Chicago Spire

Chicago Spire

Artist's impression of the supertall Chicago Spire
General information
Status Never built
Type Residential[1]
Location 400 N Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Coordinates 41°53′24″N 87°36′54″W / 41.89°N 87.615°W / 41.89; -87.615Coordinates: 41°53′24″N 87°36′54″W / 41.89°N 87.615°W / 41.89; -87.615
Construction started June 25, 2007[2]
Height
Roof 2,000 ft (610 m)[1][3]
Technical details
Floor count 150[4]
Floor area 3,000,000 square feet (278,700 m2)[5]
Design and construction
Architect Santiago Calatrava
Perkins and Will
Developer Shelbourne Development Group[6]
Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti
Main contractor Case Foundation[6]

The Chicago Spire was a supertall skyscraper project at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois that failed financially after beginning construction. When originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design had 116 stories and would have included a hotel and condominiums and been topped with a broadcast antenna mast.[7] The design was by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, and Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project. On 16 March 2006, the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that day's meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission.[8] A court ruling on 4 November 2014 brought to a close the original development plan and the extended litigation over the nine-year-old project;[9] developer Garrett Kelleher signed over the property location to the project's biggest creditor, Related Midwest, who announced that they would not build the Spire.[9]

Planning

Architect Santiago Calatrava

The building was originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005; Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project. It was to have had 116 stories[7] and to include a hotel and condominiums and be topped by a tall broadcast antenna mast. On March 16, 2006, the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that day's meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission and on March 23, 2006, the same happened at the city's Zoning Committee meeting.[8] On March 29, 2006, the Chicago city council also approved that design.[10] As part of the approval process, the council passed a measure that raised the height limit on structures at the site to accommodate the 2,000-foot (610 m) design height. It would have become the second tallest building in the entire world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa. It would have also surpassed the CN Tower to become the tallest freestanding structure and the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[11][12][13]

The building was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was being developed by St Patrick's Athletic owner Garrett Kelleher of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc.[1][3][14]

There was widespread support for the original design of the building among both the residents of the immediate neighborhood and the city of Chicago as a whole, partly because the building would block less sunlight and obscure less of the skyline than the lower buildings for which the land was originally zoned. Chicago Mayor Daley said he approved of the design, stating that it was environmentally friendly. Burton F. Natarus, who was the 42nd-ward alderman when the building was announced, said: "This is a very unique opportunity for the city of Chicago. This building belongs to Chicago and should be in Chicago."[15]

Some opposition from neighborhood residents originated from concerns with increased congestion. Donald Trump immediately voiced opposition to the building, stating that the tall structure would be a target for terrorists and did not even seem to be a viable project.[16] The opposing comment by Trump was made while he himself was developing a supertall tower in Chicago, the Trump International Hotel and Tower. Trump's tower completed construction in January 2009, just a few blocks west of the Chicago Spire site. If the Chicago Spire had been built as planned, it would have replaced the Trump International Hotel and Tower as the tallest residential structure in the United States, and the two towers would have been in direct competition in selling residential units.[16]

State of construction in 2010

Development

Initial financial problems

After several months of development in 2005, Carley failed to obtain sufficient financing for the construction of the building.[17] Irish developer Garrett Kelleher, executive chairman of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc., acquired the land and took over the project. It was announced that he would put up 100% of the equity, something Carley had been unable to do.[17][18] He also had financial backing to acquire the land, something Carley lacked. Kelleher stated he would consider using Carley's services on the development and that "Carley will be paid an unspecified sum for his involvement in the deal so far."[19] Kelleher later renamed the project "Chicago Spire" after shortly going by "400 North Lake Shore Drive", as it was no longer a Fordham project.[19]

New designs

Garrett Kelleher

In the final quarter of 2006, Shelbourne Development issued two separate press releases regarding the construction and design of the spire. A November 2006 press release stated that construction of the Chicago Spire would begin in June 2007. In early December 2006, Shelbourne Development issued another press release stating that the design of the building had been revised. This included the removal of the hotel and the antenna mast, making the building consist solely of condominium units. The design change altered the twist to be consolidated towards the base of the building, which was also wider than the original plan. Additionally, the spire no longer tapered at the top, resulting in an increase in floor space and overall floor count. The revision also removed the separate parking structure from the original plan, instead incorporating underground parking into the spire itself.[1] This first major redesign of the Chicago Spire was criticized by architectural critics and city officials.[20]

