat, Smarties and Aero.

Growth internationally (1990–2011)

The first half of the 1990s proved to be favourable for Nestlé. Trade barriers crumbled, and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996, there have been various acquisitions, including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Petfoods (1998), and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002 – in June, Nestlé merged its US ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August a US$2.6 billion acquisition was announced of Chef America, the creator of Hot Pockets. In the same time-frame, Nestlé entered in a joint bid with Cadbury and came close to purchasing the iconic American company Hershey's, one of its fiercest confectionery competitors, but the deal eventually fell through.[18]

In December 2005, Nestlé bought the Greek company Delta Ice Cream for €240 million. In January 2006, it took full ownership of Dreyer's, thus becoming the world's largest ice cream maker, with a 17.5% market share.[19] In July 2007, completing a deal announced the year before, Nestlé acquired the Medical Nutrition division of Novartis Pharmaceutical for US$2.5 billion, also acquiring, the milk-flavoring product known as Ovaltine,the "Boost" and "Resource" lines of nutritional supplements, and Optifast dieting products.[20]

The Brazilian president, Lula da Silva, inaugurates a factory in Feira de Santana (Bahia), in February 2007

In April 2007, returning to its roots, Nestlé bought US baby-food manufacturer Gerber for US$5.5 billion.[21][22][23] In December 2007, Nestlé entered into a strategic partnership with a Belgian chocolate maker, Pierre Marcolini.[24]

Nestlé agreed to sell its controlling stake in Alcon to Novartis on 4 January 2010. The sale was to form part of a broader US$39.3 billion offer, by Novartis, for full acquisition of the world's largest eye-care company.[25] On 1 March 2010, Nestlé concluded the purchase of Kraft Foods's North American frozen pizza business for US$3.7 billion.

Since 2010, Nestle has been working to transform itself into a nutrition, health and wellness company in an effort to combat declining confectionery sales and the threat of expanding government regulation of such foods. This effort is being led through the Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences under the direction of Ed Baetge. The Institute aims to develop "a new industry between food and pharmaceuticals" by creating foodstuffs with preventative and corrective health properties that would replace pharmaceutical drugs from pill bottles. The Health Science branch has already produced several products, such as drinks and protein shakes meant to combat malnutrition, diabetes, digestive health, obesity and other diseases.[26]

In July 2011, Nestlé SA agreed to buy 60 percent of Hsu Fu Chi International Ltd. for about US$1.7 billion.[27] On 23 April 2012, Nestlé agreed to acquire Pfizer Inc.'s infant-nutrition, formerly Wyeth Nutrition, unit for US$11.9 billion, topping a joint bid from Danone and Mead Johnson.[28][29][30]

Recent developments (2012–2016)

In recent years, Nestlé Health Science has made several acquisitions. It acquired Vitaflo, which makes clinical nutritional products for people with genetic disorders; CM&D Pharma Ltd., a company that specialises in the development of products for patients with chronic conditions like kidney disease; and Prometheus Laboratories, a firm specialising in treatments for gastrointestinal diseases and cancer. It also holds a minority stake in Vital Foods, a New Zealand-based company that develops kiwifruit-based solutions for gastrointestinal conditions as of 2012.[31]

Another recent purchase included the Jenny Craig weight-loss program, for US$600 million. Nestlé sold the Jenny Craig business unit to North Castle Partners in 2013.[32] In February 2013, Nestlé Health Science bought Pamlab, which makes medical foods based on L-methylfolate targeting depression, diabetes and memory loss.[33] In February 2014, Nestlé sold its PowerBar sports nutrition business to Post Holdings, Inc.[34] Later, in November 2014, Nestlé announced that it was exploring strategic options for its frozen food subsidiary, Davigel.[35]

In December 2014, Nestlé announced that it was opening 10 skin care research centres worldwide, deepening its investment in a faster-growing market for healthcare products. That year, Nestlé spend about $350 million on dermatology research and development. The first of the research hubs, Nestlé Skin Health Investigation, Education and Longevity Development (SHIELD) centres, will open mid 2015 in New York, followed by Hong Kong and São Paulo, and later others in North America, Asia and Europe. The initiative is being launched in partnership with the Global Coalition on Aging (GCOA), a consortium that includes companies such as Intel and Bank of America.[36]

Corporate affairs

Japan headquarters

Nestlé is the biggest food company in the world, with a market capitalisation of roughly 231 billion Swiss francs, which is more than US$247 billion as of May 2015.[37]

In 2014, consolidated sales were CHF 91.61 billion and net profit was CHF 14.46 billion. Research and development investment was CHF 1.63 billion.[38]

According to a 2015 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestlé has a reputation score of 74.5 on a scale of 1–100.[39]

Joint ventures

Joint ventures include:

Products

Samples of Nestle Toll House Cafe items in 2012.

Nestlé has over 8,000 brands[46] with a wide range of products across a number of markets, including coffee, bottled water, milkshakes and other beverages, breakfast cereals, infant foods, performance and healthcare nutrition, seasonings, soups and sauces, frozen and refrigerated foods, and pet food.[11]

Food safety

Maggi noodles

In May 2015, Food Safety Regulators from the Uttar Pradesh, India found that samples of Nestlé's leading noodles Maggi had up to 17 times beyond permissible safe limits of lead in addition to monosodium glutamate.[47][48][49][50]

On 3 June 2015, New Delhi Government banned the sale of Maggi in New Delhi stores for 15 days because it found lead and monosodium glutamate in the eatable beyond permissible limit.[51] The Gujarat FDA on 4 June 2015 banned the noodles for 30 days after 27 out of 39 samples were detected with objectionable levels of metallic lead, among other things.[52] Some of India's biggest retailers like Future Group, Big Bazaar, Easyday and Nilgiris have imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi.[53] Thereafter multiple state authorities in India found unacceptable amount of lead and it has been banned in more than 5 other states in India.[54] On 5 June 2015, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) orders banned all nine approved variants of Maggi instant noodles from India, terming them "unsafe and hazardous" for human consumption.[55] In June 2015 Nepal indefinitely banned Maggi over concerns about lead levels in the product.[56] On the same day Food Safety Agency, United Kingdom has launched an investigation to find levels of lead in Maggi.[57] Maggi noodles has been withdrawn in five African nations- Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and South Sudan by a super-market chain after a complaint by the Consumer Federation of Kenya, as a reaction to the ban in India.[58]

