Demographics of Atlanta

Map of race and ethnicity in Atlanta

  white

  black

  hispanic (of any race)

  asian

Atlanta is the largest city in the state of Georgia. Atlanta ranks as the 40th-largest in the United States, and the sixth-largest city in the southeastern region. 2010 census results varied dramatically with previous Census Bureau estimates, counting 550,003 residents,^[1][2] Atlanta is the core city of the ninth most populous United States metropolitan area at 5,268,860 (est. 2010),^[3] with a combined statistical area of 5,626,400.^[4]

City of Atlanta

History

Atlanta's population grew steadily during the first 100 years of the city's existence, and peaked in 1970 at around 496,000. However, from 1970 to 2000, the city lost over 100,000 residents, a decrease of around 16 percent. During the same time, the metro area gained over three million people, cutting the city's share of the metro population in half, from over 25 percent in 1970 to around 12 percent in 2000.^[5] However, the city's population bottomed out in 1990 at around 394,000, and it has been increasing every year since then, reaching 420,003 residents in 2010.

Racial composition	2010[6]	1990[7]	1970[7]	1940[7]
White	38.4%	31.0%	48.4%	65.4%
—Non-Hispanic	36.3%	30.3%	47.3%[8]	n/a
Black or African American	54.0%	67.1%	51.3%	34.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	5.2%	1.9%	1.5%[8]	n/a

2010 Census

Historical populations
Census	City[9]	Region[10]
1850	2,572	N/A
1860	9,554	N/A
1870	21,789	N/A
1880	37,409	N/A
1890	65,533	N/A
1900	89,872	419,375
1910	154,839	522,442
1920	200,616	622,283
1930	270,366	715,391
1940	302,288	820,579
1950	331,314	997,666
1960	487,455	1,312,474
1970	496,973	1,763,626
1980	425,022	2,233,324
1990	394,017	2,959,950
2000	416,474	4,112,198
2010	420,003	5,729,304
*Estimates[11][12][13] Region: Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

Income

In 2009, the median income for a household in the city was $47,464 and the median income for a family was $59,711. About 21.8% of the population and 17.2% of families lived below the poverty line.^[14]

Race and ethnicity

The 2010 and 2000 composition of Atlanta by race, ethnicity and foreign-born status was:^{[15][16][17][18]}

Race, ethnicity, or foreign-born status	Pop. 2010	% of total 2010	Pop. 2000	% of total 2000	absolute change 2000-2010	% change 2000-2010
Black	286,126	54.0%	249,829	57.4%	36,297	14.5%
White	211,365	38.4%	138,352	33.2%	22,763	16.5%
White non-Hispanic	183,294	33.3%	135,322	31.3%	22,155	16.8%
Asian and Pacific Islander	28,071	5.1%	16,873	3.9%	11,198	65.8%
Hispanic or Latino of any race	56,142	10.2%	32,643	7.5%	23,499	72.0%
Foreign-born	33,621[19]	8.0%[20]	27,352	6.6%	6,269	22.9%

Atlanta is, as of 2010, the nation's 4th largest black-majority city and has long been known as a "black mecca" for its role as a center of black wealth, political and social power, education, and culture including film and music.^[21]

The city of Atlanta is seeing a large demographic increase in its white population, and at a pace that outstrips the rest of the nation. The proportion of whites in the city's population grew faster between 2000 and 2006 than that of any other U.S. city.^[22] By 2010, Atlanta's white population had increased by 22,763 people. The white percentage increased from 31% in 2000, to 35% in 2006, to 38% in 2010, more than double the increase between 1990 and 2000. During the same time, the city's black population decreased by 31,678 people, shrinking from 61.4% of the city's population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010. The demographic changes are due to an influx of whites into gentrifying intown neighborhoods, such as East Atlanta and the Old Fourth Ward, coupled with a movement of blacks into adjacent suburbs, such as Clayton County.^{[23][24][25][25]} Note that this phenomenon is not unique to Atlanta, as Washington, D.C. is undergoing a similar demographic change.

