Burmish languages
| Burmish | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: | Myanmar |
| Linguistic classification: |
|
| Subdivisions: |
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| Glottolog: | burm1266[1] |
The Burmish languages are Burmese, including Standard Burmese, Arakanese and other Burmese dialects such as the Tavoyan dialects as well as non-literary languages spoken across Myanmar and South China such as Achang, Lhao Vo, Lashi, and Zaiwa.
Names
Many Burmish names are known by various names in different languages (Bradley 1997).
| Autonym | Jinghpaw name | Burmese name | Chinese name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lawngwaw | Maru | Maru | Làngsù 浪速 |
| Tsaiwa | Atsi | Zi | Zǎiwǎ 载瓦 |
| Lachik | Lashi | Lashi | Lāqí 喇期, Lèqí 勒期 |
| Ngochang | - | Maintha | Āchāng 阿昌 |
| Pela | - | - | Bōlā 波拉 |
In China, the Zaiwa 载瓦 (local Chinese exonym: 小山), Lhao Vo 浪速 (local Chinese exonym: Lang'e 浪峨), Lashi 勒期 (local Chinese exonym: Chashan 茶山), and Pela 波拉 are officially classified as Jingpo people (Bolayu Yanjiu). The local Chinese exonym for the Jingpho proper is Dashan 大山.
Dai Qingxia (2005:3) lists the following autonyms and exonyms for the various Burmish groups, with both Chinese character and IPA transcriptions (given in square brackets).[2]
| Language | Lhao Vo people 浪速 | Jingpho people 景颇 | Zaiwa people 载瓦 | Lashi people 勒期 | Pela people 波拉 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lhao Vo name 浪速语 | Lang'e 浪峨 [lɔ̃˥˧˩vɔ˧˩] | Bowo 波沃 [pʰauk˥vɔ˧˩] | Zha'e 杂蛾 [tsa˧˥vɔ˧˩] | Lashi 勒期 [lă˧˩tʃʰik˧˥] | Buluo 布洛 [pă˧˩lɔ˧˩] |
| Jingpho name 景颇语 | Moru 默汝 [mă˧˩ʒu˧˩] | Jingpho 景颇 [tʃiŋ˧˩pʰoʔ˧˩] | Aji 阿纪 [a˧˩tsi˥] | Leshi 勒施 [lă˧˩ʃi˥] | Boluo 波洛 [po˧˩lo˧˩] |
| Zaiwa name 载瓦语 | Lelang 勒浪 [lă˨˩la̱ŋ˥˩] | Shidong 石东 [ʃi˥tu̱ŋ˥] | Zaiwa 载瓦 [tsai˧˩va˥˩] | Lashi 勒期 [lă˨˩tʃʰi˥] | Buluo 布洛 [pă˨˩lo˨˩] |
| Lashi name 勒期语 | Langwu 浪悟 [laŋ˧˩vu˥˩] | Puwu 铺悟 [pʰuk˥vu˥˩] | Zaiwu 载悟 [tsai˧˩vu˥˩] | Lashi 勒期 [lă˧˩tʃʰi˥˩] | Buluo 布洛 [pă˧˩lɔ˥˩] |
| Pela name 波拉语 | Longwa 龙瓦 [lõ˧˩va˧˩] | Baowa 泡瓦 [pʰauk˧˩va˧˩] | Diwa 氐瓦 [ti˧˩va˧˩] | Lashi 勒期 [lă˧˩tʃʰi˥] | Pela 波拉 [po˧˩la˧˩] |
Autonyms are:[2]
- Lhao Vo 浪速 (Lang'e 浪峨): lɔ̃˥˧˩vɔ˧˩
- Jingpho 景颇: tʃiŋ˧˩pʰoʔ˧˩
- Zaiwa 载瓦: tsai˧˩va˥˩
- Lashi 勒期: lă˧˩tʃʰi˥˩
- Pela 波拉: po˧˩la˧˩
The Chashan refer to themselves as ŋɔ˧˩tʃʰaŋ˥ (Echang 峨昌), the Jingpho as phuk˥, the Lashi as tsai˧wu˧˩ (tsai˧wu˥˩), the Lhao Vo as lă˧˩laŋ˧˩, the Lisu as lji˧səu˧˩, and the Han Chinese as la˧˩xɛ˧˩ (Dai 2010:153).[3]
Languages
Lama (2012)
Based on innovations in their tonal systems, Lama (2012: 177–179) classifies the languages as follows:
- Burmish
Chashan, a recently discovered Burmish language, is closely related to Lashi.
Nishi (1999)
Based on distinct treatment of the pre-glottalized initials of proto-Burmish, Nishi (1999: 68-70) divides the Burmish languages into two branches, Burmic and Maruic. The Burmic languages changed voiceless preglottalized stops into voiceless aspirate stops and preglottalized voiced sonorants into voiceless sonorants. The Maruic languages in contrast reflect voiceless preglottalized and affricate consonants as voiceless unaspirated and affricates with largyngealized vowels, and voiced preglottalized sonorants as voiced sonorants with laryngealized vowels. The Burmic Languages include Burmese, Achang, and Xiandao. The Maruic languages include Atsi (Zaiwa), Lashi (Leqi), Maru (Langsu), and Bola. Nishi does not classify Hpon and Nusu.
