South Region, Brazil

South Region
Região Sul
Region

Location of South Region in Brazil
Coordinates: 25°26′S 49°16′W / 25.433°S 49.267°W / -25.433; -49.267Coordinates: 25°26′S 49°16′W / 25.433°S 49.267°W / -25.433; -49.267
Country  Brazil
States Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina
Area
 • Region 576,409.6 km2 (222,553.0 sq mi)
Area rank 5th
Population (2010 census)
 • Region 29,016,114
 • Rank 3rd
 • Density 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
 • Density rank 2nd
 • Urban 82%
GDP
 • Year 2008[1]
 • Total R$672,1 billion (2nd)
 • Per capita R$ 24,382 (2nd)
HDI
 • Year 2005–2007
 • Category 0.890 – high (1st)
 • Life expectancy 77.2 years (1st)
 • Infant mortality 7.7 per 1,000 (5th)
 • Literacy 98.3% (1st)
Time zone BRT (UTC-03)
 • Summer (DST) BRST (UTC-02)

The South Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Sul do Brasil) is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 square kilometres (222,553.0 sq mi), being the smallest portion of the country, occupying only about 6.76% of the territory of Brazil. Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais, in Southeast Brazil, for example. It is a great tourist, economic and cultural pole. It borders Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region, the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean.

History

Pre-Columbian history

São Miguel das Missões, where Jesuits lived with local Indians.

By the time the first European explorers arrived, all parts of the territory were inhabited by semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Indian tribes, who subsisted on a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering.

Portuguese colonization

European colonization in Southern Brazil started with the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish Jesuits. They lived among the Indians and converted them to Catholicism. Colonists from São Paulo (Bandeirantes) arrived in the same period.[2] For decades, the Portuguese and Spanish crowns disputed over this region. Due to this conflict, the King of Portugal encouraged the immigration of settlers from the Azores Islands to Southern Brazil. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand Azoreans arrived. They composed over half of the population of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina by the late 18th century.[3]

German settlement

Areas of German settlement in Southern Brazil (pink), in 1905
Pomerode, A Pomeranian-German colony in Santa Catarina

The first Germans came to Brazil soon after independence from Portugal in 1761. Settlers from Germany were brought to work as small farmers because there were many land holdings without workers. To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised them large tracts where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first immigrants arrived in 1824, settling in the city of Sao Leopoldo, and over the next four decades, another 27,256 Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as smallholders in the country.[4] By 1904, it is estimated that 50,000 Germans had settled in this state.

In Santa Catarina, most German immigrants were not brought by the Brazilian government but by private groups that promoted the immigration of Europeans to the Americas, such as the Hamburg Colonization Society. These groups created rural communities or colonies for immigrants, many of which developed into large cities, such as Blumenau and Joinville, the largest city in Santa Catarina.

Considerable numbers of immigrants from Germany arrived at Paraná during the civil war, most of them coming from Santa Catarina or Volga Germans from Russia.[5]

Ragamuffin War

Main article: Ragamuffin War

The Ragamuffin War was a Republican uprising that began in Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) in 1835. The rebels, led by generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Souza Netto with the support of the Italian warrior Giuseppe Garibaldi, surrendered to imperial forces in 1845. This conflict occurred because in Rio Grande do Sul, the state's main product, the charque (dried and salted beef), suffered the hard competition of charque from Uruguay and Argentina, which had free access to the Brazilian market while the gaúchos had to pay high taxes inside Brazil. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels in 1839. With his help the revolution spread through Santa Catarina, in the northern border of Rio Grande do Sul. After many conflicts, in 1845 peace negotiations ended the war.

Italian settlement

President Lula greeting the local Brazilian women of Italian descent during the Festa da Uva party.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875. They were mostly peasants from the Veneto in Northern Italy (but also from Trentino and Lombardia) attracted to Southern Brazil to get their own lands and populate the South. Most of the immigrants worked as small farmers, mainly cultivating grapes in the Serra Gaúcha. Italian immigration to the region lasted until 1914, with a total of 100,000 Italians settling in Rio Grande do Sul in this period and many others in Santa Catarina and Paraná.[6]

In 1898, there were 300,000 people of Italian origin in Rio Grande do Sul, 50,000 in Santa Catarina and 30,000 in Paraná. Nowadays, their Southern Brazilian descendants number 9.7 million and comprise 35.9% of Southern Brazil's population.[7][8]