The city of Atlanta has recently become relatively more diverse. The city long consisted overwhelmingly of blacks and non-Hispanic whites; those groups made up 92.1% of the city in 1990, but by 2010 their proportion had shrunk to 85.0%. Atlanta's Hispanic population increased by 72.0% from 2000 to 2010, and in 2010 the city was 10.2% Hispanic. The Asian American population increased by 65.5%, and in 2010 Asian Americans made up 5.1% of the city.

The trend towards ethnic diversity is much stronger in Metro Atlanta as a whole in which blacks and non-Hispanic whites make up only 83.1% of the population. The metro area's Hispanic population more than doubled from 268,851 in 2000 to 547,400 in 2010, and now makes up over 10% of the region's population.^[26] These immigrant communities have altered the economic, cultural, and religious landscape of metro Atlanta.^[27] The Asian American population in the metro nearly doubled and makes up just under 5% of the region's population. Gwinnett County became one of the most diverse counties in the nation.^[28]

Race and ethnicity by neighborhood

2010 census figures for Atlanta's 25 neighborhood planning units reveal several key facts about Atlanta's neighborhoods:

• 60% of the city's area consists of overwhelmingly black neighborhoods: together, Northwest, Southwest, and Southeast Atlanta are 92% black
• there are some areas that are predominantly white, notably Buckhead and Northeast Atlanta (NPUs F and N) which are on average 80% white
• most of the fastest growing areas are central: Downtown (25.9%), Midtown, West Midtown, close-in east side neighborhoods (NPU N) (18.4%)
• the Ben Hill area at the southwest Perimeter is also growing quickly (up 5,452 people, 45.8%)
• population loss in areas of Northwest Atlanta (avg. -24.1%) and Southeast Atlanta (-20.5%), as well as some parts of Southwest Atlanta

Source: City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Reports for this NPU
Note: racial and ethnic groups are listed in the order established by the national census, not by their ranking within Atlanta