In late December 2006, the Chicago Tribune reported that the developer was soliciting opinions on a further revision from community leaders.[21] Several weeks following that report the Chicago Tribune held an exclusive interview with architect Santiago Calatrava and lead developer Garrett Kelleher. During the interview, Calatrava drew out design ideas restoring the rotating design of the building and showcasing his vision for the Chicago Spire's lobby.[22] On March 26, 2007, further revisions were shown during a public presentation by Shelbourne Development showcasing the most recent design.[23]

Approval

Following the March 26, 2007 public presentation by Shelbourne Development, residents showed favorable reaction to the newest design of the Chicago Spire.[24] The Chicago Plan Commission approved the final plans of the Chicago Spire on April 19, 2007.[24][25][26] Chicago's zoning committee also approved the tower on April 26 and, on May 9, 2007, the Chicago City Council approved the final design of the Chicago Spire.[14][25]

Marketing

By June 2008, Shelbourne had sold more than 350 of the 1,193 units—more than half of those to foreign investors in markets where certain United States Securities and Exchange Commission regulations do not apply. Shelbourne announced on September 30, 2008 that the building's penthouse had been sold to Beanie Babies manufacturer Ty Warner.[27] Kelleher offered to rent out units at a guaranteed 7.5% return to spur sales. The approach is common outside the United States where the tower was marketed more heavily and was meant to spur sales of the smallest units, which are the most likely to be purchased as rental property investments by foreigners.[28]

Financial crisis and suspension of construction

The construction site has been dormant since late 2008.

By October 2008, the late-2000s recession was beginning to affect the project. Construction was suspended and the tower's architect, Santiago Calatrava, placed an $11.34 million lien on the construction site, stating that Kelleher had not yet paid him for his work.[29] Within a few months Anglo Irish Bank, the primary lender for the project, was on the brink of financial collapse.[30] The bank's stocks had lost nearly all of their value and Anglo Irish Bank was facing nationalization.[30] Due to the bank's dire financial situation, Shelbourne Development was forced to suspend construction,[31] and would eventually have to pay back the $69.5 million (USD) it had already borrowed.[30][32]

Additional litigation and liens threatened the project by autumn 2009. The owner of the NBC Tower in Chicago sued to evict Shelbourne Development from their sales office, where extensive modeling of Chicago Spire units had been installed.[33] The lawsuit alleged that Shelbourne was behind $316,000 (USD) in lease payments.[33] In addition to this and other liens listed on the property,[34] Bank of America filed a lawsuit against Shelbourne Development for $4.92 million (USD).[35] The lawsuit was an attempt to collect that sum on two unpaid loans used for initial construction at the Chicago Spire site.[35]

After these setbacks, the AFL-CIO and Kelleher announced in late 2009 that they were discussing the potential for a $170 million (USD) land loan that would retire Kelleher's loan from Anglo Irish Bank, pay off the outstanding liens, and restart work in exchange for making the construction a completely union job.[34] Due to the lack of construction and the sluggish economy, Chicago unions were desperate to find work for their employees as they faced near 30% unemployment.[32] Construction of the Chicago Spire would have provided approximately 900 full-time jobs to union members for four years if construction had resumed.[32] In addition to the $194 million (USD) that Kelleher has invested personally in the project already, backup financing of an unspecified amount and from an unknown source in the form of mezzanine capital and bridge loans has been guaranteed and would have kicked in automatically if the $170 million (USD) AFL-CIO loan had been secured.[36]

But within weeks of the official announcement that Kelleher was searching for union bailouts, four major labor union investment funds declined to offer Shelbourne Development any loans.[37] Kelleher continued to search for financing.[37] Shelbourne Development faced eviction from its offices on the 50th floor of 111 South Wacker Drive on which Shelbourne owed $27,600 in unpaid rent.[38] Earlier in the year, the spire's Chicago sales office had been ejected from the nearby NBC Tower.[39]

