Enchanted Moura

The moura encantada is a supernatural being from the fairy tales of Portuguese and Galician[1] folklore. She often appears singing and combing her beautiful long hair, golden as gold or black as the night with a golden comb, and promises to give treasures to whom sets her free by breaking her spell. (In Galicia, though, they are more commonly redheads.) According to José Leite de Vasconcelos, mouras encantadas are “beings compelled by an occult power to live on a certain state of siege as if they were numb or asleep, insofar as a particular circumstance does not break their spell”.[2] According to ancient lore, they are the souls of young maidens who were left guarding the treasures that the mouros encantados (enchanted mouros) hid before heading to the Mourama. The legends describe the mouras encantadas as young maidens of great beauty or as charming princesses who are "dangerously seductive".[3][4] The mouras encantadas are shapeshifters and there are a number of legends, and versions of the same legend, as a result of centuries of oral tradition. They appear as guardians of the pathways into the earth and of the "limit" frontiers where it was believed that the supernatural could manifest itself. Mouras encantadas are magical maidens who guard castles, caves, bridges, wells, rivers, and treasures. José Leite de Vasconcelos considered as a possibility that the mouras encantadas may have had assimilated the characteristics of local deities, such as nymphs and spirits of nature. Consiglieri Pedroso also referred to the mouras encantadas as "feminine water genies".[5] The tales of the mouras are part of a wider lore of the "mouros encantados", who some times appear as giants or warriors, which also include the mourinhos or maruxinhos, a very small elf like people who live under the ground.[6][7][8]

Origins

"poisámoira"[9] or mariposa

The fairy tales featuring Mouras Encantadas are thought to be of pre-Roman, Indo-European Celtic origin. They are related to other Indo-European, and especially Celtic, female divinities of the water. Almost every Portuguese or Galician town has a tale of a Moura Encantada.[10] The lore of the mouros encantados is used to find prehistoric monuments and was for some time used in the 19th century as the main method to locate lusitanian archaeological «monuments», as Martins Sarmento viewed these as a kind of folk memory that was erased with the Christianization.[11][12]

Like the Mairu of Basque mythology built dolmens or harrespil, the mouras are builders of ancient monuments.

Etymology

Moura is a homonym word with two distinct roots and meanings; one from Celtic *MRVOS, the other from Latin maurus. The word "moura", (moira, maura) (medieval: mora) feminine of "mouro", is thought to originate from the Celtic *MRVOS and the indo-european mr-tuos that originated in Latin the word mortuus and in Portuguese/Galician the word morto (dead). Some authors think that the mouras are the deceased. But the word mouro is also a synonym of Muslim. Since the Iberian peninsula was occupied by Muslims for many centuries, it might also refer to young Muslims deceased in battle.[13][14] There is also a possible relation to the Celtic word mahra or mahr, meaning spirit.[15][16]

Variants

The votive ara is called "alminha dos mouros" (wayside shrine of the mouros)
A moura-fiandeira carried Pedra Formosa on her head while she was spinning[17]

Princesa moura - She appears as a snake with long blond hair. In some fairy tales, the beings are beautiful muslim princesses (princesa moura) who live in castles at the time of the Reconquest, and fall in love with a Portuguese Christian knight. In other fairy tales, a moura encantada lives in a castle under the earth and falls in love with a Moor instead of the Christian knight. These two variations are found only in Portugal.[18] Many of these legends try to explain the origins of a city or invoke historical characters, other legends present a religious context. In the historical context, these places, people and events are situated in the real world and in a specific time frame. It is believed that real historic facts have merged with old legend narrations.[19]

Moura-fiandeira - In other variants, the moura encantada is a Spinning maiden Moura (Moura-fiandeira), who carries stones on her head to build the hill forts while she spins the yarns with a Distaff that she carries at her waist. The mouras encantadas were believed to be the builders of the Paleolithic hill forts, the dolmens, and the megaliths. They are believed to still live there. The ancient coins found on the hill forts were called "medals of the mouros". The Pedra Formosa found on Citânia de Briteiros was, according to folklore, brought to this place by a moura who carried it on her head while she was spinning with a spindle.[20][21] They are also night weavers, but only the sound of weaving can be heard in the night.

