# Strophoid

In geometry, a strophoid is a curve generated from a given curve C and points A (the fixed point) and O (the pole) as follows: Let L be a variable line passing through O and intersecting C at K. Now let P1 and P2 be the two points on L whose distance from K is the same as the distance from A to K. The locus of such points P1 and P2 is then the strophoid of C with respect to the pole O and fixed point A. Note that AP1 and AP2 are at right angles in this construction.

In the special case where C is a line, A lies on C, and O is not on C, then the curve is called an oblique strophoid. If, in addition, OA is perpendicular to C then the curve is called a right strophoid, or simply strophoid by some authors. The right strophoid is also called the logocyclic curve or foliate.

## Equations

### Polar coordinates

Let the curve C be given by , where the origin is taken to be O. Let A be the point (a, b). If is a point on the curve the distance from K to A is

.

The points on the line OK have polar angle , and the points at distance d from K on this line are distance from the origin. Therefore the equation of the strophoid is given by

### Cartesian coordinates

Let C be given parametrically by (x(t), y(t)). Let A be the point (a, b) and let O be the point (p, q). Then, by a straightforward application of the polar formula, the strophoid is given parametrically by:

,

where

.

### An alternative polar formula

The complex nature of the formulas given above limits their usefulness in specific cases. There is an alternative form which is sometimes simpler to apply. This is particularly useful when C is a sectrix of Maclaurin with poles O and A.

Let O be the origin and A be the point (a, 0). Let K be a point on the curve, the angle between OK and the x-axis, and the angle between AK and the x-axis. Suppose can be given as a function , say . Let be the angle at K so . We can determine r in terms of l using the law of sines. Since

.

Let P1 and P2 be the points on OK that are distance AK from K, numbering so that and . is isosceles with vertex angle , so the remaining angles, and , are . The angle between AP1 and the x-axis is then

.

By a similar argument, or simply using the fact that AP1 and AP2 are at right angles, the angle between AP2 and the x-axis is then

.

The polar equation for the strophoid can now be derived from l1 and l2 from the formula above:

C is a sectrix of Maclaurin with poles O and A when l is of the form , in that case l1 and l2 will have the same form so the strophoid is either another sectrix of Maclaurin or a pair of such curves. In this case there is also a simple polar equation for the polar equation if the origin is shifted to the right by a.

## Specific cases

### Oblique strophoids

Let C be a line through A. Then, in the notation used above, where is a constant. Then and . The polar equations of the resulting strophoid, called an oblique strphoid, with the origin at O are then

and

.

It's easy to check that these equations describe the same curve.

Moving the origin to A (again, see Sectrix of Maclaurin) and replacing −a with a produces

,

and rotating by in turn produces

.

In rectangular coordinates, with a change of constant parameters, this is

.

This is a cubic curve and, by the expression in polar coordinates it is rational. It has a crunode at (0, 0) and the line y=b is an asymptote.

### The right strophoid

Putting in

gives

.

This is called the right strophoid and corresponds to the case where C is the y-axis, O is the origin, and A is the point (a,0).

The Cartesian equation is

.

The curve resembles the Folium of Descartes and the line x = a is an asymptote to two branches. The curve has two more asymptotes, in the plane with complex coordinates, given by

.

### Circles

Let C be a circle through O and A, where O is the origin and A is the point (a, 0). Then, in the notation used above, where is a constant. Then and . The polar equations of the resulting strophoid, called an oblique strphoid, with the origin at O are then

and

.

These are the equations of the two circles which also pass through O and A and form angles of with C at these points.

## References

Media related to Strophoid at Wikimedia Commons

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 3/7/2014. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.