In October 2010 Anglo Irish Bank Corp. filed a $77 million foreclosure lawsuit against Kelleher, claiming that loans made to Kelleher’s development company had been in default for a year. The bank was expected to take possession of the site.[40] By the end of the year, courts handed control of the site to a receiver, leaving the project (at the time) dead.[41][42] In addition, two Chicago firms purchased the tax lien certificates on the property.[43]

Failure of reorganization plan and end of project

In 2013, with the Chicago Spire site for sale by Ireland's National Asset Management Agency (NAMA),[44] interest resumed, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. Under the involuntary bankruptcy ruling in October 2013, Shelbourne had until the end of March 2014 to obtain approval of a reorganization plan, and was considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the skyscraper might actually be built.[45]

In February 2014, Shelbourne sought court approval to take up an offer of up to $135 million from Atlas Apartment Holdings intended to underpin the project's emergence from bankruptcy, with a deadline of August 31, 2014 for having a court-approved reorganization plan.[46][47] At a hearing on March 11, 2014, Shelbourne announced that it had reached agreement on a repayment plan with the project's creditors, including Related Midwest, which had bought up much of the project's debt. Assuming the project finds funding to satisfy that agreement, Atlas said that the building would be built and that Atlas would control the project, but that Kelleher would still be the developer, with the intention of building the same building planned prior to suspension of construction.[48]

However, on October 31, 2014, the developer failed to make a required payment to Related Midwest and Related filed suit to compel Shelbourne to turn over the deed to the property.[49] On 4 November 2014, Garrett Kelleher signed over the property location at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive to Related Midwest. President Curt Bailey said that Related Midwest would not build the Spire.[9]

Future site development

In 2016, Crain's Chicago Business reported that Related Midwest had hired former SOM architect Michael Pfeffer to guide the design of developments on the former Chicago Spire site. Although President Curt Bailey disclosed no project details—such as whether, for example, Related Midwest plans to build one big tower or multiple structures on the site—he did announce the development firm's intent to discuss plan outlines with the public in 2017.[50]

Location map

Location

The skyscraper was being constructed at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive, on Chicago's waterfront west of Navy Pier and northeast of the Loop, in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The site is at the junction of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River, and is bordered by the Ogden Slip of the Chicago River to the north, North Lake Shore Drive to the east, the Chicago River to the south, and existing residential property to the west. The site was originally zoned for two 35- to 50-story buildings.[12] Originally, it was to be sold by a joint venture of LR Development Company of Chicago and JER Partners of Virginia for $64 million to Christopher Carley of the Fordham Company.[51] After numerous short-term extensions, and later Carley's failure to obtain financing, Kelleher of Shelbourne Development purchased the land instead and pledged to finance the rest of the project.[17]

Chicago Spire site and DuSable Park prior to construction in 2007.

DuSable Park

Main article: DuSable Park, Chicago

When the project was first announced, the Fordham Company pledged almost $500,000 to assist in the development of the city's proposed DuSable Park, which would adjoin the property of the Chicago Spire.[52] DuSable Park would cover 3.24 acres (1.31 ha) and a $11.4 million budget was planned for its renovation.[53] On March 26, 2007, Shelbourne pledged to pay $6 million toward the development of the park, making up the deficit left over from the city's own initial pledge of $6 million and far exceeding the Fordham Co's initial offer.[54] In May 2007 Shelbourne's pledge jumped to $9.6 million.[55] Soil tests performed in December 2000 on the soil of the proposed park showed contamination of radioactive thorium.[56] Thorium was used by the Lindsay Light Company, which operated a location nearby. After the closing of the location in the 1930s, contaminated soil was dumped on the location of the proposed park. In March 2003, the Chicago Park District stated that the thorium clean-up on that land was incomplete.[57] Hazards of contamination can be avoided by laying a minimum of 6 inches (15 cm) of concrete over any affected soil, an approach that would be more feasible for the site of the Chicago Spire than for the adjacent park.[56]

In 2012 the Chicago Park District received funding from the EPA for remediation of the site, bagging the radioactive soil and shipping it to a Superfund site.[58] By Summer 2013 the Park District website reported the remediation had been completed by September 2012[59]

Architecture

A silhouette of the building’s basic exterior design.