Pedra-Moura - mouras encantadas who lived inside stones are named pedra-moura.[22] It was believed that who ever sat on one of these stones would become enchanted, or, that if any enchanted stone was taken to a house, all the animals in the house could die. It was also believed that pedras mouras had enchanted treasures inside them. There are several legends where the moura instead of being a stone lives inside the stone. In Portuguese lore it is said that you can walk into or walk out of certain rocks, possibly related to the moura legends. The moura is, also, described as traveling to the “mourama” (an enchanted place) while sitting on a stone that can float in the air or water. Inside caves, under rocks and under the earth many legends say there exist palaces with treasures. According to Thurnwald (cited in McKenna, 1938), it was not uncommon among the people of pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula to believe that the souls of the dead dwell in certain rocks.[23] The "almas dos mouros" or "alminhas dos mouros" (souls or little souls of the mouros) was the name given to the votive aras, being "alminhas" the common name for the Wayside shrine.[24]

Moura-serpente - In some tales, the moura encantada is a shapeshifter who takes the form of a snake or cobra (Moura-cobra) (some times of a dog (cão), goat (cabra) or horse (cavalo)). These moura snake may have wings and can appear as half woman and half animal and like to be offered milk.

Moura-Mãe - In some tales she is called mother-moura and takes the form of a charming young lady who is pregnant, and the narrative focuses on the search for a midwife to help at the birth and the reward that is given to the person who is willing to help.

Moura-Velha- The moura-velha is an old woman; the legends where she appears with the shape of an old woman are no longer very frequent.

Moura-lavadeira - she is a washerwoman but she is only seen putting white clothes out in the sun, contrary to the Lavandières who wash blooded stained clothes, the mouras are more like the lavadeiras.[25][26][27]

Frades (lit: friars) are mouras encantadas who appear like frades dressed in white. Frades are white stone pillars.

Legend elements

casa da moura (house of the moura)[28]
Rock-cut tombs called Masseira, is the place where the mouras knead bread

Gold - The gold of the mouras may appear in various forms: figs, coal, skirts, hank of yarn, animals or tools. There are several ways to obtain this gold: it may be offered by the moura encantada as a reward, it can be stolen or found. Frequently the gold is inside a vase, hidden inside buried pans, or other recipients, which has raised the question that this could be related to funerary urns. When there is a pot of gold there may also be together a pot of silver and a pot of plague.

St. John's Day - This is the day that it is believed that the mouras appear with their treasures and you may break their enchantment. In some legends it is on Saint John’s day that the moura encantada spreads figs or a hank of yarn on a large rock, in the moon light. In other variations the moura spreads the figs or the golden hank of yarn in the sun on large rocks. These legends are possibly related with the popular tradition of, in some regions, of harvesting the “figo lampo” (a type of white fig that were offered as a gift in Saint John’s day). This day marks the date of the summer solstice, its reference is perhaps reminiscent of some pagan sun-worship or spring time deity referenced as "São João o verde" (St.John, the green one).

Fountain - The fountain is one of the places where mouras encantadas appear frequently as serpents and magical properties are attributed to their waters like the “Fonte da Moura Encantada”. It is also a popular custom to say to those that marry in foreign lands that he has “drank from the fountain” and fell in love, as an allusion to the legends where young men fall in love and are enchanted by the mouras.

Enchantment - The enchantment of the moura could be caused by her father or some other enchanted moor that left her to guard his treasures, generally a male figure. Usually it’s the mouros that have the power to enchant the mouras. In legends, the mouras may appear alone, accompanied by other mouras or by a male, a mouro, being that the mouro may be her father, a beloved person or a brother.

Disenchantment - To break the spell of the moura she may ask for a kiss, a cake or bread with no sal, milk, the pronunciation of a certain word, or realization of some chore like not looking at something hidden . To fail means not to free the moura and “dobrar o encanto” (double the spell), lose the treasure or lose the beloved moura. The legends where bread is asked may be related to the old traditions of offering food to the dead. In the same way the offering of milk may be related with the offerings made to the waters and snakes. The old popular tradition mentions that snakes like milk. One moura legend of “Formigais” referred to the preference mouras had for milk. The mouras, when disenchanted may become human and marry her savior or disappear. In the legends of the cinto da moura, after the disenchantment the moor tries to enchant the moura again and make the moura return to the “mourama”.

Mourama - The mourama is a magic place where the mouros encantados live under the earth in Portugal and Galicia. It is also believed that "In Galicia there are two overlapped people: a part lives on the surface of land; they are the Galician people, and the other in the subsoil, the Mouros".Mourama is the otherworld, the world of the dead from where everything comes back.[29][30] In the legends with a historical context it is the place where Muslims live. The Mourama can be compared to the fairyland.[31]

Tempo da mouraria- In the legends it is an uncertain time in the past, the same kind of time reference as “once upon a time” of fairy tales.