NPU	Major neighborhoods	2010 pop.	2000 pop.	Growth %	White	Black	Asian	All other	Hispanic	Source
Downtown/Midtown
M	Downtown, Old Fourth Ward, Sweet Auburn, Castleberry Hill	26,886	21,359	25.9%	34.1%	56.1%	4.9%	4.9%	4.8%	[29]
E	Midtown, Georgia Tech, Atlantic Station, Loring Heights, Brookwood Hills	42,121	34,461	22.2%	65.4%	17.4%	12.6%	4.6%	4.9%	[30]
Buckhead
A	Paces, Margaret Mitchell, Mt. Paran/Northside, Chastain Park	11,687	11,300	3.4%	91.7%	3.2%	3.5%	1.7%	2.3%	[31]
B	Buckhead Village, North Buckhead, Lindbergh, Pine Hills, Peachtree Heights, Garden Hills	47,292	38,645	22.4%	75.5%	12.3%	5.3%	6.8%	9.5%	[32]
C	Collier Hills, Peachtree Battle, Arden/Habersham, SW Buckhead (W of Northside, S of Wesley)	18,122	16,199	11.9%	83.5%	8.4%	3.2%	4.9%	6.0%	[33]
Northwest
G	West Highlands, Carey Park	8,381	11,632	-27.9%	3.3%	94.2%	0.5%	2.1%	1.9%	[34]
J	Grove Park, Center Hill	12,533	17,085	-26.6%	1.9%	96.4%	0.1%	1.7%	1.3%	[35]
K	Bankhead, Washington Park, Mozley Park, Hunter Hills	9,399	11,997	-21.7%	9.1%	88.5%	0.4%	2.0%	1.9%	[36]
L	English Avenue, Vine City, (The Bluff)	6,148	7,316	-16.0%	6.1%	89.1%	1.0%	3.8%	2.8%	[37]
Border Buckhead/West Midtown/Northwest
D	Whittier Mill Village, Riverside, Bolton, Underwood Hills, Huff Rd in W Midtown, Berkeley Park	10,690	8,690	23.0%	59.2%	23.9%	4.5%	12.4%	15.7%	[38]
Northeast / East
F	Virginia-Highland, Morningside/Lenox Park	23,641	20,890	13.2%	79.6%	10.0%	3.3%	7.2%	9.7%	[39]
N	Inman Park, Candler Park, Poncey-Highland, Reynoldstown, Cabbagetown, Lake Claire	17,389	14,688	18.4%	79.9%	13.2%	2.7%	4.2%	4.2%	[40]
O	Edgewood, Kirkwood, East Lake	13,886	14,724	-5.7%	36.9%	58.7%	1.4%	3.0%	2.5%	[41]
W	Grant Park, East Atlanta, Ormewood Park, Benteen Park	19,233	20,054	-4.1%	54.8%	38.0%	1.7%	5.5%	6.5%	[42]
Southwest
H	Adamsville, areas S of I-20, W of I-285, N of Cascade Rd	14,049	17,274	-18.7%	2.1%	92.3%	0.2%	5.4%	6.2%	[43]
I	Collier Heights, Peyton Forest, Cascade Heights	20,741	21,500	-3.5%	2.2%	94.1%	0.1%	3.6%	4.2%	[44]
P	Ben Hill, (SW Atlanta W of I-285)	17,363	11,911	45.8%	1.9%	95.0%	0.6%	2.5%	1.9%	[45]
Q	Midwest Cascade, Regency Trace	1,770	1,024	72.9%	1.5%	96.5%	1.0%	1.0%	0.6%	[46]
R	Adams Park, Campbellton Road, Greenbriar	16,452	16,679	-1.4%	1.4%	96.8%	0.1%	1.6%	1.4%	[47]
S	Oakland City, Venetian Hills, Cascade Avenue/Road, Fort McPherson	10,204	12,396	-17.7%	4.0%	93.8%	0.2%	2.0%	1.2%	[48]
T	West End, Westview, Atlanta University Center, Ashview Heights	16,280	20,095	-19.0%	2.3%	94.5%	0.4%	2.9%	2.3%	[49]
V	Capitol Gateway, Summerhill, Peoplestown, Mechanicsville, Pittsburgh, Adair Park	14,198	15,825	-10.3%	6.3%	89.3%	1.3%	3.1%	2.5%	[50]
X	Metropolitan Parkway (Atlanta) corridor: Capitol View, Sylvan Hills, Perkerson	12,398	14,999	-17.3%	10.5%	83.2%	0.7%	5.6%	5.8%	[51]
Southeast
Y	South Atlanta, Lakewood Heights, Chosewood Park	11,111	12,472	-10.9%	14.3%	80.6%	0.4%	4.7%	9.2%	[52]
Z	Thomasville Heights, Glenrose Park, Southern Jonesboro Rd Corridor	18,050	24,210	-25.4%	3.1%	92.8%	0.4%	3.7%	4.2%	[53]

Major shifts from 2000 to 2010

Rise in white population:

• In NPU W (East Atlanta, Grant Park, Ormewood Park, Benteen Park), the black population went from 57.6% to 38.0%, and the white proportion rose from 36.5% to 54.8%
• In NPU O (Edgewood, Kirkwood, East Lake area), the black population went from 86.2% to 58.7%, and the white proportion rose from 11.3% to 36.9%.
• In NPU L (English Avenue, Vine City), the black proportion of the population went down from 97.5% to 89.1%, while the white proportion rose from 1.3% to 6.1%. Note that there many infill residential units were added in the King Plow Arts Center area, which falls under English Avenue but which in character is an extension of the Marietta Street Artery and West Midtown.
• In NPU D, stretching from West Midtown along the border of Buckhead and northwestern Atlanta, westward towards the river, the white proportion rose from 49.3% to 59.2% with the black proportion dropping from 36.5% to 23.9%

Increasing black population:

• In NPU X (Metropolitan Parkway corridor), the black proportion of the population rose from 59.5% to 83.2%, while the White, Asian and Hispanic proportion dropped about three percentage points each.
• NPU B (central Buckhead) became more diverse, with the white proportion dropping from 82.8% to 75.5%, the black proportion rising from 5.9% to 12.3%, and the Asian proportion from 3.1% to 5.3%

Foreign-born and born out-of-state

In the city of Atlanta, ca. 53% of residents were born in Georgia, 19.1% elsewhere in the South, 18.6% outside the South and 8.0% in an foreign country. Although the foreign-born population in the city itself is low among large US cities and even compared to Atlanta's own metro area, it is high compared to other nearby Southern cities. For example, in Macon, Georgia, 7.1% were US-born outside the South and 3.0% foreign-born.and in Birmingham, Alabama only 7.7% were US-born outside the South and 3.2% foreign-born.^[54]