On 3 June 2015, Nestlé India's shares fell down 11% due to the incident.[59] Continuously on the second day, Nestlé's share fell down by 3% over concerns related to its safety standards.[60]

As of August 2015, India's government made public that it was seeking damages of nearly $100 million from Nestlé India for "unfair trade practices" following the June ban on Maggi noodles.[61] The 6,400 million rupee suit was filed with the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), regarded as the country's top consumer court, but was settled on 13 August 2015.[62] The court ruled that the government ban on the Nestlé product was both "arbitrary" and had violated the "principles of natural justice."[63] Although Nestlé was not ordered to pay the fine requested in the government's suit, the court ruled that the Maggi noodle producers must "send five samples from each batch of Maggi [noodles] for testing to three labs and only if the lead is found to be lower than permitted will they start manufacturing and sale again." Although the tests have yet to take place, Nestlé has already destroyed 400 million packets of Maggi products.[64] Although the ban has been repealed by the Government of India, with effect from the end of 2015, a few states still needs to lift their versions of the ban, after newer tests.

Milk products and baby food

In late September 2008, the Hong Kong government found melamine in a Chinese-made Nestlé milk product. Six infants died from kidney damage, and a further 860 babies were hospitalised.[65][66] The Dairy Farm milk was made by Nestlé's division in the Chinese coastal city Qingdao.[67] Nestlé affirmed that all its products were safe and were not made from milk adulterated with melamine. On 2 October 2008, the Taiwan Health ministry announced that six types of milk powders produced in China by Nestlé contained low-level traces of melamine, and were "removed from the shelves".[68]

In another incident weevils and fungus were found in Cerelac baby food.[69][70][71]

Nestlé has implemented initiatives to prevent contamination and utilizes what it calls a "factory and farmers" model that eliminates the middleman. Farmers bring milk directly to a network of Nestlé-owned collection centers, where a computerized system samples, tests, and tags each batch of milk. To reduce further the risk of contamination at the source, the company provides farmers with continuous training and assistance in cow selection, feed quality, storage, and other areas.[72]

In 2014, the company opened the Nestlé Food Safety Institute (NFSI) in Beijing that will help meet China's growing demand for healthy and safe food, one of the top three concerns among Chinese consumers. The NFSI will work closely with authorities to help provide the scientific foundation for food-safety policies and standards. Support will include early management of food-safety issues and collaboration with local universities, research institutes and government agencies on food-safety.[73]

In June 2009, an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 was linked to Nestlé's refrigerated cookie dough originating in a plant in Danville, Virginia. In the US, it caused sickness in more than 50 people in 30 states, half of whom required hospitalisation. Following the outbreak, Nestlé voluntarily recalled 30,000 cases of the cookie dough. The cause was determined to be contaminated flour obtained from a raw material supplier. When operations resumed, the flour used was heat-treated to kill bacteria.[74]

Sponsorships

Animation In 1993, plans were made to update and modernise the overall tone of Walt Disney's EPCOT Center, including a major refurbishment of The Land pavilion. Kraft Foods withdrew its sponsorship on 26 September 1993, with Nestlé taking its place. Co-financed by Nestlé and the Walt Disney World Resort, a gradual refurbishment of the pavilion began on 27 September 1993.[75] In 2003, Nestlé renewed its sponsorship of The Land; however, it was under agreement that Nestlé would oversee its own refurbishment to both the interior and exterior of the pavilion. Between 2004 and 2005, the pavilion underwent its second major refurbishment. Nestlé's withdrawal from the Land dates back from 2009.[76]

Music festivals On 5 August 2010, Nestlé and the Beijing Music Festival signed an agreement to extend by three years Nestlé's sponsorship of this international music festival. Nestlé has been an extended sponsor of the Beijing Music Festival for 11 years since 2000. The new agreement will continue the partnership through 2013.[77]

Nestlé has partnered the prestigious Salzburg Festival in Austria for 20 years. In 2011, Nestlé renewed its sponsorship of the Salzburg Festival until 2015.[78]

Together, they have created the "Nestlé and Salzburg Festival Young Conductors Award," an initiative that aims to discover young conductors globally and to contribute to the development of their careers.[79]

Sports Nestlé's sponsorship of the Tour de France began in 2001 and the agreement was extended in 2004, a move which demonstrated the company's interest in the Tour. In July 2009, Nestlé Waters and the organisers of the Tour de France announced that their partnership will continue until 2013. The main promotional benefits of this partnership will spread on four key brands from Nestlé's product portfolio: Vittel, Powerbar, Nesquik or Ricore.[80]

In 2014, Nestlé Waters sponsored the UK leg of the Tour de France through its Buxton Natural Mineral Water brand.[81] In 2002 Nestlé announced it was main sponsor for the Great Britain Lionesses Women's rugby league team for the team's second tour of Australia with its Munchies product.[82]

On 27 January 2012, the International Association of Athletics Federations announced that Nestlé will be the main sponsor for the further development of IAAF's Kids' Athletics Programme, which is one of the biggest grassroots development programmes in the world of sports. The five-year sponsorship started in January 2012.[83] On 11 February 2016, Nestlé decided to withdraw its sponsorship of the IAAF's Kids' Athletics Programmes because of doping and corruption allegations against the IAAF. Nestlé followed suit after other large sponsors, including Adidas, also stopped supporting the IAAF.[84]

Nestlé supports the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) on a number of nutrition and fitness fronts, funding a Fellowship position in AIS Sports Nutrition; nutrition activities in the AIS Dining Hall; research activities; and the development of education resources for use at the AIS and in the public domain.[85]