- Burmic
The Arakanese language retains r- separate from y-, whereas the two fall together in most Burmese dialects and indeed most Burmish languages. Tavoyan has kept kl- distinct. No dialect has kept ry- distinct from r-, but this may be an independent innovation in the various dialects. Merguiese is apparently the least well studied Burmese dialect.
- Burmese language (incl. Standard Burmese and Arakanese)
- Achang (Huang et al. 1992, Wannemacher 1995-7)
- Xiandao (Huang et al. 1992)
- ?Hpon/Hpun (Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Henderson 1986)
- Danu
- Maruic
- Atsi (Zaiwa) (Burling 1967, Dai 1981, Yabu 1982, Xu and Xu 1984, Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Dai 1986, Huang et al. 1992, Wannemacher 1995-7, Wannemacher 1998)
- Bola (Dai et al.: 1991; Huang et al. 1992, Edmondson 1992)
- Lashi (Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Huang et al. 1992; Wannemacher 1995-7)
- Maru (Lhao Vo) (Clerk 1911, Burling 1967, Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Okell 1988; Dai et al.: 1991; Huang et al. 1992; Wannemacher 1995-7)
- Chashan also goes here
Mann (1998)
Mann (1998: 16, 137) in contrast groups together Achang, Bela (by which he probably means Bola), Lashi, Maru, and Atsi together as North Burmic.
Bradley (1997)
David Bradley places aberrant Ugong with Burmish rather than with Loloish:
- Ugong–Burmish
- Ugong
- Burmish
- Burmese
- Burmish
- Hpun
- Core Burmish
- Maru, Atsi
- Lashi, Achang; Bola; Chintau (= Xiandao)
Footnotes
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Burmish". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 Dai Qingxia (2005). A study of Langsu [浪速语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House.
- ↑ Dai Qingxia [戴庆厦] (2010). The Chashan people of Pianma and their language [片马茶山人及其语言]. Beijing: The Commercial Press [商务印书馆].
References
- Bernot, D. (1958). "rapports phonetiques entre le dialecte marma et le birman." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 53: 273-294.
- Bernot, D. (1965). "The vowel systems of Arakanese and Tavoyan." Lingua 15: 463-474.
- Burling, Robbins (1967). Proto Lolo–Burmese. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Clerk, F. V. (1911). A manual of the Lawngwaw or Măru language, containing: the grammatical principles of the language, glossaries of special terms, colloquial exercises, and Maru-English and English-Maru vocabularies. Rangoon: American Baptist mission press.
- Dai, Qing-xia (1981). "Zai-wa-yu shi-dong fan-chou di xing-tai bian-hua" (Morphological changes in the Zaiwa causative-verb category), in Min-zu yu-wen 1981.4:36-41.
- Dai, Qing-xia (1986). Zaiwa-yu (the Atsi language). 中國大百科全書: 民族 Zhong-guo da-bai-ke quan-shu: Min-zu. (Magna Encyclopedia Sinica: Ethnology Volume). Beijing : 中國大百科全書出版社 : 新華書店經銷 Zhongguo da bai ke quan shu chu ban she : Xin hua shu dian jing xiao
- Edmondson, Jerold A. (1992) Trip Notebook and Tapes on Bela Language. Unpublished, cited by Mann 1998.
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- Mann, Noel Walter. 1998. A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.
- Maran, L. R. (1971a). "A note on the development of tonal systems in Tibeto-Burman." Occasional Publications of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics 2.
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- Sprigg, R. K. (1963). "A comparison of Arakanese and Burmese based on phonological formulae." Shorto, H.L. (ed.) Linguistic Comparison in South East Asia and the Pacific: 109-132.
- Taylor, L. F. (1922). "The dialects of Burmese." Journal of the Burma Research Society 11: 89-97.
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- Wannemacher, Mark W. (1998) Aspects of Zaiwa Prosody: an Autosegmental Account. Summer Institute of Linguistics/University of Texas at Arlington.
- Xu Xijian 徐悉艱 and Xu Guizhen 徐桂珍 (1984). 景頗族語言簡誌(載瓦語) / Jingpozu yuyan jianzhi (Zaiwa yu). Beijing: 民族出版社Minzu chubanshe, 1984.
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- Yabu Shirō 藪 司郎 (1982). アツィ語基礎語彙集 / Atsigo kiso goishū / Classified dictionary of the Atsi or Zaiwa language (Sadon dialect) with Atsi, Japanese and English indexes. Tokyo: 東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所 Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo.
- Yabu Shirō 藪 司郎 (1988). A preliminary report on the study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi languages of Burma. In Yoshiaki Ishizawa (ed.), Historical and cultural studies in Burma, 65-132. Tokyo: Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University.