Sexual orientation and marital status

The city of Atlanta also has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks third of all major cities, behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle, with 12.8% of the city's total population recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.^[55][56] According to the 2000 United States Census (revised in 2004), Atlanta has the twelfth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, which was at 38.5%.^[57]

Daytime population

According to a 2000 daytime population estimate by the Census Bureau,^[58] over 250,000 more people commuted to Atlanta on any given workday, boosting the city's estimated daytime population to 676,431. This is an increase of 62.4% over Atlanta's resident population, making it the largest gain in daytime population in the country among cities with fewer than 500,000 residents.

Timeline

1850 - 2,572

• City limits a circle with radius of 1 mile (3.14 mi²)

1860 - 9,554

• 1866 city limits enlarged to a radius of 1.5 miles (7 mi²) ^[59]

1870 - 21,789

1880 - 37,409

• had eclipsed Savannah to become Georgia's largest city
• 1889 city limits enlarged to a radius of 1.75 miles, Inman Park also annexed.^[60] (9.6 mi²)

1890 - 65,533

• 1894 annexation of West End (adding 1.0 mi² for a total of 11 mi²)^[61]

1900 - 89,872, including 2500 persons of foreign birth and 35,900 of African descent.

• 1909: annexation of Edgewood, Reynoldstown, East Atlanta, Copenhill and part of Druid Hills^[62]

1910 - 154,839 (metro 522,442)

• 1910: annexation of 5.5 mi² to the north and west^[63] and 3.2 mi² to the southwest and south including Oakland City^[62][64]

1920 - 200,616 (metro 622,283)

1930 - 270,688 (metro 715,391)

1940 - 302,288 (metro 820,579)

1950 - 331,314 (metro 997,666)

• 1952: annexation of 80 mi² in Buckhead, Adams Park, Southwest Atlanta & Lakewood,^[65] adding 100,000 people (total city area 130 mi²)

1960 - 487,455 (metro 1,312,474)

1970 - 496,973 (metro 1,763,626)

1980 - 425,022 (metro 2,233,324)

1990 - 394,017 (metro 2,959,950)

2000 - 416,474 (metro 4,112,198)

2010 - 420,003 (metro 5,268,860)

Political implications

Atlanta's changing demographics have had effects on its political system. In the 2009 mayoral race, Mary Norwood lost by just 714 votes (out of over 84,000 cast) to Kasim Reed. Norwood, who is white, would have become the city's first non-black mayor since 1974. This comes amid the fact that in recent years, an influx of whites, Asians and Hispanics into Atlanta has shifted the demographics in what was once a city guaranteed to elect a black mayor. In fact, the percentage of blacks dropped to 54 percent in 2010 from 61 percent in 2000. This demographic change and its possible historic effect on Atlanta's city government was a factor that, among others, helped draw supporters of both candidates to the polls.^[66]

Projections

Atlanta is projected to have a population of around 590,000 people by 2030. However, this projection assumes Atlanta garners only seven percent of the metro's growth during that period. If the city were to capture ten percent of metro Atlanta's growth, it would reach a population of 660,000 people by 2030.^[5]

Metro Atlanta

Race, ethnicity, or foreign-born status	Pop. 2010	% of total 2010	Pop. 2000^[A]	% of total 2000	absolute change 2000-2010^[B]	% change 2000-2010^[B]
Total	5,268,860		4,112,198
White only	2,920,480	55.4%	2,589,888	63.0%	330,592	12.8%
Non-Hispanic white only	2,671,757	50.7%	2,447,856	59.5%	223,901	9.1%
Black only	1,707,913	32.4%	1,189,179	28.9%	518,734	43.6%
Asian only and Pacific Islander only	356,956	4.9%	137,640	3.3%	119,316	86.7%
Asian Indian	178,980	1.5%	37,162	0.9%	41,818	112.5%
Korean	93,870	0.8%	22,317	0.5%	21,553	96.6%
Chinese	67,660	0.7%	22,564	0.5%	15,096	66.9%
Vietnamese	56,554	0.7%	23,996	0.6%	12,558	52.3%
Hispanic or Latino of any race	547,400	10.4%	268,851	6.5%	278,549	103.6%
Mexican	314,351	6.0%	165,109	4.0%	149,242	90.4%
Puerto Rican	93,337	0.8%	19,358	0.5%	23,979	123.9%
Cuban	47,648	0.3%	9,206	0.2%	8,442	91.7%
Colombian	42,500	0.3%	8,500	0.1%	33,000	91.7%
Foreign-born	716,434	13.6%	424,519	10.3%	291,915	68.8%