Corporate social responsibility

Creating Shared Value strategy

Creating Shared Value (CSV) is a business concept intended to encourage businesses to create economic and social value simultaneously by focusing on the social issues that they are capable of addressing. In 2006, Nestlé adopted the CSV approach, focusing on three areas – nutrition, water and rural development – as these are core to their business activities.[86]

Nestlé now publishes an annual progress report on its goals.[87]

Nestlé CEO Paul Bulcke describes CSV as follows: "Creating Shared Value, these three words, are the fundamental way we want to behave as a company, and by nature, also as persons; it is the fundamental way we want to go about our activities; it also is linked with the conviction that in order to be meaningful and successful, a company must intersect with society in a very positive and constructive way."[88]

Nestlé has also established the Creating Shared Value Prize, which is awarded every other year with the aim of rewarding the best examples of CSV initiatives worldwide and to encourage other companies to adopt a shared value approach. These initiatives should take a business-oriented approach in addressing challenges in nutrition, water or rural development. The winner can win up to CHF 500,000. Nestlé was an early mover in the shared value space and hosts a global forum, the Creating Shared Value Global Forum. [89][90]

Sustainability, Environmental Actions and fair trade

A case of Nestlé's impact on sustainable agricultural practices has been documented in academic literature in 2015.[91]

In 2000, Nestlé and other chocolate companies formed the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF). The WCF is an international membership organization representing more than 100 member companies across the cocoa value chain. It is committed to creating a sustainable cocoa economy by putting farmers first, promoting agricultural & environmental stewardship, and strengthening development in cocoa-growing communities.[92]

In 2002 Nestlé, Unilever and Danone created the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI) Platform, a non-profit organization to facilitate sharing of knowledge and initiatives to support the development and implementation of sustainable agriculture practices involving the different stakeholders of the food chain. Among the latest deliverables produced, the SAI Platform developed (or co-developed) Principles and Practices for sustainable water management at farm level; recommendations for Sustainability Performance Assessment (SPA); a standardised methodology for the dairy sector to assess green house gas emissions; an Executives Training on Sustainable Sourcing; and many more.[86]

In October 2009, Nestlé announced "The Cocoa Plan." The company is working to get 100 percent of its chocolate portfolio using certified sustainable cocoa. For third-party certification, Nestlé has partnered with UTZ Certified to ensure that best practices are being used. Many of Nestlé's efforts are focused on the Ivory Coast, where 40 percent of the world's cocoa comes from. The company has developed a higher-yielding, more drought- and disease-resistant cocoa tree; and they have given 3 million of these super trees to farmers thus far and plan to give away 12 million of them in total. They are also training farmers in efficient and sustainable growing techniques, which focuses on better farming practices, including pruning trees, pest control (with an emphasis on integrated pest management) and harvesting, as well as caring for the environment. In addition, they have built 23 new schools so far and plan to build 40 in total by 2015.[93] Another important part of the plan has been to address child labor. Nestlé says that according to U.S. statistics, there are about 800,000 children who work the cocoa supply chain. With this in mind, Nestlé approached the Fair Labor Association to map out strategies to help curb child labor in the cocoa sector, and these efforts – including community education and the building of schools – have become a focus of the Cocoa Plan.[93]

On 22 June 2009, Nestlé Nespresso and Rainforest Alliance signed a pact called "Ecolaboration". One of the shared goals is to reduce the environmental impacts and increase the social benefits of coffee cultivation in enough tropical regions so that 80 percent of Nespresso's coffee comes from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms by the year 2013. Certified farms comply with comprehensive standards covering all aspects of sustainable farming, including soil and water conservation, protection of wildlife and forests, and ensuring that farm workers, women and children have all the proper rights and benefits, such as good wages, clean drinking water, access to schools and health care and security.[94]

In 2010, Nestlé launched the Nescafé Plan, an initiative to increase sustainable coffee production and make sustainable coffee farming more accessible to farmers. The plan aims to increase the company's supply of coffee beans without clearing rainforests, as well as using less water and fewer agrochemicals. According to Nestlé, Nescafé will invest 350 million Swiss francs (about $336 million) over the next ten years to expand the company's agricultural research and training capacity to help benefit many of the 25 million people who make their living growing and trading coffee. The Rainforest Alliance and the other NGOs in the Sustainable Agriculture Network will support Nestlé in meeting the objectives of the plan.[95]

In 2012, Nestlé developed the Rural Development Framework, which supports farmers and cocoa growing communities.[96] It is an investment program aimed at improving infrastructure, increasing access to safe water, address financing and market efficiency gaps and improving labor conditions.[97]

Labor matters

In September 2001, Bradley Alford, Chairman and CEO of Nestlé USA, signed the Harkin–Engel Protocol (commonly called the Cocoa Protocol), an international agreement aimed at ending child labour in the production of cocoa. In 2005, after the cocoa industry had not met the Harkin–Engel Protocol deadline for certifying the worst forms of child labour (according to the International Labour Organization's Convention 182) had been eliminated from cocoa production, the International Labor Rights Fund filed a lawsuit in 2005 under the Alien Tort Claims Act against Nestlé and others on behalf of three Malian children. The suit alleged the children were trafficked to Ivory Coast, forced into slavery, and experienced frequent beatings on a cocoa plantation.[98][99] In September 2010, the US District Court for the Central District of California determined corporations cannot be held liable for violations of international law and dismissed the suit. The case was appealed to the US Court of Appeals.[100][101] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision.[102] In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Nestle's appeal of the Ninth Circuit's decision.[103]

