Eric II of Denmark

Eric II

1575 portrait in the Ribe Cathedral
King of Denmark
Reign 1134–1137[1]
Predecessor Niels
Successor Eric III
Born c. 1090
Died

18 July 1137 (aged 46–47)


Urnehoved, Denmark

Burial Ribe Cathedral
Spouse Malmfred of Kiev
Issue Sweyn III of Denmark
House Estridsen
Father Eric I of Denmark
Religion Roman Catholicism
Danish Royalty
House of Estridsen
Eric II the Memorable
Illegitimate Children
Sweyn III Grathe

Eric II the Memorable (Danish: Erik II Emune) (c. 1090 – 18 July 1137) was king of Denmark between 1134 and 1137. Eric was an illegitimate son of Eric I of Denmark, who ruled Denmark from 1095 to 1103. Eric the Memorable rebelled against his uncle Niels of Denmark, and was declared king in 1134. He punished his adversaries severely, and rewarded his supporters handsomely. He was killed by a subject in 1137 and was promptly succeeded by his nephew Eric III of Denmark.

Biography

Eric was born around 1090, to King Eric I of Denmark and an unknown concubine.[2] He was given some Danish isles by his half-brother Canute Lavard,[3] and was jarl of Møn, Lolland, and Falster.[4] When Lavard was murdered in 1131, Eric joined his half-brother Harald Kesja in a rebellion against the responsible king Niels of Denmark.[5] Eric was elected Danish Antiking in Scania in April 1131, which prompted Kesja to support Niels in jealousy.[2]

Eric's army lost several battles against Niels and his son Magnus the Strong,[5] including Jelling in Jutland in 1131 and Værbro on Zealand, and he fled to Scania. His retreat earned him the nickname Harefoot.[3] Eric unsuccessfully tried to convince Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor to support his bid for kingship,[5] and had no luck asking Magnus IV of Norway for help.[3] He returned to Scania in 1134, where Archbishop Asser of Lund joined his cause, and Lothair eventually supported him as well.[2] In 1134, he defeated king Niels' entire army at the Battle of Fotevik in Scania, with the crucial help of German mounted mercenaries,[4] and Niels died within the year.

King of Denmark

Eric was proclaimed king at Scania's landsting assembly at St Liber's Hill, and made Lund his capital city.[6] With the resounding victory at Fotevik, Eric was given the nickname the Memorable to replace Harefoot.[3] Kesja returned to Denmark, and was proclaimed king at Urnehoved landsting in Schleswig. Eric chased him down and killed Kesja and his sons, of whom only Olaf Haraldsen escaped with his life.[5]

He then sought to consolidate and legitimize his rule. He gave titles and privileges to his supporters, and proclaimed Asser's nephew as Bishop Eskil of Roskilde. He initiated the process of getting his half-brother Canute Lavard canonized, and established an abbey at Ringsted to document reports of miracles at Canute's grave.[5] Eric wanted to establish the divine right of kings, and canonizing Canute would support his claim on the throne.[2] Canute was finally canonized in 1170.

Eric was known as a harsh king to his enemies.[2] In the summer of 1136, Eric undertook a crusade against the pagan population on the Baltic island of Rügen and its capital Arkona.[3] He ordered his men to dig a canal between the city and the rest of the island. The canal had the effect of drying up the spring which supplied Arkona with drinking water. Arkona was forced to surrender.[7] But in 1135, before this success in Arkona, Eric defeated in a naval battle near Denmark's coast the Slavs under Duke Ratibor who had sacked Roskilde (the Danish capital), and a year later, after the battle of Konungahela, (now Kungälv in Sweden), sacked this city too.[8] He joined Magnus for an unsuccessful campaign in Norway,[3] where he managed to burn down Oslo.[2] When he learned that Eskil had raised the nobles of Zealand against him, Eric raced north to put down the rebellion which spread rapidly across Funen and Jutland, and fined Eskil heavily.[2]

Death

The death of Eric, as told by Arild Huitfeldt: A harsh and unpopular ruler, Eric died at Urnehoved landsting in 1137. King Eric was struck down by a local nobleman, Sorte Plov. According to legend, Sorte Plov asked permission to approach the king, carrying a spear in his hand with a block of wood protecting the tip. Having deemed that King Eric wore no mail underneath his tunic, Sorte Plov kicked off the protection, and drove his spear right through the king. King Eric's nephew Erik Håkonssøn stepped forward with sword in hand, but the nobleman told him to calm down, seeing as how he – Erik – was next in line for the throne, being the only adult male in the royal family: "Put away thine mace, young Erik. A juicy piece of meat hath fallen in thine bowl!" According to legend, Sorte Plov escaped with his life.[9]

Eric was killed on 18 July 1137. He was buried at Ribe Cathedral.[5] Erik Håkonssøn was then crowned Eric III of Denmark.

Issue

Sometime before 1130, Eric married Malmfred of Kiev, the daughter of Grand Duke Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden.[2] Malmfrid was the former wife of King Sigurd I of Norway. With his concubine Thunna, Eric had the illegitimate son Sweyn, who would later become king as Sweyn III of Denmark.[3]

Ancestry

References

  1. ↑ Monarkiet i Danmark – Kongerækken at The Danish Monarchy
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stefan Pajung, Erik Emune ca. 1090–1137, danmarkshistorien.dk, Aarhus University, 20 January 2010
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bricka, Carl Frederik, Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, vol. IV [Clemens – Eynden], 1890, pp.540–542.
  4. 1 2 Palle Birk Hansen, Forside > Jubilæumslogo > Logohistorier > Peder Bodilsen, Næstved Municipality
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Erik 2. Emune at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi
  6. ↑ 1050–1250 – Konge og Kirke at Oresundstid.dk
  7. ↑ Erik Emune [1134–1137 at Mogwai.dk
  8. ↑ Olga Baranowska, Pomorze Zachodnie, moja mała ojczyzna, Szczecin 2001, wyd. "Ines", K.Kozłowski, J.Podralski Gryfici Książęta Pomorza Zachodniego, KAW Szczecin 1985
  9. ↑ Huitfeldt, Arild. Danmarks Riges Krønike.
Eric the Memorable
Born: c. 1090 Died: 18 July 1137
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Niels		 King of Denmark
1134–1137 		Succeeded by
Eric III
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