^A Atlanta MSA in 2000 did not include Butts, Dawson, Haralson, Heard, Jasper, Lamar, Meriwether, and Pike counties, whose population totalled in 2000: 135,783; in 2010: 156,368 (2.96% of total new 28-county metro)^[67]
B Compares the larger 28-county Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta MSA 2010 with a smaller 20-county Atlanta MSA 2000; however the 8 new counties represent less than 3% of the larger 28-county metro.
Source: for race and Hispanic population, U.S. Census Bureau 2010 and 2000 census; for foreign-born population: US Census Bureau 2010 and 2000 American Community Surveys; Immigrants in 2010 Metropolitan America, Brookings Institution

Race and ethnicity

The 2010 census counted 5,268,860 people in the 28-county metro area. This was an increase of 1,020,879 versus the same 28-county area in 2000, second only to Houston. The percent increase was 24.0%, second-highest (after Houston) among the nation's ten largest metro areas.

White Americans made up 55.4% of metro Atlanta's population, a relative decrease from 63.0% ten years earlier, but still an absolute increase of over 330,000 people. Non-Hispanic whites dropped from 59.5% to 50.7% of the metro's population, increasing by about 224,000 people.

Black Americans are the largest racial minority with 32.4% of the population, up from 28.9% in 2000. The city of Atlanta has long been regarded as a "black mecca" for its role as a center of black education, political power, wealth, and culture. From 2000-2010, the geographic disbursement of blacks in Metro Atlanta changed radically. Long concentrated in the city of Atlanta and DeKalb County, the black population there dropped while over half a million African Americans settled across other parts of the metro area, including approximately 112,000 in Gwinnett County, 71,000 in Fulton outside Atlanta, 58,000 in Cobb, 50,000 in Clayton, 34,000 in Douglas, and 27,000 each in Newton and Rockdale Counties.^[68]

Year	Black pop. in City of Atlanta	Black pop. in DeKalb County	Total black pop. Atlanta + DeKalb	Total black pop. Metro Atlanta	Proportion of black pop. in Atlanta + DeKalb
2000	255,689	361,111	616,800	1,189,179	51.9%
2010	226,894	375,697	602,591	1,707,913	35.2%

Hispanic Americans are the fastest growing ethnic group. At 10.4% of the metro's population in 2010, versus only 6.5% in 2000, the metro's Hispanic population increased an astounding 103.6%, or 278,459 people, in ten years. Major Hispanic groups include 314,351 Mexicans, 43,337 Puerto Ricans and 17,648 Cubans. All of those groups' populations increased by over 90% in the ten-year period. Of the metro's 279,000-person increase in the Hispanic population from 2000 to 2010, 98,000 came in Gwinnett County, 37,000 in Cobb, 25,000 in Fulton (all but 3,000 outside the city of Atlanta), 20,000 in Hall, and 15,000 in DeKalb County.^[69] The Hispanic population is heavily concentrated in the northeastern section of the Atlanta metropolitan Area.

The Asian American population also increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010. There were 256,956 Asian Americans in the metro area in 2010, making up 4.9% of the population. This represented an 87% increase over 2000. The largest Asian groups are 78,980 Indians, 43,870 Koreans, 37,660 Chinese and 36,554 Vietnamese.