In October 2009, Nestlé announced "The Cocoa Plan." The plan's goal to get 100 percent of its chocolate portfolio using certified sustainable cocoa.[93] An important part of the plan has been to address child labor. Nestlé said in 2009 that according to U.S. statistics, there are about 800,000 children who work the cocoa supply chain. With this in mind, Nestlé approached the Fair Labor Association to map out strategies to help curb child labor in the cocoa sector, and these efforts – including community education and the building of schools – become a focus of the Cocoa Plan.[93] In 2011, Nestlé started to work with the Fair Labor Association (FLA), a non-profit, multi-stakeholder association that works with major companies to improve working conditions in developing countries, to assess labor conditions and compliance risks throughout Nestlé's supply chain of hazelnuts and cocoa. As a carticipating company, Nestlé has committed to ten "Principles of Fair Labor and Responsible Sourcing," and to upholding the FLA Workplace Code of Conduct throughout their supply chains, starting with farms.[104] On 29 February 2012, Nestlé became the first company in the food industry to join the FLA. Building on Nestlé's efforts under the Cocoa Plan, the FLA sent independent experts to Ivory Coast in 2012 to look for evidence of child labour, and then identify root causes and advise Nestlé how to address them.[105]

The 2014 "Assessments of Shared Hazelnut Supply Chain in Turkey" published by the Fair Labor Association looked at "supply chain in Turkey shared by three FLA affiliates – Nestlé, and two of its first-tier hazelnut suppliers, Balsu and Olam, which together account for 99 percent of Nestlé's hazelnut volume." The study identified "a total of 46 child workers younger than 15 years" as well as "a total of 83 young workers (between 15 and 18 years of age) working the same hours as adults and performing similar hazardous and strenuous tasks, such as carrying heavy bags of hazelnuts weighing up to 70 kilograms".[106]

At the conclusion of a year-long, self-imposed investigation in November 2015, Nestlé disclosed that seafood products sourced in Thailand were produced with forced labour. Nestlé is not a major purchaser of seafood in Southeast Asia but does some business in Thailand, primarily for its Purina cat food. The study found virtually all U.S. and European companies buying seafood from Thailand are exposed to the same risks of abuse in their supply chains.[107] This type of disclosure was a surprise to many in the industry because international companies rarely acknowledge abuses in supply chains.[108] Nestlé is expected to launch a yearlong program in 2016 focused on protecting workers across its supply chain. The company has promised to impose new requirements on all potential suppliers, train boat owners and captains about human rights,[107] and hire auditors to check for compliance with new rules.[109]

Bottled water impact

Aid airdrop of Nestle bottled water over Mirebalais in 2010.

Ownership of water

At the second World Water Forum in 2013, Nestlé and other corporations persuaded the World Water Council to change its statement so as to reduce access to drinking water from a "right" to a "need." Nestlé chairman and former CEO Peter Brabeck-Letmathe stated that "access to water should not be a public right." Nestlé continues to take control of aquifers and bottle their water for profit as of 2013.[110] Peter Brabeck-Letmathe later changed his statement in 2013.[111]

Packaging claims (2008)

A coalition of environmental groups filed a complaint against Nestlé to the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards after Nestlé took out full-page advertisements in October 2008 claiming that "Most water bottles avoid landfill sites and are recycled", "Nestlé Pure Life is a healthy, eco-friendly choice" and that "Bottled water is the most environmentally responsible consumer product in the world."[112][113][114] A spokesperson from one of the environmental groups stated: "For Nestlé to claim that its bottled water product is environmentally superior to any other consumer product in the world is not supportable."[112] In their 2008 Corporate Citizenship Report, Nestlé themselves stated that many of their bottles end up in the solid-waste stream, and that most of their bottles are not recycled.[113][115] The advertising campaign has been called greenwashing.[113][114][115] Nestlé defended its ads, saying they will show they have been truthful in their campaign.[112]

Water bottling operations in California and Oregon

Considerable controversy has surrounded Nestlé's bottled water brand 'Arrowhead' sourced from wells alongside a spring in Millard Canyon situated in a Native American Reservation at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains in California. While corporate officials and representatives of the governing Morongo tribe have asserted that the company, which started its operations in 2000, is providing meaningful jobs in the area and that the spring is sustaining current surface water flows, a number of local citizen groups and environmental action committees have started to question the amount of water drawn in the light of the ongoing drought, and the restrictions that have been placed on residential water use.[116] Additionally, recent evidence suggests that representatives of the Forest Service failed to follow through on a review process for Nestlé's permit to draw water from the San Bernardino wells, which expired in 1988.[117][118] The former forest supervisor Gene Zimmerman has explained that the review process was rigorous, and that the Forest Service "didn't have the money or the budget or the staff" to follow through on the review of Nestlé's long-expired permit.[119] However, Zimmerman's observations and action have come under scrutiny for a number of reasons. Firstly, along with the natural resource manager for Nestlé, Larry Lawrence, Zimmerman is a board member for and played a vital role in the founding of the nonprofit Southern California Mountains Foundation, of which Nestlé is the most noteworthy and longtime donor.[120] Secondly, the Zimmerman Community Partnership Award – an award inspired by Zimmerman's actions and efforts "to create a public/private partnership for resource development and community engagement" – was presented by the foundation to Nestlé's Arrowhead Water division in 2013.[121] Finally, while Zimmerman retired from his former role in 2005, he currently works as a paid consultant for Nestlé, leading many investigative journalists to question Zimmerman's allegiances prior to his retirement from the Forest Service.[119]

In April 2015, the city of Cascade Locks, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife using water for a salmon hatchery, applied with the Oregon Water Resources Department to permanently trade their water rights to Nestlé, which does not require a public-interest review. Nestlé approached them in 2008 and they had been considering to trade their well water with Oregon's Oxbow Springs water, a publicly owned water source in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, and to sell the spring water at over 100 million gallons of water per year to Nestlé. The plan has been criticized by legislators and 80,000 citizens.[122] The 250,000-square-foot, $50 million Nestlé bottling plant in Cascade Locks with an unemployment rate of 18.8 percent would have 50 employees and would increase property-tax collections by 67 percent.[123] The Oregon Water Resources Department is expected to issue a proposal in 2015, that would allow Nestlé to utilise spring water for its bottling operation.[124]

Health and nutrition

In September 2010, Nestlé announced to invest more than $500 million between 2011 and 2020 to develop health and wellness products to help prevent and treat major ailments like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's, which are placing an increasing burden on governments at a time when budgets are being squeezed. Nestlé created a wholly owned subsidiary, Nestlé Health Science, as well as a research body, the Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences.[125]

