St. Agnes' Priory, Gavnø

St. Agnes Priory was established by Queen Margaret I for a community of Dominican nuns at Gavnø Island. After the Danish Reformation the priory was transformed into a manor estate known as Gavnø Castle located near Næstved, Denmark.

Priory

As a fortress

Gavnø and several other islands are in a protected fjord just south of the town of Næstved in southern Zealand. These islands' strategic location made them useful from Viking times as a place from which to launch naval raids. It was owned by various pirate (sørover) chiefs with 'forts' at 'Bastnæs', Carlsgab, and Bornakke. Later pirates used Gavnø as a base from which to attack Hanseatic vessels and raid coastal towns, so that the region long had a reputation for piracy. It fell to the royal family during the reign of Valdemar I, who had a hunting residence there which was part residence when he stayed there, part working farm to provide for the workers and their families and royal guests, and later part fortress. Valedmar had fortified the residence and used it to send ships out to raid his enemies in northern Germany and the Baltic. Valdemar fortress was expanded during the years of the German occupation and used as a base from which to attack Danish shipping by German pirates. The island was mortgaged by King Erik VI Menved in 1292 and eventually fell into the possession of the noble Falk family from Scania.

As a convent

By the early 15th century the royal fortress at Gavnø had lost its strategic importance. In 1398 Margaret I, queen of a united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, purchased the island from Lady Ida Falk. The fortress was torn down and the materials used to build a new convent for Dominican nuns. It was only the second house for Dominican nuns in Denmark after St. Agnes Priory in Roskilde. In time St Agnes Priory became a residence for unmarried women 'of position' who lived with the nuns. Since the Dominicans were a mendicant order, they existed on the charity of the local community. One way of guaranteeing income was to accept rent properties, mostly farms from the families of unmarried noble women. In return for the income, properties unmarried women lived a quasi-religious life in the security of St. Agnes Priory until they married or took vows.

The priory consisted of a three-range brick enclosure connected to the priory church. One range served as a refectory with cellars underneath, the second as a dormitory, and the third range was for the use of the lay 'sisters' and workers. The priory had a small staff of secular 'collectors' who solicited funds, food, and clothing for the priory's use.

In legend

The nuns' existence wasn't appreciated at first. A local pirate, Herr Carl, who lived on the island at Carlsgab, decided to show the prioress who was in control of the waters around Gavnø. According to legend Herr Carl waitied until after dark one night and then crept up to the door of the priory. He banged the wooden door knocker so loudly that the porter began to quake. "Who is it that disturbs the sisters during their prayers?" The robber replied. "I am only a lonely fisherman who wishes to give his night's catch to the sisters and seek the blessing of the prioress." The porter opened the small door in the gate and invited the "fisherman" inside. Instantly the pirate struck the porter down with his bare fists and ran to the priory church where the nuns had gathered for midnight services. Their song stopped abruptly at the sight of a man in the church, and they began to scream. Herr Carl grabbed the prioress, who fought until her "habit hung in tatters," but it was to no avail. The rest of the nuns fled down to the cellars. Herr Carl threw the swooning prioress over his shoulder and hurried out of the priory to his small boat. He took her to his fortress at Carlsgab and there "mistreated" her so that she died of "shame and sorrow." Upon hearing this outrage, the Bishop of Roskilde demanded the body of the poor woman back. Herr Carl replied that he had tied stones to her body and sunk it in the fjord. The bishop excommunicated and cursed Herr Carl, his household, and even his livestock. At midnight one Christmas night, the same time as his attack on St Agnes' Priory, Carlsgab and all its inhabitants were swallowed up by the sea into a hole so deep that fisherman ever after avoided it on moonless nights because of the green eerie glow emanating from Carlsgab under the sea.

Under the Lutheran crown

In 1536 Denmark became a Lutheran kingdom under King Christian III and all religious houses and their income properties fell to the crown. Despite the antagonism to the Dominicans' constant requests for money, food, and clothing for their charitable works and for upkeep of the priory, the seculaized nuns were permitted to remain at the priory until at least 1556. The prioress continued to maintain order inside the priory while a secular superintendent, Mogens Gøye, administered priory dealings with the outside world. He was a staunch Lutheran and personally responsible for driving Franciscan monks from several friaries, but protected the women at St. Agnes Priory in his charge with honor and respect.

In 1583 the priory complex was sold to Hans Lindenov by Frederick II. The priory was converted into a manor house and estate buildings. A tower added at the same time.

The church, which became a private chapel, was embellished by Lady Helle Rosenkrantz in the 1660s into one of Denmark's most colorful churches and is the only visible remnant of the priory. The fine altarpiece, pulpit, and other furniture from the late 17th century has been largely preserved. There is a 1536 gravestone carved for Lady Margrethe Beck. The wooden crucifix above the altar was in use in the early 16th century and probably dates to the late 15th century. Several remarkable wooden epitaphs have been preserved as well.

Gavnø Castle

In 1737 Count Otto Thott bought the estate and set about creating what is called today 'Gavnø Castle'. An additional story was added to the surviving ranges, and the Rococo style exterior was added. The south range of the complex is the old dormitory of the priory. Thott was a collector of books, so spaces were created for the 200,000 books in his library, one of the largest private collections in Europe. The walls were hung with the hundreds of paintings he amassed. At his death all the books published before 1530 were donated to the Royal Library in Copenhagen.

The construction of the castle and French formal garden park was complete in 1750. In 1850 the gardens were reconstructed as an English style park with a more open and natural appearance.

In 1960 the entire estate was turned over to a foundation in order to conserve the castle, priory church, and gardens. It has become world famous for its spring tulip display. The property is open to the public, though it is still the residence of the current Baron Reedtz-Thott and family.

Sources

• Gavnø Castle (Danish)
• Gavnø Priory Church (Danish)
• 'The Castle that Sank in the Deep' (Danish)

Coordinates: 55°11′20″N 11°43′30″E / 55.1889°N 11.7249°E