Atlanta has Georgia's largest Bosnian American population with approximately 10,000 in the metro area, mainly in Gwinnett County and DeKalb County^[70]

Foreign-born population

Metro Atlanta is increasingly international, with its 716,434 foreign-born residents in 2010, a 69% increase versus 2000. This was the fourth largest rate of growth among the nation's top 100 metros, after Baltimore, Orlando and Las Vegas. The foreign-born proportion of the population went up from 10.3% to 13.6%, and Atlanta moved up from 14th to 12th in ranking of US metro areas with the largest immigrant population by sheer numbers. Still, its 13.6% proportion of immigrants is only the 29th highest of the nation's top 100 metros.^[71]

Metro Atlanta's immigrants are more suburban than most other cities'. Out of the top 100 US metros, Atlanta has the 11th highest ratio of the foreign-born living in the suburbs and not in the core city.^[71] Atlanta does not have single centers of ethnic groups such as a Koreatown, but rather areas such as the Buford Highway Corridor in DeKalb County and parts of Gwinnett County are commercial centers for multiple ethnic communities.

In 1990 Greater Atlanta had the largest Japanese population in the Southeast United States. The Consulate General of Japan in Atlanta estimated that, during that year, 3,500 to 4,000 Japanese lived in Greater Atlanta. Of the metropolitan areas in the Southeast United States, in 1990 Greater Atlanta had the most extensive education network for Japanese nationals.^[72]

Religion

Religion in Atlanta, while historically centered around Protestant Christianity, now involves many faiths as a result of the city and metro area's increasingly international population. While Protestant Christianity still maintains a strong presence in the city (63%),^[73][74] in recent decades Catholicism has gained a strong foothold due to migration patterns. Metro Atlanta also has a considerable number of ethnic Christian congregations, including Korean and Indian churches. Large non-Christian faiths are present in the form of Judaism and Hinduism. Overall, there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta.^[75]

Language

Signs in English, Spanish and Chinese along Buford Highway in Metro Atlanta

In 2008, approximately 83.3% of the population five years and older spoke only English at home, which is roughly 4,125,000 people. Over 436,000 people (8.8%) spoke Spanish at home, making Metro Atlanta the 15th highest number of Spanish speakers among American metropolitan areas (MSAs). Over 193,000 people (3.9%) spoke other Indo-European languages at home. People who speak an Asian language at home numbered over 137,000 and made up 2.8% of the population.^[76][77]