In 2014, Nestlé renewed its long-standing partnership long with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to increase access to safe water and sanitation in rural communities. In recent years, the partnership has brought clean drinking water and sanitation facilities to 100,000 people in Ivory Coast's cocoa communities. Nestlé has committed to contributing five million Swiss francs over the next five years to the IFRC.[126]

Nestlé baby formula boycott

Main article: Nestlé boycott

A boycott was launched in the United States on 7 July 1977, against the Swiss-based Nestlé corporation. It spread in the United States, and expanded into Europe in the early 1980s. It was prompted by concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of breast milk substitutes, particularly in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), largely among the poor.[127] The boycott was officially suspended in the U.S. in 1984, after Nestlé agreed to follow an international marketing code endorsed by the World Health Organization.[128][129] The boycott was also ended in the UK by several organisations including the General Synod of the Church of England in July 1994,[130] the Royal College of Midwives in July 1997,[131] and the Methodist Ethical Investment Committee in November 2005 and the Reformed Churches in November 2011[132] as a result of the company’s inclusion in the responsible investment index FTSE4Good Responsible Investment Index.[133] Since 2011, Nestlé is the only infant formula manufacturer to have met the 104 criteria on the marketing of breastmilk substitutes (FTSE4Good BMS Criteria) of the FTSE4Good Responsible Investment Index.[134] Nestlé’s inclusion in the index is based on results of independent and transparent verifications conducted by Pricewaterhouse Coopers every 18 months.[135] Every year since 2009, Bureau Veritas – one of the world’s leading verification and auditing firm – conducts independent assurance of compliance with the Nestlé Policy and Instructions for Implementation of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Their Assurance Statements are transparently available in the public domain.[136]

In May 2011, the debate over Nestlé's unethical marketing of infant formula was relaunched in the Asia-Pacific region. Nineteen leading Laos-based international NGOs, including Save the Children, Oxfam, CARE International, Plan International and World Vision have launched a boycott of Nestlé and written an open letter to the company.[137] Among other unethical practices, the NGOs criticised the lack of labelling in Laos and the provision of incentives to doctors and nurses to promote the use of infant formula.[138] In November 2011, Bureau Veritas, commissioned by Nestlé S.A. to provide independent assurance of Nestlé Indochina's compliance with the Nestlé policy for the implementation of the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (1981). There were no significant evidence that indicated Nestlé Indochina was systematically operating in violation of the WHO Code and Lao PDR Decree in Lao PDR. The presence of promotional materials in retail units constituted a non-conformance and Bureau Veritas recommended that the Nestlé's Policy and Procedures Manual on the Marketing of breastmilk substitutes be reviewed and updated to ensure consistency against the more stringent requirements of the Lao PDR Decree.[139] Ernest W. Lefever and the Ethics and Public Policy Center were criticized for accepting a $25,000 contribution from Nestlé while the organization was in the process of developing a report investigating medical care in developing nations which was never published, in an alleged deal to minimize Nestlé's marketing of infant formula in many of these countries.[140]

Ethiopian debt (2002)

In 2002, Nestlé demanded that the nation of Ethiopia repay US$6 million of debt to the company. Ethiopia was suffering a severe famine at the time. Nestlé backed down from its demand after more than 8,500 people complained via e-mail to the company about its treatment of the Ethiopian government. The company agreed to re-invest any money it received from Ethiopia back into the country.[141] In 2003, Nestlé agreed to accept an offer of $1.5 million, and donated the money to three active charities in Ethiopia: the Red Cross, Caritas and UNHCR.[142]

Chocolate price fixing in Canada

In Canada, the Competition Bureau raided the offices of Nestlé Canada (along with those of Hershey Canada Inc. and Mars Canada Inc) in 2007 to investigate the matter of price fixing of chocolates. It is alleged that executives with Nestlé, the maker of KitKat, Coffee Crisp and Big Turk, colluded with competitors in Canada to inflate prices.[143] The Bureau alleged that competitors' executives met in restaurants, coffee shops and at conventions and that Nestlé Canada CEO, Robert Leonidas once handed a competitor an envelope containing his company's pricing information, saying: "I want you to hear it from the top – I take my pricing seriously."[143] Nestlé and the other companies were subject to class-action lawsuits for price fixing after the raids were made public in 2007. Nestlé settled for $9 million, without admitting liability, subject to court approval in the new year. A massive class-action lawsuit continues in the United States.[143] Former Nestlé Canada CEO Robert Leonidas is under threat of a criminal charge for his role in the price fixing of chocolates in Canada when he was at the helm of Nestlé Canada from 2006 to 2010.[143]

Ukrainian boycott (2015)

In August 2015 the Ukrainian TV channel Ukrayina refused to hire a worker of the weekly magazine Krayina, Alla Zheliznyak, as a host of a cooking show because she speaks Ukrainian. The demand to only hire a Russian speaking host was allegedly set by a sponsor of the show – Nesquik, which is a brand of Nestlé S.A.[144][145] Activists of the Vidsich civil movement held a rally near the office of the company in Kiev, accusing Nestlé of discriminating against people who speak Ukrainian and supporting the russification of Ukraine.[146] They also added that goods sold in Ukraine are manufactured in Russia. Activists threatened to start a boycott campaign against Nestlé if they will not fulfill their requirements. In September 2015 there were "Russian kills!" flashmobs protesting against Nestlé products that are manufactured in Russia.[147]

Human right violations: child labor and forced labor in 2016

According to Amnesty International in 2016 Nestlé palm oil provider Wilmar International profited from 8 to 14-year-old child labor and forced labor. Some workers were extorted, threatened or not paid for work. Some workers suffered severe injuries from toxic banned chemical. In 2016 Singapore-based Wilmar International was world's biggest palm oil grower.[148]