As with many of his designs, Calatrava was inspired by themes and designs in nature for the tall, twisting skyscraper.[60] He likened the structure to an imaginary smoke spiral coming from a campfire near the Chicago River lit by Native Americans indigenous to the area,[61] and also related the building's newly designed pinnacle to the "graceful" and "rotating forms" of a snail shell.[22]

Standing at 2,000 feet (610 m), the Chicago Spire would have further transformed the always-growing Chicago skyline.[1][3][62] Plans for the tower included 1,193 condominiums with each of the building's 150 stories rotated 2.4 degrees from the one below it for a total 360 degree rotation.[63] In February 2008, prices for the condominiums were announced as ranging from $750,000 to $40 million USD.[64] For supplemental structural support, each floor was to be surrounded by cantilevered corners and four concave sides.[65] Similar to the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) and John Hancock Center observation decks, the Chicago Spire design included a community room on the top floor offering residents a view of four U.S. states.[66][67][68] The design for the soaring four story lobby of the skyscraper included translucent glass walls framed by arching, steel-reinforced concrete vaults.[22] The building has been described as a giant "drill bit" by the public and others in the media have likened it to a "tall twisting tree" and a "blade of grass".[20][69]

The curved design offered two major benefits to the structure of the building. First, curved designs, such as that found in Calatrava's Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, tend to add to the strength of a structure.[70] A similar principle has been used in the past with curved stadium roofs. In addition to structural support, the curved face of the exterior would minimize wind forces. In rectangular buildings, a fluid wind flow puts pressure on the windward face of the building; while air moves around it, a suction is applied to the leeward face. This often causes a sway in tall buildings usually counteracted, at least partially, by stiffening the structure or by using a dynamic wind damper.[70] Since the curved design of the Chicago Spire would not completely negate wind forces, a tapering concrete core and twelve shear walls radiating from it were planned to counteract the remaining wind load.[65]

Additionally, the Chicago Spire was designed with world-class sustainable engineering practices to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold recognition. Sustainable features included recycled rainwater, river water used for cooling, ornithologically-sensitive glass to protect migratory birds, intelligent building and management systems, waste storage and recycling management, and monitored outdoor air delivery.[63]

Construction

Following the city approval, it was announced that construction of the Chicago Spire was to begin in summer 2007, with caisson work scheduled to begin as early as June 2007.[71] DuSable Park was designated as a staging area for the construction of the tower.[72] The sales center for the Chicago Spire opened on January 14, 2008.[73]

On September 19, 2008, a spokeswoman for the developer announced that construction was continuing on the building, but that the pace of construction would be slowed until the financial markets recovered from the subprime mortgage crisis.[74] Kelleher promised that he still had financial backing,[74] although analysts questioned the ability of the project to survive the current economic decline.[75] A contractor to build the building's superstructure had not yet been named.[75] The October 1, 2008 edition of The Wall Street Journal said that the building foundation was complete and the above ground construction would not continue until the markets recover.[76]

Underground phase

Crane parts and construction equipment arrived at the site on June 25, 2007.[77] The following day Shelbourne Development officially announced the first construction contract.[6] In preparation for construction, 34 concrete and steel caissons were drilled 120 feet (37 m) into bedrock underground; this was completed June 25, 2008.[6] A cofferdam with a 104 feet (32 m) diameter and 78 feet (24 m) depth was installed to create a work environment and would have later acted as a foundation for the building's core.[6] Utility upgrades were planned for the surrounding neighborhood.[78]

