Vespasianus Titus Tunnel

Vespasianus Titus Tunnel
History

Shown within Turkey
Location	Antakya, Hatay Province, Turkey
Region	Mediterranean
Coordinates	36°07′14″N 35°55′19″E / 36.12056°N 35.92194°E / 36.12056; 35.92194Coordinates: 36°07′14″N 35°55′19″E / 36.12056°N 35.92194°E / 36.12056; 35.92194
Type	Tunnel
Cultures	Roman
Site notes
Ownership	Public
Public access	Yes

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History of Turkey

Prehistory

Prehistory of Anatolia

Palaeolithic Anatolia	c. 500,000– 10,000 BC
Mesolithic Anatolia	c. 11,000– 9,000 BC
Neolithic Anatolia	c. 8,000– 5,500 BC

Bronze Age

Troy	3000–700 BC
Hattians	2500–2000 BC
Akkadian Empire	2400–2150 BC
Luvia	2300–1400 BC
Assyria	1950–1750 BC
Achaeans (Homer)	1700–1300 BC
Kizzuwatna	1650–1450 BC
Hittites	1680–1220 BC
Arzawa	1500–1320 BC
Mitanni	1500–1300 BC
Hayasa-Azzi	1500–1290 BC
Lycia	1450–350 BC
Assuwa	1300–1250 BC
Diauehi	1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites	1200–800 BC
Phrygia	1200–700 BC
Caria	1150–547 BC
Tuwanuwa	1000–700 BC
Ionia	1000–545 BC
Urartu	859–595/585 BC

Iron Age

Diauehi	1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites	1200–800 BC
Phrygia	1200–700 BC
Caria	1150–547 BC
Doris	1100–560 BC
Aeolis	1000–560 BC
Tuwanuwa	1000–700 BC
Ionia	1000–545 BC
Urartu	859–595/585 BC
Median Empire	678-549 BC
Lydia	685–547 BC

Classical Age

Achaemenid Empire	559–331 BC
Kingdom of Alexander the Great	334–301 BC
Kingdom of Cappadocia	322-130 BC
Antigonids	306–168 BC
Seleucid Empire	305–64 BC
Ptolemaic Kingdom	305–30 BC
Kingdom of Pontus	302–64 BC
Bithynia	297–74 BC
Kingdom of Pergamon	282–129 BC
Galatia	281–64 BC
Parthian Empire	247 BC–224 AD
Armenian Empire	190 BC–428 AD
Roman Republic	133–27 BC
Kingdom of Commagene	163 BC–72 AD
Roman Empire	27 BC–330 AD
Sassanian Empire	224–651 AD

Medieval Age

Medieval Anatolia

Byzantine Empire	(330–1453)
Rashidun Caliphate	(637–656)
Great Seljuk State	(1037–1194)
Danishmends	(1071–1178)
Anatolian beyliks	(1081-1423)
Sultanate of Rum	(1077–1307)
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	(1078–1375)
County of Edessa	(1098–1150)
Artuqids	(1101–1409)
Empire of Trebizond	(1204–1461)
Empire of Nicaea	(1204–1261)
Latin Empire	(1204–1261)
Ilkhanate	(1256–1335)
Kara Koyunlu	(1375–1468)
Ak Koyunlu	(1378–1501)

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Defeat and dissolution	(1908–1922)

Republic of Turkey

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Vespasianus Titus Tunnel, located in Samandağ, Hatay Province in southern Turkey, is an ancient water tunnel built during the Roman period.^[1]

The tunnel is situated nearby Çevlik village in Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It is located at the foot of Nur Mountains about 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Antakya, the historical harbor city Antioch on the Orontes in eastern Mediterranean coast.^[1]

The tunnel is part of a water diversion system consisting of a dam, a short approach channel, the first tunnel section, a short intermediary channel, the second tunnel section and a long discharge channel.^[1]

The construction of the tunnel was ordered by Roman emperor Vespasian (reigned 69–79 AD) to divert the floodwaters running down the mountain and threatening the harbor. It was built by digging the rocks using manpower only. The construction began in the Vespasian time, continued under his son Titus (r. 79–81 AD) and his successors, completed in the 2nd century, during the reign of Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161). An inscription carved in rock at the entrance of the first tunnel section shows the names of Vespasianus and Titus, and another one at the discharge tunnel the name of Antonius.^[1]

World Heritage Site status

The tunnel was added to the tentative list in the cultural category of UNESCO World Heritage Site on April 15, 2014.^[2]

References

1 2 3 4 "Vespasianus Titus Tunnel". UNESCO. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
↑ "Tentative Lists – State Party: Turkey". UNESCO. Retrieved 2016-09-21.

UNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey

Aegean	Aizanoi antique city Archaeological Site of Aphrodisias Birgi Mausolem and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Archaeological site of Laodikeia Medieval City of Beçin The Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia

Black Sea	Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings Mahmut Bey Mosque Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary)

Central Anatolia	Archaeological site of Kültepe-Kaneş Eflatun Pınar Eşrefoğlu Mosque Gordion Haji Bektash Veli Complex Historical Monuments of Niğde Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization Lake Tuz SEPA Mountainous Phrygia Odunpazarı historical urban site Tomb of Ahi Evren

East Anatolia	Akdamar Island Archaeological Site of Arslantepe Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel

Marmara	Çanakkale (Dardanelles) and Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu The Bridge of Uzunköprü Yıldız Palace Complex

Mediterranean	Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient city of Anazarbus Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Güllük Dagi-Termessos National Park Mamure Castle Karain Cave Kekova Archaeological Site of Sagalassos St.Paul Church, St.Paul's Well and surrounding historic quarters (in Tarsus, Mersin) St. Pierre Church in Hatay St. Nicholas Church in Demre The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel

Southeastern Anatolia	Archeological Site of Zeugma The Archaeological Site of Göbeklitepe Harran and Sanliurfa İsmail Fakirullah Tomb Mardin Cultural Landscape Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church

All over Turkey	Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes

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