Recognition and awards

Bibliography

See also

Competitors

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Annual Results 2015" (PDF). Nestlé. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Financial Statements 2014" (PDF). Nestle.com. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Jobs Nestlé, global info
  4. ↑ "Nestlé's Brabeck: We have a "huge advantage" over big pharma in creating medical foods", CNN Money, 1 April 2011
  5. ↑ "Nestlé: The unrepentant chocolatier", The Economist, 29 October 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012
  6. ↑ Rowan, Claire (9 September 2015). "The world's top 100 food & beverage companies – 2015: Change is the new normal". Food Engineering. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  7. ↑ McGrath, Maggie (27 May 2016). "The World's Largest Food And Beverage Companies 2016: Chocolate, Beer And Soda Lead The List". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  8. ↑ 2014 Fortune Global 500 listing. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  9. ↑ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  10. ↑ "Nestlé: Tailoring products to local niches" CNN, 2 July 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Annual Results 2014" (PDF). Nestlé. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Nestlé to Decide on L’Oreal in 2014, Chairman Brabeck Says". Bloomberg, 14 April 2011
  13. ↑ "Global 500: Our annual ranking of the world's largest corporations", CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2012
  14. ↑ Nancy Fink Huehnergarth. "Nestle on the Forbes World's Most Valuable Brands List". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  15. ↑ 'Other industries', A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4 (1959), pp. 220–253. Retrieved 14 August 2010
  16. ↑ HPatrick (3 January 2016). "Swiss Chocolate Brands".
  17. ↑ Blakely, Joe (2003). "Oregon Places: The Nestlé Condensary in Bandon". Oregon Historical Quarterly. Oregon Historical Society. 104: 566–577.
  18. ↑ "The inside story of the Cadbury takeover". Financial Times.
  19. ↑ "Nestlé takes world ice cream lead". BBC News. 19 January 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
  20. ↑ "Nestlé completes takeover of Novartis food unit – SWI swissinfo.ch". SWI – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 2 July 2007.
  21. ↑ "Nestlé to buy Gerber for $5.5B". CNN. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  22. ↑ "Novartis completes its business portfolio restructuring, divesting Gerber for USD 5.5 billion to Nestlé". Novartis. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  23. ↑ "Media releases". Novartis.com. 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  24. ↑ (Press release) Nestlé enters into strategic partnership with Belgian luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. Nestlé retrieved from it 23 March 2011.
  25. ↑ Thomasson, Emma (4 January 2010). "Novartis seeks to buy rest of Alcon for $39 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  26. ↑ Campbell, Matthew; Gretler, Corinne. "Nestlé Wants to Sell You Both Sugary Snacks and Diabetes Pills". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  27. ↑ "Nestlé to Buy 60% Stake in Hsu Fu Chi for .7 Billion". Bloomberg. 11 July 2011.
  28. ↑ "Nestlé to Acquire Pfizer Baby Food Unit for $11.9 Billion". Bloomberg, 23 April 2012
  29. ↑ "Mead Johnson looks tasty, but Abbott may have to pass".
  30. ↑ "Nestlé to buy Pfizer Nutrition for $11.85bn". NewStatesman. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  31. ↑ "Nestle Acquires Stake in "Brain Food" Company". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  32. ↑ "PE Deals for Weight Loss Brands Face Shifting Diet Demographics". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  33. ↑ "Nestlé buys Louisiana depression food firm". Nutra.
  34. ↑ "Nestlé Sells PowerBar Brand". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  35. ↑ "Nestlé Explores Sale of Frozen Food Unit Davigel". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  36. ↑ "Nestle invests more in skin care strategy with 10 research centers". Reuters.
  37. ↑ Forbes list of world's top companies Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  38. ↑ MarketWatch page on Nestle S.A. ADS Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  39. ↑ "The Global RepTrak 100: The World's Most Reputable Companies (2015)" (PDF). Reputation Institute. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  40. ↑ "General Mills: Joint ventures".
  41. ↑ Reuters Editorial (6 January 2012). "Coke, Nestle part ways on tea in U.S., elsewhere". Reuters.
  42. ↑ "Nestlé plans chilled dairy improvement with Lactalis venture", Dairy Reporter, 16 December 2005.
  43. ↑ "Nestlé and Colgate-Palmolive bite into mouth market", BreakingNews.ie, 11 December 2003.
  44. ↑ "Nestlé, Indofood create culinary product JV". FoodNavigator-Asia.com. 28 February 2005.
  45. ↑ "Snow Brand times thawing with Nestlé joint venture", Food Navigator, 24 January 2001.
  46. ↑ Carla Rapoport, Nestle's Brand Building Machine, Fortune Magazine, 19 September 1994, retrieved 4 September 2016
  47. ↑ "Doubts over MSG and Lead Content in Maggi Instant Noodles". 19 May 2015.
  48. ↑ "Beware! Eating 2 -Minute Maggi Noodles can ruin your Nervous System". news.biharprabha.com. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  49. ↑ "Maggi Noodles Packets Recalled Across Uttar Pradesh, Say Food Inspectors: Report". NDTV. New Delhi, India. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  50. ↑ Sushmi Dey (16 May 2015). "'Maggi' under regulatory scanner for lead, MSG beyond permissible limit". The Times of India. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Delhi govt bans sales of Maggi from its stores: Report". Times of India. New Delhi, India. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  52. ↑ IANS (4 June 2015). "Gujarat bans Maggi noodles for 30 days". The Times of India. (The Times Group). Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  53. ↑ "Future Group bans Maggi too: The two-minute death of a India's favourite noodle brand". FirstPost. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  54. ↑ HT Correespondent. "North to south: 5 states ban two-minute Maggi noodles in a day". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  55. ↑ "FSSAI orders recall of all nine variants of Maggi noodles from India". FirstPost. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  56. ↑ "Nepal bans import, sale of Maggi noodles". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  57. ↑ "UK launches Maggi tests for lead content". Economic Times. PTI. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  58. ↑ "Maggi noodles withdrawn in East African supermarket". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  59. ↑ "Nestle India stocks crash over Maggi". The Hindu. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  60. ↑ "Maggi row: Nestlé shares down 3 per cent". The Hindu. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  61. ↑ "India sues Nestlé for nearly $100m over food safety". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  62. ↑ Thomas, Shibu (13 August 2015). "Relief for Nestlé, Bombay HC sets aside food regulator's ban on Maggi". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  63. ↑ "India court lifts government ban on Maggi noodles". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  64. ↑ "India court says Maggi noodle ban 'legally untenable'". bbc.com. BBC News. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  65. ↑ McDonald, Scott (22 September 2008). "Nearly 53,000 Chinese children sick from milk". Google. Associated Press.