Images

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Chicago Spire, Chicago, Illinois, USA". SPG Media Limited. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  2. ↑ "The Chicago Spire is officially under construction". NewcitySkyline. 2007-08-01. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  3. 1 2 3 Baeb, Eddie; Gallun, Alby (2006-12-06). "Calatrava tower to drop spire". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  4. ↑ "Chicago Spire". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  5. ↑ "Calatrava's Latest Twist from Spire to Licorice Stick". Repeat. 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Shelbourne Development Awards Contract to Build Foundation of The Chicago Spire". Business Wire. 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  7. 1 2 Corfman, Thomas; Kamin, Blair (2005-07-26). "Tallest tower to twist rivals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  8. 1 2 McHugh, Michael (2006-03-16). "Planning commission approves Fordham Spire". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  9. 1 2 3 "Subscription Center". chicagobusiness.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  10. ↑ Yue, Lorene (2006-03-29). "City Council OKs Fordham Spire". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  11. ↑ "The Chicago Spire Achieves 30 Percent Sales". Shelbourne Development. 2008-04-06.
  12. 1 2 "Chicago Spire: Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States". Chicago Architecture.info. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  13. ↑ Associated Press (2005-07-25). "Tallest U.S. skyscraper proposed for Chicago". MSNBC. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  14. 1 2 Stein, Alex. "The Chicago Spire" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  15. ↑ Bush, Haydn (2006-03-22). "Calatrava Spire Gains Approval of Plan Commission". Natarus.com. Chicago Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  16. 1 2 Slevin, Peter (2005-07-25). "Chicago Developer Wants to Erect Tower With a Twist". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  17. 1 2 3 Marin, Matthew (2006-07-20). "Irish Developer Will Build North America's Tallest Building in the Windy City". Multi-Housing News. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  18. ↑ Comerford, Mike (2006-07-20). "New developer in works for site of Fordham Spire". Business. Daily Herald. p. 1.
  19. 1 2 Roeder, David (2006-07-20). "New twist in spire project". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 51.
  20. 1 2 Jacobs, Scott (2007-01-14). "Spinning politics with the Spire". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  21. ↑ Kamin, Blair (2006-12-21). "Controversial skyscraper plan gets new look". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  22. 1 2 3 Kamin, Blair (2007-01-21). "New twists for lakefront skyscraper: An exclusive look at the latest Spire drawings". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  23. ↑ Beacker, Lynn (2007-03-27). "Kamin unveils latest design for Calatrava's Chicago Spire". Repeat. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  24. 1 2 Kamin, Blair (2007-03-08). "Final Chicago Spire plans set to be revealed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  25. 1 2 Diesenhouse, Susan (2000-04-20). "Financial questions tower over Spire's political win". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  26. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2007-04-20). "Chicago Spire gets Plan Commission OK". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  27. ↑ Podmolik, Mary Ellen (2008-09-30). "Beanie Baby magnate signs contract for Spire penthouse". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  28. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2008-06-30). "Spire developer adds a new twist". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  29. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2016-06-15). "Calatrava stops work on Spire, files lien". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  30. 1 2 3 Roeder, David (2008-12-26). "Spire mired in Irish bank crisis". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  31. ↑ Hilliard, Mark (2008-12-28). "Anglo Irish crisis leads to work halting on Chicago Spire". Sunday Tribune. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  32. 1 2 3 Barrett, Joe (2009-12-09). "Push to Finish Tallest Tower". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  33. 1 2 Corfman, Thomas A. (2009-10-14). "Spire developer faces eviction from sales center site". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  34. 1 2 Podmollik, Mary Ellen (2009-11-30). "Spire developer Garret Kelleher to meet with leaders of AFL-CIO pension investment trusts". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  35. 1 2 Corfman, Thomas A.; Baeb, Eddie (2009-08-14). "Bank of America sues Spire developer". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  36. ↑ Roeder, David (2009-12-09). "Spire inches closer to reality". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  37. 1 2 Baeb, Eddie (2009-12-21). "Chicago Spire twists in wind as union funds pass on bailout loan". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  38. ↑ Boyer, Mark (November 17, 2010). "Facing Eviction Suit, Spire Developer Leaves Loop Offices : Chicago Spire Deathwatch". Curbed Chicago.
  39. ↑ "Irish Financial Crisis Helps Topple Planned Chicago Spire". The Wall Street Journal. November 12, 2010. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010.