See also

• Atlanta portal

References

1. US Census Bureau
2. "Table 4 - Colorado through Idaho". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
3. Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Census Bureau, 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
4. "Combined statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (Comma-separated values). United States Census Bureau. July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
5. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
6. "Atlanta (city), Georgia". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
7. "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
8. From 15% sample
9. Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990". Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
10. "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING: DECENIAL CENSUS". U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
11. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn97.html
12. "Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population" (Comma-separated values). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
13. "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
14. Atlanta city, Georgia - Selected Economic Characteristics: 2006-2008
15. DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data; Geographic Area: Atlanta city, Georgia, US Census Bureau
16. Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010" (Select Atlanta (city), Georgia), US Census Bureau
17. City of Atlanta Quick Facts, US Census Bureau
18. "Living Cities" study, Brookings Institution
19. Census Bureau estimate, "SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" for Atlanta city, US Census Bureau
20. 2005-2009 data from US Census Bureau
21. • "A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2003
    • "the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'" in "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", Washington Post, Apr 18, 1996
    • "The Black Mecca leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty" in The Black metropolis in the twenty-first century: race, power, and politics by Robert Doyle Bullard
    • "the city that earned a national reputation as America's 'black mecca'" in In search of Black America: discovering the African-American dream by David J. Dent
    • "the cornerstone upon which today's 'Black Mecca' was built" in The New South's Capital Likes to Contradict Itself by William Jelani Cobb, July 13, 2008, Washington Post
    • "And, they said, don't forget Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca" in "Georgia second in nation for black-owned businesses", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 5, 2010
    • "Atlanta is New Mecca for Blacks", Ebony, September 1997
    • "Atlanta's allure as the black mecca" in "Atlanta contest shows battered black electorate", MSNBC, December 4, 2009
    • " the Southern capital regarded as the nation's black mecca" in "Race, attacks expected in Atlanta mayor runoff" (Associated Press article) in Marietta Daily Journal, November 5, 2009
    • "Is Atlanta the new black mecca?", Ebony, March 2002
    • "Atlanta, black mecca of the South", Ebony, August 1971
    • "Money talks: Atlanta has the highest percentage of middle-class blacks of any city in the nation", Atlanta magazine, March 2003
    • “Atlanta is a city that is known as the black mecca" in "Upcoming city elections will show how Atlanta is undergoing profound changes", '"Saporta Report, October 2009
    • "Some people call Atlanta the Black Mecca" in "Atlanta: The City of the Next Generation", Black Enterprise, May 1987
    • "That stockpile of black brain power has made Atlanta the nation's mecca for blacks, especially buppies looking for Afro-American affluence and political clout." in "Bond vs. Lewis - it's Atlanta's loss that only one of the two can win ", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 16, 1986
    • "Is it this that has made Atlanta the mecca of the black middle class?" in America behind the color line: dialogues with African Americans by Henry Louis Gates
    • "Atlanta emerges as a center of black entertainment", New York Times, November 26, 2011
22. Gurwitt, Rob (July 1, 2008). "Governing Magazine: Atlanta and the Urban Future, July 2008". Governing.com. Retrieved April 5, 2010. and State of Metropolitan America, Part II, "Race and Ethnicity', p.62
23. Pooley, Karen Beck (April 15, 2015). "Segregation's New Geography: The Atlanta Metro Region, Race, and the Declining Prospects for Upward Mobility". Southern Spaces. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
24. A census speeds Atlanta toward racially neutral ground | Political Insider
25. Wheatley, Thomas (March 21, 2011). "Thomas Wheatley, "Atlanta's census numbers reveal dip in black population – and lots of people who mysteriously vanished", Creative Loafing, March 21, 2011". Clatl.com. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
26. Jeffry Scott, "Hispanic population doubles across metro area", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 17, 2011
27. Mary Odem, "Global Lives, Local Struggles: Latin American Immigrants in Atlanta" Southern Spaces 2006
28. "Gwinnett is now a minority majority county", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 10, 2010
29. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU M
30. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU E
31. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU A
32. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU B
33. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU C
34. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU G
35. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU J
36. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU K
37. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU L
38. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU D
39. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU N
40. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU N
41. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU O
42. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU W
43. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU H
44. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU I
45. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU P
46. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU Q
47. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU R
48. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU S
49. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU T
50. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU V
51. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU X
52. http://174.37.215.145/client_resources/government/planning/2010census/2010censusbroch_npu_y.pdf
53. City of Atlanta 2010 Census Summary Report, NPU Z
54. PLACE OF BIRTH BY CITIZENSHIP STATUS, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates, U.S. Census American Fact Finder
55. "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times.
56. Gary J. Gates "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey" (PDF). (2.07 MB). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law October, 2006
57. http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cit3060r.txt
58. "Estimated Daytime Population". U.S. Census Bureau. December 6, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
59. Garrett, Franklin, Atlanta and Its Environs, 1954, Vol.I, p.703
60. City of Atlanta annexation database Case ID ANX-1889-001
61. City of Atlanta annexation database Case ID ANX-1894-001
62. Annexation Map of Atlanta, City of Atlanta, revised 1981
63. City of Atlanta annexation database Case ID ANX-1910-004
64. City of Atlanta annexation database Case ID ANX-1910-003
65. City of Atlanta Annexation database, Case ANX-1952-005
66. Brown, Robbie (December 10, 2009). "Atlanta Mayor Recount Goes to Reed". The New York Times.
67. "METROPOLITAN AREAS AND COMPONENTS, 1999, WITH FIPS CODES", US Census Bureau
68. U.S. Census 2010 vs. 2000 population estimates by race
69. U.S. Census 2000 and 2010 data
70. Cultural Center Follows Bosnians
71. Immigrants in 2010 Metropolitan America, Brookings Institution
72. Lively, Kit. "EDUCATION IS MADE IN JAPAN, EXPORTED TO ATLANTA." Orlando Sentinel. December 24, 1990. A1. Retrieved on January 11, 2012.
73. Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
74. "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
75. "Atlanta, Ga.". Information Please Database. Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
76. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&geo_id=31000US12060&_lang=en
77. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=31000US12060&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=3308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=

External links

• History of Atlanta 1782-1900's
• Atlanta region population
• Demographia.com