  66. ↑ Macartney, Jane (22 September 2008). "China baby milk scandal spreads as sick toll rises to 13,000". The Times. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  67. ↑ "China milk scandal claims victim outside mainland". USA Today. Associated Press. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  68. ↑ "Melamine found in Nestlé milk powders". ABC Local. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  69. ↑ "Live worms found in Nestlé Cerelac baby food in Coimbatore". Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  70. ↑ "Fresh trouble for Nestlé, weevils and fungus found in baby food Cerelac". Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  71. ↑ "Live Larvae Allegedly Found in Nestlé's Milk Powder in Tamil Nadu, More Tests On". NDTV. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  72. ↑ "How Nestlé finds clean milk in China". Businessweek. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  73. ↑ "Nestlé Opens Food Safety Institute in Beijing". Food Product Design. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  74. ↑ Neuman, William (14 January 2010). "Sample of Nestlé Cookie Dough Has E. Coli Bacteria". The New York Times.
  75. ↑ Pendleton, Jennifer (23 November 1993) Rich deal for Disney, Nestlé", Variety
  76. ↑ The Land – Disney Park History
  77. ↑ "Nestlé continues sponsorship of the Beijing Music Festival", China.org, 6 August 2010
  78. ↑ "Nestlé extends Salzburg Festival partnership until 2015", Nestlé, 5 October 2011
  79. ↑ "Nestlé and Salzburg Festival Young Conductors Award 2015".
  80. ↑ "Nestlé confirms sponsorship renewal of Tour de France". FoodBev. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  81. ↑ "UK: Nestle Waters secures Tour de France tie-up for Buxton Natural Mineral Water".
  82. ↑ "UK: Nestlé Rowntree to sponsor Women's Rugby League team".
  83. ↑ "IAAF, Nestlé becomes main sponsor of worldwide IAAF Kids' Athletics", 27 January 2012
  84. ↑ Reinsch, Michael (10 February 2016). Leichtathletik-Weltverband „toxisch“ (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Sport. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  85. ↑ "Nestlé and AIS Sports Nutrition". Australian Government.
  86. 1 2 "SAI Platform – Who we are". Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  87. ↑ Reuters Editorial (22 March 2011). "Nestle head emphasizes profiting from doing good". Reuters.
  88. ↑ "6 steps to create shared value in your company". GreenBiz. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  89. ↑ "Global Shared Value Prize on Offer".
  90. ↑ "Entries open for CHF 500k Nestlé Creating Shared Value Prize". UK Fundraising. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  91. ↑ Petr Matous (2015) Social networks and environmental management at multiple levels: soil conservation in Sumatra. Ecology and Society 20(3):37.
  92. ↑ "History & Mission". World Cocoa Foundation. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  93. 1 2 3 4 "What does the 'Cocoa Plan' label on chocolate mean?". MNN – Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  94. ↑ "The Rainforest Alliance and Nestlé Nespresso Announce Advances in Quest for Sustainable Quality Coffee", Rain Forest Alliance, 22 June 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2012
  95. ↑ "Rainforest Alliance".
  96. ↑ "Women's Rights: Nestlé on female cocoa farmers". ConfectioneryNews.com.
  97. ↑ "Connective Impact – How the Global Food Sector Can Solve Our Food Security Crisis"
  98. ↑ Dworkin, Tex (12 February 2007). "Delicious idea: End child slavery by eating chocolate". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  99. ↑ "On Halloween, Nestlé Claims no Responsiblity [sic] for Child Labor". International Labor Rights Forum. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  100. ↑ "Amicus Brief in Doe v. Nestlé". EarthRights International. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  101. ↑ Wilber Jaramillo, Gwendolyn (19 September 2010). "Second Circuit Holds that Corporations are not Proper Defendants under the Alien Tort Statute". Foley and Hoag LLP. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  102. ↑ (PDF) http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2014/09/04/10-56739.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  103. ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-denies-nestle-cargill-adm-appeal-in-slave-labor-case-1452526492. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  104. ↑ "Nestle Joins Fair Labor Association".
  105. ↑ "Nestlé Joins Fair Labor Association, FLA, 1 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012".
  106. ↑ "2014 Assessments of Shared Hazelnut Supply Chain in Turkey: Nestlé, Balsu, and Olam | Fair Labor Association". www.fairlabor.org. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  107. 1 2 "Nestle confirms labor abuse among its Thai seafood suppliers". The Big Story. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  108. ↑ Reuters Editorial (24 November 2015). "Campaigners hope others follow Nestle in admitting and acting on slave labour in its products". Reuters.
  109. ↑ "Nestlé Reports on Abuses in Thailand's Seafood Industry". The New York Times. 24 November 2015.
  110. ↑ Muir, Paul (28 November 2013). "The human rights and wrongs of Nestlé and water for all". The National. Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  111. ↑ Confino, Jo (4 February 2013). "Nestlé's Peter Brabeck: our attitude towards water needs to change". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  112. 1 2 3 "Nestlé bottled-water ads misleading, environmentalists say". CBC News. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  113. 1 2 3 "Groups Challenge Nestlé's Bottled Water Greenwashing". Polaris Institute. Retrieved 30 November 2010.http://wayback.archive.org/web/20151117063323/http://www.polarisinstitute.org/groups_challenge_nestl%C3%A9%E2%80%99s_bottled_water_greenwashing