  40. ↑ Kridel, Kris (11 October 2010). "Foreclosure Suit Ends Dream Of Spire". CBS Chicago. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  41. ↑ "Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage". Bloomberg. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Death knell for Chicago Spire as receiver appointed". The Boston Irish Emigrant. 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  43. ↑ "Spire developer loses control of site in foreclosure suit – 2 local firms have purchased delinquent property taxes". Chicago Tribune. December 7, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
  44. ↑ Jonas, Ilaina (2013-03-14). "Exclusive – For sale: Chicago land, once site for tallest condo tower". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
  45. ↑ "Condo Site Lives Again". The Wall Street Journal. 2013-05-14. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
  46. ↑ "What's Next for Santiago Calatrava's Troubled Chicago Spire?". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  47. ↑ "Chicago Spire developer gets funding, wants to resume project". Chicago Tribune. 2014-02-07. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Spire developer resolves debts, looks to start again". Chicago Tribune. 2014-03-11. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Related to Spire developer: Where's the deed?". 2014-11-03. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  50. ↑ "Related Midwest reportedly makes plans to develop Chicago Spire site". Crain's Chicago Business. 2016-09-06. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  51. ↑ Corfman, Thomas (2006-07-19). "Carley's back finds familiar wall in bid to build Fordham Spire". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  52. ↑ Bush, Haydn (2006-03-22). "Calatrava Spire Gains Approval of Plan Commission". Natarus.com. Chicago Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-19.|
  53. ↑ Herrmann, Andrew (2006-09-18). "A DuSable park at last". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  54. ↑ Yue, Lorene (2007-03-26). "More twists in final plans for Chicago Spire". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  55. ↑ Spielman, Fran (2007-05-09). "City approves Chicago Spire design". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  56. 1 2 Palmer, Laurie. "3 Acres on the Lake: DuSable Park Proposal Project, Site Description and Context". Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  57. ↑ Palmer, Laurie. "3 Acres on the Lake : Dusable Park, Chicago by Laurie Palmer". Archived from the original on 2007-09-08. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  58. ↑ "Report: DuSable Park Site Near Navy Pier Nearly Clear Of Radioactive Soil". cbslocal.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  59. ↑ Retrieved 24 June 2013, from http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/Dusable-Park/
  60. ↑ Tzonis, Alexander (2004). Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. New York: Rizzoli.
  61. ↑ Stern, Andrew (2009-03-29). "Global recession stalls skyscraper construction". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  62. ↑ Larson, George A.; Pridmore, Jay (2005). Chicago Architecture and Design: Revised and Expanded. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  63. 1 2 Matlock, Kelly (2007-09-27). "Calatrava leads tour of Chicago Spire Sales Center". Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  64. ↑ "House & Home". London: Financial Times. 2008-02-23. p. 3.
  65. 1 2 Hampton, Tudor (2006-03-27). "Chicago Builders Ride Next 'Supertall' Wave – Developers in the Windy City have their eyes set on luxury residences climbing over". Empire Projects. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  66. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2007-04-20). "Chicago Spire gets Plan Commission OK". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  67. ↑ "The New Hancock Observatory". The Hancock Observatory. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  68. ↑ "Discover the All New Skydeck". Sears Tower Skydeck. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  69. ↑ Kamin, Blair (2006-12-07). "Major redesign is latest twist in plan for spire". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  70. 1 2 Salvadori, Mario (1982). Why Buildings Stand Up: The Strength of Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  71. ↑ Associated Press (2007-05-10). "City council OKs plan for Chicago Spire building, would be nation's tallest". Chesterton Tribune. Archived from the original on 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  72. ↑ "Chicago Spire // USA // Santiago Calatrava". ArchiCentral. 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  73. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2008-01-14). "Spire sales office opens today". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  74. 1 2 Roeder, David (2008-09-19). "Business briefs: Economic upheaval causes delays in building of Spire". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 44.
  75. 1 2 "Chicago Spire: Modest beginnings for a skyline icon". Chicago Tribune. 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  76. ↑ Sharma, Amol; Jennifer Saranow; Ilan Brat & Lauren Etter (2008-10-01). "Businesses Pressure Congress on Bailout Plan". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  77. ↑ Drake, Gary. "Chicago Spire Information". Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  78. ↑ Giometti, Carl (2008-09-10). "Holey Chicago! New Spire Renderings". Gapers Block. Retrieved 2009-07-20.

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