Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
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| Other short titles |
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|---|---|
| Long title | An Act to provide for the common defense by increasing the personnel of the armed forces of the United States and providing for its training. |
| Nicknames | Burke-Wadsworth Act |
| Enacted by | the 76th United States Congress |
| Effective | September 16, 1940 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 76-783 |
| Statutes at Large | 54 Stat. 885, Chapter 720 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense |
| U.S.C. sections created | 50 U.S.C. Appendix § 301 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
| |
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke-Wadsworth Act, Pub.L. 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940,[1] was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. This Selective Service Act required that men who had reached their 21st birthday but had not yet reached their 36th birthday register with local draft boards. Later, when the U.S. entered World War II, all men from their 18th birthday until the day before their 45th birthday were made subject to military service, and all men from their 18th birthday until the day before their 65th birthday were required to register.[2]
Effects of the Act
Signed into law by Franklin Roosevelt in 1940, the Act established the first peace-time draft in United States history.[3] Under the Selective Training and Service Act, all American males between twenty-one and thirty-five years of age registered for the draft. The government selected men through a lottery system. If drafted, a man served for twelve months. According to the Selective Training and Service Act's provisions, drafted soldiers had to remain in the Western Hemisphere or in United States possessions or territories located in other parts of the world. The act provided that not more than 900,000 men were to be in training at any one time, and it limited service to 12 months.
Section 5 (g) of the Act contained a provision for conscientious objection:[4]
- Nothing contained in this Act shall be constructed to require any person to be subject to combatant training and service in the land and naval forces of the United States who, by reason of religious training and belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form.
- Any such person claiming such exemption from combatant training and service because of such conscientious objections whose claim is sustained by the local draft board shall, if he is inducted into the land or naval forces under this Act, be assigned to noncombatant service as defined by the President, or shall if he is found to be conscientiously opposed to participation in such noncombatant service, in lieu of such induction, be assigned to work of national importance under civilian direction.
World War II draft
The draft began in October 1940. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months, for an additional eighteen months; a total of two and a half years. On August 12, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension by a single vote.[5] As Under Secretary of the Army Karl R. Bendetson said in an oral history interview, "Mr. Rayburn banged the gavel at a critical moment and declared the Bill had passed."[6] The Senate approved it by a wider margin, and Roosevelt signed the bill into law on August 18.
Many of the soldiers drafted in October 1940 threatened to desert once the original twelve months of their service was up. Many of these men painted the letters "O H I O" on the walls of their barracks in protest.[7] These letters were an acronym for "Over the hill in October," which meant that the men intended to desert upon the end of their twelve months of duty. Desertions did occur, but they were not widespread. Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, thousands of American men swelled the United States' military's ranks by volunteering for service, and thousands more by conscription.
After the United States entered World War II, a new selective service act made men between 18 and 44 liable for military service and required all men between 18 and 64 to register. The terminal point of service was extended to six months after the war. From 1940 until 1947—when the wartime selective service act expired after extensions by Congress—over 10,000,000 men were inducted.
Draft classifications
| Class | Categories (October, 1940 – January, 1947) |
|---|---|
| I-A | Available for unrestricted military service. |
| I-A (L) | Available for limited military service. |
| I-A (B) | Acceptable for limited military service, below standards for general military service. |
| I-A (rem.) | Remanded. Available for unrestricted military service after correction of defects. (Examples: eyeglasses or false teeth) |
| I-A-O | Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service. |
| I-A-O (L) | Conscientious objector available for limited noncombatant military service. |
| I-A-O (B) | Conscientious objector acceptable for limited noncombatant military service, below standards for general noncombatant military service. |
| I-A-O (rem.) | Remanded. Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service after correction of defects.(Examples: eyeglasses or false teeth) |
| I-B | Available for limited military service. |
| I-B (rem.) | Remanded. Available for limited military service after correction of defects. |
| I-B-O | Conscientious objector available for limited noncombatant military service. |
| I-B-O (rem.) | Remanded. Conscientious objector available for limited noncombatant military service after correction of defects. |
| I-C (Ind.) | Inducted. Member of the Armed Forces of the United States who was conscripted into service. |
| I-C (Enl.) | Enlisted. Member of the Armed Forces of the United States who volunteered for service. |