  114. 1 2 Anderson, Scott (1 December 2008). "Nestlé water ads misleading: Canada green groups". Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  115. 1 2 Dejong, Michael (24 March 2009). "Water, Water Everywhere". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  116. ↑ Little oversight as Nestlé taps Morongo reservation water, The Desert Sun. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  117. ↑ Associated Press (11 April 2015). "US Forest Service investigates expired Nestlé water permit". The Washington Times. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  118. ↑ James, Ian (8 March 2015). "Bottling water without scrutiny". The Desert Sun. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  119. 1 2 Bernish, Claire (13 August 2015). "Forest Service Official Who Let Nestlé Drain California Water Now Works for Them". theanitmedia. The Anti Media. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  120. ↑ "California Water Management". Nestleusa.com. Nestlé. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  121. ↑ "Arrowhead Honored at Southern California Mountains Foundation". Nestle-watersna.com. Nestlé Waters North America. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  122. ↑ Tracy Loew (23 April 2015). "Oregon legislators protest Nestlé water deal". Statesman Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  123. ↑ Alison Vekshin (26 May 2015). "Nestlé Bottled-Water Plan Draws Fight in Drought-Stricken Oregon". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 August 2015.http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160103032603/http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-05-26/Nestle-bottled-water-plan-draws-fight-in-drought-stricken-oregon
  124. ↑ Bottled Water and the Drought: The Center of Debate over Water Policy in Oregon and California Hydrowonk Blog. An Open Intellectual Marketplace for the Water Industry.Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  125. ↑ "Nestlé to Expand Business in Health Care Nutrition", New York Times, Matthew Saltmarsh, 27 September 2010
  126. ↑ "IFRC and Nestlé renew partnership to support water and sanitation programmes".
  127. ↑ "Baby Milk Action – Protecting breastfeeding – Protecting babies fed on formula".
  128. ↑ "A History of Breastfeeding".
  129. ↑ "Nestle boycott being suspended". The New York Times. 27 January 1984. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  130. ↑ ANDREW BROWN (23 October 2011). "Synod votes to end Nestle boycott after passionate debate". The Independent.
  131. ↑ "LISTSERV 16.0 – LACTNET Archives".
  132. ↑ and http://revolution.allbest.ru/marketing/00250283_0.html http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160103032603/https://prezi.com/y_dtv6kzkd92/Nestle/
  133. ↑ http://eastclevelandurc.org.uk/Group%20NewsFeb12.PDF
  134. ↑ http://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE_Letter_to_Nestle.pdf
  135. ↑ http://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/PwC_F4G_BMS_Assessment_Report_2012.pdf
  136. ↑ http://www.Nestle.com/csv/nutrition/baby-milk/compliance-record
  137. ↑ "Letter from NGOs to Nestlé" (PDF). Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  138. ↑ "The "LAOS: NGOs flay Nestlé's infant formula strategy". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  139. ↑ http://www.Nestle.com/asset-library/documents/r_and_d/compliance/independent_assurance_statement_by_bureau_veritas_laos.pdf
  140. ↑ Bernstein, Adam. "Ernest W. Lefever dies at 89; founder of conservative public policy organization", Los Angeles Times, 31 July 2009. Accessed 3 August 2009.
  141. ↑ Denny, Charlotte (20 December 2002). "Retreat by Nestlé on Ethiopia's $6m debt". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  142. ↑ "Nestlé receives compensation from Ethiopia". Swiss Info. 24 October 2003.
  143. 1 2 3 4 Gray, Jeff (5 December 2012). "Former Nestlé Canada CEO may face chocolate price-fixing charge 'shortly'". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
  144. ↑ На канал Ахметова не взяли україномовну ведучу (Ukrainian). depo. 14 August 2015
  145. ↑ На украинский канал не взяли ведущую, потому что она не говорит по-русски (Russian). Dusya. Telekrytyka. 13 August 2015
  146. ↑ У Києві чоловік у масці кролика з автоматом протестував проти русифікації телепростору (Ukrainian). zik. 19 August 2015
  147. ↑ Nestlé – спонсор русифікації України (Ukrainian). Vidsich. 10 September 2015
  148. ↑ THE GREAT PALM OIL SCANDAL: LABOUR ABUSES BEHIND BIG BRAND NAMES Amnesty International 30 November 2016
  149. ↑ "Nestlé Targets Worldwide Registration of All Plants to ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001", Quality Digest, 24 March 2010
  150. ↑ "Nestlé Purina Receives Malcolm Baldrige Award", Supermarket News, 15 December 2010
  151. ↑ "Providing Context to the 2012 Nestlé FTSE4Good BMS Verification"
  152. ↑ "Top 20 Worlds’ Best Employers", 7 October 2011 Archived 31 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  153. ↑ "Nestlé best employer in Switzerland: survey", The Local, 13 December 2011
  154. ↑ "Nestlé wins global food industry award" http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160103032603/http://www.csreurope.org/news.php?type=&action=show_news&news_id=3646, CSR Europe, 24 August 2010
  155. ↑ Nestlé receives top environment award, FinChannel, 24 May 2011 http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160103032603/http://www.finchannel.com/news_flash/Corporate_Social_Responsibility/87603_Nestl%C3%A9_receives_top_environment_award/"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon17March2013.Retrieved2012-05-18. CS1maint:BOT:original-urlstatusunknown(link) http://wayback.archive.org/web/20160103032603/http://www.finchannel.com/news_flash/Corporate_Social_Responsibility/87603_Nestl%C3%A9_receives_top_environment_award/
  156. ↑ "Nestlé receives top environment award", Nestlé.com, 23 May 2011
  157. ↑ 2012 "Best Workplaces in Canada (over 1000 employees)", GreatPlaceToWork, 19 April 2012
  158. ↑ "The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 for 2012", Gartner Group, 21 May 2012
  159. ↑ "Supply Chain Top 25".
  160. ↑ "2014 Spira Award Winners – Wayne Pacelle's Blog". A Humane Nation. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  161. ↑ "Company Scorecard". Behind the Brands. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  162. ↑ "Catalogue collectif". Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nestlé.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.