Funerary monuments - funerary monuments are often associated with the mouras encantadas. In some regions, dolmens are popularly called mouras or Casa da Moura, (house of the maiden moura) and it is commonly believed that the mouras encantadas lived in those constructions. Normally, these supernatural beings are associated with the idea of the deceased. These can be compared to the legends of the Domus de Janas in Sardinia or the "Maison des Korrigans" in Brittany.[32] Rock-cut graves are often called "Cova da Moura" or "Masseira" the latter term meaning the place where the "mouras kneaded the bread,[33] they are also called "cama da moura" (bed of the moura).

cadeira da moura - (moura's chair)is a monolith with the shape of a chair thought to be a royal throne. The moura sits on the chair at night and every time the moura is going to get water she carries the chair under her arm.[34][35]

References

  1. ↑ Diccionario dos seres míticos galegos. X.R. Cuba, A. Reigosa, X.Miranda ISBN 84-8302-363-6
  2. ↑ Vasconcelos, José Leite. (1938). Opusculos (Ed), Volume V, Etnologia (Parte I), Lisboa Imprensa Nacional, p. 496 PDF
  3. ↑ Filipa. (10 April 2006), Que mouros são esses?, in PJ, Diário de Trás-os-Montes
  4. ↑ Parafita, Alexandre. A Mitologia dos Mouros, Porto, Gailivro, 2006.
  5. ↑ Medicina na Beira interior da Pré-História ao século XX,nº13 1999, Cadernos de cultura, Ediraia
  6. ↑ “O Tesouro dos Maruxinhos” lançado na Biblioteca Municipal de Chaves
  7. ↑ Portugal, mundo dos mortos e das mouras encantadas, vol. I, Lisboa, Apenas Livros, 2009
  8. ↑ Autores da Região “O Tesouro dos Maruxinhos”
  9. ↑ Vasconcellos, Leite. Dicionario de Regionalismos e Arcaísmos
  10. ↑ Brandão, Abílio. "Lendas de Mouras encantadas", in Revista Lusitana, Volume XIV Lisboa: Livraria Clássica Editora, 1911
  11. ↑ ETNOGRAFIAS PORTUGUESAS (1870-1970):Cultura Popular e Identidade Nacional
  12. ↑ LUGAR E MEMORIA
  13. ↑ A sociedade campesiña na mitoloxía popular galega. pg 113
  14. ↑ A Genética e a Teoria da Continuidade Paleolítica Aplicadas à Lenda da Fundação de Portugal, Irlanda e Escócia, Apenas Livros, Lisboa, 2008
  15. ↑ Teófilo Braga Historia da poesia popular portugueza
  16. ↑ Historia de los heterodoxos españoles, Volume 1. pg403
  17. ↑ Tesouros sarmentinos: (1) A Pedra Formosa
  18. ↑ C. Noia, Contos galegos de tradición oral (Galician Tales of the Oral Tradition), ISBN 84-95364-16-6
  19. ↑ Mouros Míticos em Trás-os-Montes – contributos para um estudo dos mouros no imaginário rural a partir de textos da literatura popular de tradição oral
  20. ↑ Las mouras constructoras de megalitos: Estudio comparativo del folklore gallego con el de otras comunidades europeas
  21. ↑ ARQUEOLOXÍA E FOLCLORE: CONCELLOS DE ARES E MUGARDOS*
  22. ↑ Robin Gallop, PORTUGAL: A BOOK OF FOLK-WAYS, Cambridge University Press, 1936; reprint 1961
  23. ↑ As hagiografias como instrumentos de difusão do cristianismo católico nos meios rurais da Espanha visigótica
  24. ↑ TOPONIMIA ARQUEOLÓGICA DE ENTREDOURO E VOUGA (DISTRITO DE AVEIRO)
  25. ↑ "Tradições populares de Portugal"
  26. ↑ Portugal, mundo dos mortos e das mouras encantadas, vol. III, Lisboa, Apenas Livros, 2010
  27. ↑ Lavandaie notturne nel folklore europeo: per una stratigrafia preistorica, in S.M. Barillari (ed.), Dark Tales. Fiabe di paura e racconti del terrore. Atti del Convegno di Studi sul Folklore e il Fantastico (Genova, 21-22 novembre 2009), Alessandria, Edizioni dell’Orso
  28. ↑ http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74385/
  29. ↑ Myths, legends and beliefs on granite caves
  30. ↑ Portugal Mundo dos Mortos e das Mouras Encantadas VolumeII
  31. ↑ A Mourama
  32. ↑ Legends and Romances of Brittany pg30
  33. ↑ Tente, Catarina; Lourenço, Sandra.(1998) Sepulturas Medievais escavadas nas rochas dos Conselhos de Carregal do Sal e Gouveia: estudo comparativo, Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia
  34. ↑ DOCUMENTOS MEDIEVAIS SOBRE MONTE REDONDO
  35. ↑ Território, povoamento e sociedade:estudo monográfico de Monte Redondo
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