Demographics

The region received large numbers of European immigrants during the 19th century, who have had a large influence on its demography and culture. The main ethnic origins of Southern Brazil are Portuguese, Italian, German, Austrian, Luxembourger, Polish, Ukrainian, Spaniard, Dutch and Russian. Smaller numbers that follow are French, Norwegian, Swede and Dane, Black, Swiss, Croat, Lebanese, Lithuanian and Latvian, Japanese, Finn and Estonian, Belarusian, Slovene, Ashkenazi Jew, Caboclo, British, Czech, Slovak, Belgian and Hungarian[9][10][11][12][13][14]

CityStatePopulation (2010)
Curitiba[15] Paraná1,751,907
Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul1,409,351
Joinville Santa Catarina515,288
Londrina[15] Paraná506,701
Caxias do Sul Rio Grande do Sul435,564
Florianópolis Santa Catarina421,240
Maringá Paraná357,077
Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul328,275
Canoas Rio Grande do Sul323,827
Ponta Grossa Paraná311,611
Blumenau Santa Catarina309,214

Racial composition

Skin color/Race (2014)
White (Branca)75.98%[16]
Brown (Parda)18.93%[17]
Black (Preta)4.25%[18]
Yellow (Amarela)0.57%[19]
Indigenous (Indígena)0.26%[20]
Undeclared0%[21]

Climate

Southern Brazil has subtropical or temperate climate. The annual average temperatures vary between 12°C (53.6°F) and 22°C (71.6°F). It snows in the mountain ranges.

Characteristics

The region is highly urbanized (82%) and many cities are famous for their urban planning, like Curitiba and Maringá, both in Paraná State. It has a relatively high standard of living, with the highest Human Development Index of Brazil, 0.859 (2007), and the second highest per capita income of the country, $13.396, behind only the Southeast Region. The region also has a 98.3% literacy rate.

Languages

Portuguese, the official language of Brazil, is spoken by the entire population. In the south countryside, dialects of German or Italian origins are also spoken. The predominant dialects are Hunsrückisch and Venetian (or Talian). In Rio Grande do Sul and Curitiba there are some Yiddish speakers. In the northern region of Paraná there are some Japanese speakers. In the region around Ponta Grossa there are also some Dutch speakers. There are Polish language and Ukrainian language speakers in Paraná as well.[22][23]

Palaeontological tourism

Rio Grande do Sul has a great potential for palaeontological tourism, with many paleontological sites and museums in Paleorrota. There is a large area in the center of the state that belongs to the Triassic. Here lived Rhynchosaur, thecodonts, exaeretodons, Staurikosaurus, Guaibasaurus, Saturnalia tupiniquim, Sacisaurus, Unaysaurus and many others.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1756&id_pagina=1
  2. ↑ RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet - História - Missões - Como foi o surgimento dos Sete Povos das Missões
  3. ↑ Imigrantes: Açorianos
  4. ↑ Germans
  5. ↑ http://www.expoente.com.br/professores/kalinke/trabalhos/Hp-Alemaes/historia/Hist%C3%B3ria%20da%20imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Alem%C3%A3.html
  6. ↑ Italians
  7. ↑ EmigracaoIt
  8. ↑ pt:Imigração italiana no Brasil#Rio Grande do Sul
  9. ↑ Imigração no Brasil: Histórico. Italianos Espanhóis Japoneses Judeus Portugueses Sírios e Libaneses Alemães
  10. ↑ Marília D. Klaumann Cánovas (2004). "A GRANDE IMIGRAÇÃO EUROPÉIA PARA O BRASIL E O IMIGRANTE ESPANHOL NO CENÁRIO DA CAFEICULTURA PAULISTA: ASPECTOS DE UMA (IN)VISIBILIDADE" [The great European immigration to Brazil and immigrants within the Spanish scenario of the Paulista coffee plantations: one of the issues (in) visibility] (PDF) (in Portuguese). cchla.ufpb.br. Archived from [httpthough.cchla.ufpb.br/saeculum/saeculum11_art08_canovas.pdf the original] Check |url= value (help) (PDF) on 3 October 2009.
  11. ↑ "Principais levas de imigração para o Brasil". Abril. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  12. ↑ "Brazil - Modern-Day Community". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  13. ↑ "Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil". Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  14. ↑ "Federação Israelita do Rio Grande do Sul". firgs.org.br. 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  15. 1 2 "Estimativas populacionais 2008" (PDF). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  16. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Branca/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  17. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Parda/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  18. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Preta/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  19. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Amarela/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  20. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Indígena/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  21. ↑ "Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2014. (População residente (Percentual)/Sem declaração/Total/Total/2014/Sul).
  22. ↑ O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil | Cultura | Deutsche Welle | 20.04.2004
  23. ↑ ELB
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.