| I-C (Disc.) | Discharged. Member of the Armed Forces of the United States who was released after completing their service. |
| I-C (Sep.) | Separated. Member of the Armed Forces of the United States who was released before completing service. |
| I-C (Dec.) | Deceased. Member of the Armed Forces of the United States who died while in service. |
| I-D | Deferred Student, fit for general military service. |
| I-D-O | Deferred Student (Conscientious objector), fit for general non-combatant military service. |
| I-E | Deferred Student, fit for limited military service. |
| I-E-O | Deferred Student (Conscientious objector), fit for limited non-combatant military service. |
| I-G | Registrant who has been honorably separated from the armed forces of a co-belligerent nation. Later extended to include registrants separated from the American Field Service or Merchant Marine, and persons interned by an enemy nation. |
| I-H | Deferred due to age, fit for general military service. 11-18-1942: age 45 and over |
| II-A | Registrant deferred in support of national health, safety, or interest (Civilian Occupation). Fit for unrestricted military service. |
| II-A (L) | Registrant deferred in support of national health, safety, or interest (Civilian Occupation). Fit for limited military service. |
| II-A (F) | Registrant deferred in support of national health, safety, or interest (Civilian Occupation). Unfit for military service. |
| II-B | Registrant deferred in support of war production (War Industry Occupation). Fit for unrestricted military service. |
| II-B (L) | Registrant deferred in support of war production (War Industry Occupation). Fit for limited military service. |
| II-B (F) | Registrant deferred in support of war production (War Industry Occupation). Unfit for military service. |
| II-C | Registrant deferred in support of agriculture (Agricultural Occupation). Fit for unrestricted military service. |
| II-C (L) | Registrant deferred in support of agriculture (Agricultural Occupation). Fit for limited military service. |
| II-C (F) | Registrant deferred in support of agriculture (Agricultural Occupation). Unfit for military service. |
| III-A | Registrant deferred because of dependent parents, spouse, and / or children (reestablished 11-15-45). |
| III-B | Registrant deferred because of dependents and employment in an occupation essential to the war effort. |
| III-C | Registrant deferred because of dependents and employment in an agricultural occupation. |
| III-D | Registrant deferred because of extreme hardship and privation to dependents. |
| IV-A | Deferred due to age, unfit for military service (Wartime) 11-18-1942: age 45 and over |
| IV-A | Registrant who has completed military service (Peacetime). |
| IV-B | Official deferred by law. |
| IV-C | Alien or dual national. |
| IV-D | Minister of religion or divinity student. |
| IV-E | Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Available for assignment to general "work of national importance" (Alternative Service). |
| IV-E (L) | Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Available for assignment to limited "work of national importance" (Alternative Service). |
| IV-E (B) | Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Acceptable for assignment to limited "work of national importance" (Alternative Service) Below standards for assignment to general "work of national importance" (Alternative Service). |
| IV-E (Disc.) | Discharged. Conscientious objector assigned to work of national importance who has been released after completing their service and been granted a Certificate of Release. |
| IV-E (Sep.) | Separated. Conscientious objector assigned to work of national importance who has been released before completing their service. |
| IV-E (Dec.) | Deceased. Conscientious objector assigned to work of national importance who died while in service. |
| IV-E-H | Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Deferred due to age (27 and above). |
| IV-E-S | Deferred Student (Conscientious objector) opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Available for assignment to general "work of national importance" (Alternative Service). |
| IV-E-LS | Deferred Student (Conscientious objector) opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Available for assignment to limited "work of national importance" (Alternative Service). |
| IV-F | Registrant not acceptable for military service due to physical, mental, or moral defect. |
| IV-H | Deferred due to age, unfit for military service (Peacetime) 08-31-1945: age 26 and over |
See also
Notes
- ↑ 232-124 in the House, with 186 Democrats and 46 Republicans in favor, 32 Democrats, 88 Republicans, and 4 others against. 47-25 in the Senate, with 40 Democrats and 7 Republicans in favor, 13 Democrats, 10 Republicans, and 2 others against. "Final Roll-Calls on Draft Bill", The New York Times, September 15, 1940
- ↑ United States v. Groupp, 459 F.2d 178, at para 4 (1st Cir. 26 April 1972).
- ↑ Holbrook, Heber A. "The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941", The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review, 4 July 2001. p. 2. Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Keim, Albert N. (1990). The CPS Story. Good Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-56148-002-9.
- ↑ 203-202, with 182 Democrats and 21 Republicans in favor, 65 Democrats, 133 Republicans, and 4 others against. "House Vote on Draft Bill", The New York Times, August 13, 1941
- ↑ Truman Library - Karl R. Bendetsen Oral History, October 24, 1972
- ↑ Holbrook, Heber A. The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941, The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review, 4 July vxcvcxvzvzxcvzvvz2001. p. 2. Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
External links
- Integration Fact Sheet
- Selective Service System
- Selective Service System Classifications for WWI, WWII, and Post-WWII through 1976
